突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统研究

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来突发性环境污染事故频频发生,建立突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统已为当务之急。在介绍国内外突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统现状的基础上,提出构建突发性环境污染事故预警应急系统的基本构想。     

论环境污染事故预警程序的建立及其必要

环境污染事故预警程序,与环境污染事故应急处置系统的关系不是相互独立的,而是前者是后者的一个重要组成部分。连云港市现有应急处置系统,是在环境污染事故突发后才开始启动的,是一种被动的应急处置系统。建立环境污染事故应急预警程序,可以将环境应急处置从事故发生后的被动处理,转变为主动、积极的防范,因此,建立和完善环境污染事故预警程序,可以对大多数突发性环境污染事故起到警告和预防作用。     

突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统发展探讨

在介绍突发性环境污染事故的概念、类型与特性的基础上,综述了近年来国内外对这一领域的研究进展．并结合“5S”技术提出突发性环境污染事故应急预警系统的全程模拟。     

京杭大运河地区性水污染事故的应急监测工作

京杭大运河宿迁段，曾发生过氨氮、氟化物和砷的两起突发性的水污染事故，在对发生突发性水环境污染事故的污染来源，进行调查和应急监测工作总结的基础上，提出了在环境监测工作中，应对突发性水环境污染事故的工作原则和建议。     

一次环境应急预案演练的实践

环境应急预案的模拟演练，是加强突发性环境污染事故的应对工作和应急预案体系建设的重要举措，可以检验环境应急部门应对突发性环境污染事故的能力，检验城市各相关部门和各单位之间的协同作战能力，保证环境应急预案的科学、高效、有序和针对性地实施。     

突发性环境污染事故预警系统的探讨

突发性环境污染事故时有发生，因此有必要提出事故预防和管理水平，应建立突发性环境污染事故的预警系统。     

江苏省环境应急监测核心能力建设与评述

从污染事故的环境应急预警工作需要出发，结合江苏省突发性环境事故应急处置项目建设规划，分析了省级应急监测能力、应急监测决策指挥能力建设的要素和功能，并分析了江苏省的市县级环境监测骨干网络架构及其实践应对。并建议各级环境监测部门今后应当从风险源排查、应急预案、应急监测、应急处置、综合分析、后勤保障六个方面进行优化整合，为今后更系统和更针对性地防治区域的突发性环境污染。     

环境风险全过程管理机制研究

中国突发性环境污染事件已进入高发期.结合中国环境风险控制的要求,针对环境风险发生的3个阶段(事前预防、事中响应、事后处置)从环境风险源、控制管理机制、环境风险受体3个因素人手,在环境风险源管理、区域环境安全规划、环境风险应急管理、环境污染事后评估与环境修复等4个环节搭建环境风险管理长效机制,建立环境风险全过程管理体系.     

突发性环境污染事故防范与预警体系建设初探

通过对近几年的突发性环境污染事故的分析，总结了该类环境污染事故的特征、类型及产生的原因，并提出了对突发性环境污染事故的防范与预警体系建设的对策。     

国内外针对突发性水污染事故的立法经验比较

面对突发性水污染事故多发、危害严重的现状,总结了美国、日本等国家关于突发性水污染事故应急管理立法的成功经验和国内相关立法工作中存在的宪法和环境保护综合法界定不清、应急法律不成体系等问题,同时针对国内相关立法工作的不足提出了加强中国突发性水污染事故应急立法的建议.     

环境风险评价研究进展

本文论述了环境风险评价研究的有关基本概念，以及主要研究内容的发展，指出了风险评价中存在的不足，并在比基础上提出了一些建议     

基于风险的中国污染场地管理体系研究

在分析借鉴国外污染场地管理框架体系的基础上,结合中国近几年在污染场地法律法规及标准建设方面的经验以及各地的管理实践,提出了建立基于风险的中国污染场地管理模式、管理技术程序、层次化的风险评估方法,以及相应的标准体系构想。     

论环境风险及其管理制度建设

在阐明环境风险和环境风险管理的概念和内涵的基础上,叙述了中国面临的主要环境风险,提出了中国环境风险管理制度建设的建议.并着重指出,国家应当对重点风险源进行直接管理.     

浅谈风险评价在有毒化学品管理中的作用

本文简单介绍了有毒化学品风险评价和风险管理的基本过程和方法以及它们之间的关系。作为实例 ,对某市某主要河道的污染物进行了监测、分析和计算 ,确定了主要有害污染物。取得的数据为环境管理部门采取控制措施提供了科学依据     

美国加州再生水利用经验剖析及对我国的启示

开发利用再生水具有巨大的社会经济价值,是实现可持续发展的重要环节.在美国加州,再生水利用已经成为其水资源的重要组成部分,具有详细的规划、系统地法律法规和完备的管理体系,走在了世界的前列.总结分析了加州再生水利用相关的法律法规与灌溉终端用户管理的一些经验,并对2个典型案例进行了剖析.科学的再生水利用规划、严格的源水水质控...     

