中国发布首部《煤炭产业政策》

我国近日正式发布《煤炭产业政策》（以下简称“产业政策”）。“产业政策”特别对煤炭工业的节能环保提出要求，要求建立矿区开发环境承载能力评估制度和评价指标体系，形成与生产同步的水土保持、矿山土地复垦和矿区生态环境恢复补偿机制。鉴于当前小煤矿破坏资源和环境的状况尚未根本改善，“十一五”期间，一律停止核准（审批）30万t／a以下的新建煤矿项目。     

谢桥矿区采煤塌陷积水区环境效应分析

采煤塌陷水域是淮南矿区一种特殊地表水体。选择了具有代表性的有一定塌陷时间的谢桥矿塌陷水域，监测分析其水质理化指标、常规离子和重金属元素。结果表明：塌陷水域水质状况具有季节性变化。水域受到了一定程度的污染，DO丰富，COD含量偏高，水域呈弱碱性，pH值较为稳定，部分理化指标随时间增长有累计效应。常规离子含量顺序为HCO₃^->Mg^2＋>SO₄^2->Ca^2＋>Cl^－>Na⁺>K⁺>F^－。与国家地表水质量标准(GB3838-2002)比较，水域重金属元素除了Hg严重超标外， 其他As、Se、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等均不超标，未对水域构成重金属污染。通过对谢桥矿区塌陷水域水质进行分析评价，为其及周边矿区塌陷水域综合应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

城市低效工业用地复垦农用风险管控的国际经验及启示

中国一些城市正大力推动低效工业用地减量化复垦工作,部分地块复垦后实施农业利用,但针对工业用地复垦的相关环境监管体系尚未建立,存在一定农产品质量安全风险。为给国内低效工业用地复垦土地的污染风险管控工作提供有益借鉴,分析总结了北美地区废弃工业场地复垦土地土壤环境质量等级划分标准、复垦风险分级管控流程与方法,以及暴露途径安全阻控措施、低成本生态修复措施、选种低累积型农产品等最佳管理实践。结合中国低效工业用地减量化工作实际情况,提出制定本地化复垦土地土壤环境质量分级标准,研发轻、中度污染土壤生态修复技术,研究构建复垦土地全生命周期风险管控体系等对策建议。     

贵州土地复垦发展现状及其对策研究

详细分析了贵州省土地复垦的发展现状以及近年来所做的工作及成效,研究了矿山开采等活动对贵州省土地资源造成的破坏及生态危害,提出了具体的土地复垦的技术措施.为了实现能源、环境、社会、人口和经济的可持续发展,土地复垦是必然选择.     

土工布阻隔煤矸石中重金属迁移实验研究

常规的煤矸石充填复垦塌陷地技术给环境造成难以治理的二次污染.煤矸石淋出液中的重金属元素会污染底部土体和地下水.引入国外矿区复垦应用成熟的土工布技术,选取聚乙烯丙纶、涤纶针刺、涤纶复合土工布和HDPE土工膜4类土工材料,采用室内柱状淋溶实验,初步研究土工布对煤矸石淋出液中重金属的阻隔作用.结果表明,4种土工布都不同程度地降低了淋出液中重金属的含量.其中,聚乙烯丙纶和涤纶针刺土工布降低重金属Cr的效果较好,浓度低于对照23.7%～33.5%,总量低于对照36.2%～50.0%;HDPE土工膜和涤纶复合土工布对重金属Pb和Cu十分有效,浓度低于对照17.0%～21.1%,总量低于对照22.9%～26.8%.同时,土工布吸附了大量的重金属,淋溶柱中重金属的残留量降低.聚乙烯丙纶和涤纶复合土工布吸附Cr的能力较高,涤纶针刺土工布吸附Pb的效果较好,涤纶针刺土工布和HDPE土工膜能大量地吸附Cu.研究可知,土工布的种类多,功能强大,在国内矿区土地充填复垦工作中将有广阔的应用前景.     

煤矿复垦区土壤重金属分布特征与质量评价

为保证煤矿复垦区种植农作物的充填复垦土壤的生态安全,以淮南矿区煤矸石充填复垦地为研究对象,通过对研究区内Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cu、Zn和Hg 7种重金属不同深度含量分析,总结其纵向分布特征,并将研究区土壤重金属含量与淮南市土壤背景值、《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)作比较,分析这7种重金属的污染程度.结果表明,这7种重金属都有不同程度的污染,其中土壤受Cd污染最严重,土壤中重金属垂直方向上无确定分布规律.总体而言,土壤重金属潜在生态风险属于强生态危害.从垂直方向来看,重金属潜在生态风险指数(RD随着深度的增加出现先下降后升高的趋势,其中40～60 cm深度的RI最大.重金属生态危害程度依次为Cd＞ Hg＞ Ni＞ Cu＞ Cr＞ Pb＞ Zn,其中Cd为矿区土壤中最主要的重金属污染生态风险因子.     