Environmental risks of chemicals and genetically modified organisms: a comparison. Part II: Sustainability and precaution in risk assessment and risk management

The principles of precaution and sustainability require more consideration in the assessment of environmental risks posed by chemicals and genetically modified organisms. Instead of applying risk reduction measures when there are serious indications for damage, full scientific certainty is often waited for before taking action. The precautionary principle particularly should be applied in those cases in which the extent and probability of damage are uncertain, e.g. in the case of persistent chemicals which are additionally bioaccumulative or highly mobile. Based on these principles, environmental action targets for risks associated with GMOs and chemicals can be developed. Risk management not only includes statutory measures but also instruments designed to influence behaviour indirectly are important to achieve the goals. Particularly for risks of GMOs which provoke fear, risk communication is important. Some rules to which attention should be paid in communication with the public are presented.     

中国土壤环境污染态势及预防、控制和修复策略

在综述中国土壤环境污染态势及成因的基础上,提出了土壤环境污染的预防、控制和修复策略.指出了当前中国土壤环境污染态势严峻,表现出土壤污染范围在扩大,污染物种类在增多,出现了复合型、混合型的高风险污染区,呈现出从污灌型向与大气沉降型并重转变、城郊向农村延伸、局部向区域蔓延的趋势;体现出土壤污染与土壤酸化的叠加、多种传统污染物与新兴污染物相互混合的态势,危及粮食生产、食物质量、生态安全、人体健康以及区域可持续发展.认为以预防为主,预防、控制和修复相结合是中国在相当长时期内的土壤环境保护策略;土壤污染预防需要法律法规、评价标准、管理政策和公众参与,土壤污染控制需要发展物化控制、生物学控制及其协同控制技术,土壤污染修复需要研发工程修复技术、材料、产品与设备,建立技术规范、评价标准和管理体系,推动市场化和产业化发展.     

Environmental Pollution Liability Insurance in China: In Need of Strong Government Backing

Environmental pollution liability insurance was officially introduced in China only in 2006, as part of new market-based approaches for managing environmental risks. By 2012, trial applications of pollution insurance had been launched in 14 provinces and cities. More than ten insurance companies have entered the pollution insurance market with their own products and contracts. Companies in environmentally sensitive sectors and high-risk industries bought pollution insurance, and a few successful compensation cases have been reported. Still, pollution insurance faces a number of challenges in China. The absence of a national law weakens the legal basis of pollution insurance, and poor technical support stagnates further implementation. Moreover, current pollution insurance products have limited risk coverage, high premium rates, and low loss ratios, which make them fairly unattractive to polluters. Meanwhile, low awareness of environmental and social liabilities leads to limited demand for pollution insurance products by industrial companies. Hence, the pollution insurance market is not yet flourishing in China. To improve this situation, this economic instrument needs stronger backing by the Chinese state.     

Understanding the External Pressure and Behavior of Commercial Banks’ Environmental Risk Management: An Empirical Study Undertaken in the Yangtze River Delta of China

The present study employed a quantitative survey to ascertain whether the external pressure of environmental risk management (ERM) on commercial banks was a contributing factor to their ERM behavior. Data was obtained using questionnaires from 204 branches of commercial banks located in the Yangtze River Delta of China. The relationship between external pressure and behavior was tested using a linear structural relations model through path analysis. The results revealed that external pressure of ERM was significantly and positively related to the behavior and that pressure from governmental regulations was the most important contributing factor in the passive feedback behavior and preventive behavior of commercial banks. The pressure from markets was the most important contributing factor in banks’ active participation behavior; the pressure from community and NGOs was the most important contributing factor in their enthusiastic behavior.     

Toward Integrative Management Advice of Water Quality, Oil Spills, and Fishery in the Gulf of Finland: A Bayesian Approach

Understanding and managing ecosystems affected by several anthropogenic stressors require methods that enable analyzing the joint effects of different factors in one framework. Further, as scientific knowledge about natural systems is loaded with uncertainty, it is essential that analyses are based on a probabilistic approach. We describe in this article about building a Bayesian decision model, which includes three stressors present in the Gulf of Finland. The outcome of the integrative model is a set of probability distributions for future nutrient concentrations, herring stock biomass, and achieving the water quality targets set by HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. These distributions can then be used to derive the probability of reaching the management targets for each alternative combination of management actions.