废弃矿山土地、水体综合治理研究进展

本文介绍了废弃矿山土地、水体的治理方法。对于废弃矿山土地的治理,主要采取生物复垦的方法。对于废弃放山酸性排水的治理,主要有石灰石和－微生物法和人工湿地处理法两种方法,而后者是一种更加理想的方法。     

内蒙古煤矿环境地质问题及其防治对策研究

煤炭是内蒙古最具优势的矿产资源，其产值几乎占到该区工业产值的一半，由于历史及政策等因素的影响，煤矿开发破坏矿区环境资源、诱发地质灾害和导致环境污染。不同地域矿山开发诱发的环境地质问题不同，露天和地下不同的开采方式诱发不同的环境地质问题。国有大中型老矿区地面塌陷问题较为严重，成为制约矿山持续发展的主要因素之一。乡镇及个体小煤矿“只开发，不治理”加剧了矿山地质环境的恶化。在西部大开发中，要吸取“先开发，后治理”的历史教训，走资源合理开发利用与矿区生态环境保护的绿色矿业之路。     

不同复垦年限煤矸山土壤重金属有效态含量及其影响因素分析

研究煤矸山不同年限复垦土壤重金属有效态含量及其影响因素对指导煤矸山植被复垦及复垦地利用具有重要意义。以山西省典型煤矸山复垦3、10、16年灌草地为研究对象,分析了3种复垦土样的理化性质及重金属Cd、Pb、Cu的总量、有效态含量、生物有效性系数。结果表明:(1)3种复垦土样电导率(EC)、有机质和碱解氮含量均随复垦年限的增加而增加,但黏粒和有效磷含量呈下降趋势;(2)总体看来,3种复垦土样Cd、Pb、Cu有效态含量随复垦年限的增加而增加,Cd、Pb生物有效性系数在0~40cm土层、Cu生物有效性系数在20~40cm土层也有此趋势;(3)土壤pH、EC、有机质、黏粒质量分数均不同程度地影响煤矸山复垦土壤Cd、Pb、Cu有效态含量,其中有机质和黏粒含量是关键影响因子。     

地块尺度土地可持续利用评价指标与方法探讨——以陕北安塞纸坊沟为例

本文以陕北安塞纸坊沟为例,阐述了地块的概念和在地块尺度基础上,研究土地可持续利用的意义。从农业技术因子出发,在地块尺度上评价土地可持续利用发展,强调了人类认识程度、利用因素以及农业技术因子的重要性。从生态的角度,评价地块的土地自然适宜性,与土地利用现状结合评价土地的人为利用适宜性。从生态和经济效益评价两方面进行地块尺度土地可持续性发展评价,并初步建立了评价方法与模型     

Comprehensive evaluation of land reclamation schemes in mining areas based on linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy group decision-making

Schemes to protect the geological environment and reclaim land are core requirements for an application for mining rights and complying with mining regulations. Mining enterprises must be supervised to ensure they fulfill their obligations. To guide oversight of such schemes and to provide references for their compilation and review, this study evaluates land reclamation schemes in mining areas using a multi-attribute group decision-making method. First, linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are used to describe the evaluation information. Considering the authority and preferences of experts, methods for determining expert weights in four cases are established. Max–min deviation then determines the attribute weights, and a method for linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy group decision-making is proposed. Finally, the practicability of this method is verified through a comparative analysis of land reclamation schemes for four mining areas in Sichuan Province, China. The results show the proposed method to give simple and effective evaluation, making it reasonably applicable to the compilation and review of land reclamation schemes.

     

A Socio-Ecological Investigation of Options to Manage Groundwater Degradation in the Western Desert, Egypt

Under increasing water scarcity, collective groundwater management is a global concern. This article presents an interdisciplinary analysis of this challenge drawing on a survey including 50 large and small farms and gardens in a village in an agricultural land reclamation area on the edge of the Western Desert of Egypt. Findings revealed that smallholders rely on a practice of shallow groundwater use, through which drainage water from adjacent irrigation areas is effectively recycled within the surface aquifer. Expanding agroindustrial activities in the surrounding area are socio-economically important, but by mining non-renewable water in the surrounding area, they set in motion a degradation process with social and ecological consequences for all users in the multi-layered aquifer system. Based on the findings of our investigation, we identify opportunities for local authorities to more systematically connect available environmental information sources and common pool resource management precedents, to counterbalance the degradation threat.     

Metal concentrations and mobility in marine sediment and groundwater in coastal reclamation areas: a case study in Shenzhen, China

The concentrations of metals in the buried marine sediment and groundwater were differently affected by land reclamation. Nine metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) in sediment and coastal groundwater from reclamation areas in Shenzhen were examined. The gradually decreased concentrations (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn) in sediment and relatively higher concentrations (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Cd) in groundwater within reclamation areas were observed. The increase of V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu and Cd concentrations in groundwater within reclamation areas subsequently after land reclamation should be resulted from the mobilization of these metals accumulated in the sediment. These metals appear to be easily mobilized from solid phase to solution phase after reclamation. The physico-chemical changes such as reduction in pH and salinity in water environment induced by land reclamation appear to be responsible for metal mobility in the sediment-groundwater system.     

海湾围垦工程作用下的动力沉积响应

通过采用平面二维有限元数学模型模拟计算乐清湾边滩围垦前后的潮流变化分布 ,在此基础上 ,预测围垦工程建设后导致泥沙冲淤变化。据此说明海湾围垦工程作用下的动力沉积响应。结果表明 ,海湾围垦工程对流场及泥沙冲淤的影响局限于工程区临近水域。在围区两侧 ,工程前后流速减小 ,使水流挟沙力降低 ,导致泥沙局部淤积 ;在围堤的转角外侧 ,将存在流速略有增大的区域 ,而在此的海床冲刷状况并不明显     

Estimation of mercury content in tailings of the gold mine area of Poconé, Mato Grosso,Brazil

As in many other parts of the world, gold is produced in the surface mining region of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil, using mercury. The goal of this investigation was to estimate the amount of mercury in certain tailings and to determine the area of the land that has been contaminated by the gold mining operations. Mercury concentrations from 2 to 495 ng/g (dw) were determined in the tailing materials. It was observed that only isolated sites were acting as central points of contamination. Using digital Landsat satellite data (The-matic Mapper) and aerial photos, the sites degraded by the mining were classified, and their total area was estimated to be 12.3 km² in the region of Poconé. It was estimated, that 4.9 km² were occupied by the contaminated tailings. The mean height of the pile slags was determined to be 4.5 m. From the experimentally calculated average density of the material in the tailings, 2.01 g/cm³, the total mercury content in the piles of tailings was estimated to be 1600 ± 350 kg.     

Causes and consequences of a tropical forest gold rush in the Guiana Shield, South America

Statistical and spatial analyses of both historical time series and remotely sensed data show a link between the spatial distribution and growth of gold production across the Guiana Shield in northeast Amazonia. Results indicate that an exponential rise in production across an expanding area is primarily a delayed response to the 1971-1978 market flotation of international gold prices. The subsequent 10-fold (2-fold) average nominal (real) price increase has provided a compelling economic incentive to mass exploitation of lower-grade gold deposits. The ground-based and remotely sensed distributions of mining activity are strongly attached to these deposits that dominate the region's gold geology. The presence of these gold-bearing formations in conservation and sustainable timber zones has sparked social conflict and environmental degradation across the region. Left unmanaged, more than a quarter-million square-kilometer area of tropical forest zoned for protection and sustainable management could ultimately be compromised by the price-driven boom in gold mining through poorly integrated resource use planning, lack of reclamation effort, and control of illegal operations. Serious public health issues propagated through the unregulated mining environment further erode the financial benefits achieved through gold extraction. This study demonstrates in part how international economic policies successfully stabilizing more conspicuous centers of the global economy can have unintended but profound environmental and social impacts on remote commodity frontiers.     

Impacts of Surface Gold Mining on Land Use Systems in Western Ghana

Land use conflicts are becoming increasingly apparent from local to global scales. Surface gold mining is an extreme source of such a conflict, but mining impacts on local livelihoods often remain unclear. Our goal here was to assess land cover change due to gold surface mining in Western Ghana, one of the world’s leading gold mining regions, and to study how these changes affected land use systems. We used Landsat satellite images from 1986–2002 to map land cover change and field interviews with farmers to understand the livelihood implications of mining-related land cover change. Our results showed that surface mining resulted in deforestation (58%), a substantial loss of farmland (45%) within mining concessions, and widespread spill-over effects as relocated farmers expand farmland into forests. This points to rapidly eroding livelihood foundations, suggesting that the environmental and social costs of Ghana’s gold boom may be much higher than previously thought.