饮用水中嗅味的产生原因及去除方法探讨

饮用水中的嗅和味，可能来源于原水、水处理过程。针对不同情况应分别采取相应的处理方法。     

膜技术在桶（瓶）装饮用水生产中的应用

我国自来水厂沿袭的传统给水工艺和给水管网本身存在的实际问题导致城市自来水的现状是：感官质量差、有机物含量高、有时甚至具有致突变性。这一现状刺激并加速了我国饮用水产业及给水深度处理技术的发展。与常规饮用水处理工艺相比，膜技术具有少投甚至不投加化学药剂、占地面积小、便于实现自动化等特点~（［１］），已大量应用于城市自来水的深度处理上。本文论述当前桶装饮用水生产中应用膜技术的现状、优质饮用水的概念及优质饮用水生产中膜技术的选用和使用等问题。１膜技术在饮用水深度处理中的应用概况１．１微滤微滤（ＭＦ）也可…     

松花江饮用水氯消毒中氯仿形成的优化控制

通过对松花江水进行大量实验，找出TOC的含量、投氯量、温度和pH值等对氯仿形成的定量关系，确定了饮用水氯化的优化条件，使饮用水氯化过程中形成的氯仿含量不超过国家饮用水的标准。     

抗生素发酵制药工程中异味的特征与关键污染物识别

抗生素原料药在生产过程中产生异味污染引发的民众投诉增多,逐渐成为发酵制药企业亟需解决的污染治理难点。以红霉素、四环素和泰乐菌素3种抗生素原料药的发酵生产过程为例,通过采用感官评价、电子鼻、气相离子迁移谱和气相质谱等多手段分析方法,解析发酵过程中产生的异味污染特征。结果表明:3种发酵尾气的气味特征、挥发性物质组分和含量差异较大;尾气中含有的挥发性物质有相同的组分,如乙醇、丙酮、2-戊酮、辛醛和苯甲醛,也各有特异性成分。未经处理的红霉素发酵尾气具有明显的土霉味,且臭气浓度值明显大于四环素和泰乐菌素发酵尾气。气味活度值(OAV)的计算结果表明:2-MIB和土臭素2种萜烯类物质是红霉素发酵最主要的异味污染物;而四环素和泰乐菌素的发酵异味是多种醛等含氧有机物和有机硫化物混合后形成的,因而气味特征较复杂。3种废气中,红霉素发酵尾气具有气量大、异味物质嗅阈值极低的特点,易造成异味污染且影响范围广,去除治理的技术难度也相对更大。本研究通过解析识别不同品种抗生素的发酵异味污染特征,以期为抗生素发酵异味污染治理和环境管理提供参考。     

顶空箭型固相微萃取—气相色谱—串联质谱法测定水中9种藻致异味物质

通过单因素设计实验考查萃取时间、萃取温度和氯化钠加入量对9种藻致异味物质(2-甲基异莰醇、土臭素、2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪、2,4,6-三氯苯甲醚、2,3,6-三氯苯甲醚、2,3,4-三氯苯甲醚、β-紫罗兰酮、β-环柠檬醛)萃取效果的影响,并通过响应面设计进一步优化得到顶空箭型固相微萃取的条件,建立了顶空箭型固相微萃取—气相色谱—串联质谱法高效测定水中9种典型藻致异味物质的方法,并进行方法学验证。结果表明,最佳萃取条件为每5.0 mL水样萃取时间10.0 min、萃取温度40℃、氯化钠加入量1.78 g。利用优化方法分析苏州河实际水样,检出4种藻致异味物质,加标回收率为63.8%～140.0%,精密度为0.67%～15.50%,该方法可有效应用于地表水中藻致异味物质的检测。     

饮用水的生物脱氮

饮用水的硝酸盐浓度超标已引起世界各国的高度重视，这是因为摄入过量的硝酸盐可导致婴儿的高铁血红蛋白血症；硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐转化为亚硝胺，则具有“致癌、致变和致畸”作用[1]。由于生物处理具有高效低耗的特点，饮用水的生物脱氮得到了广泛而深入的研究。本文拟就此作一综述。1电子供体的选择生物脱氮实质上是硝酸盐作为脱氮菌呼吸链的末端电子受体而被还原为气态氮化物的过程。要使该生物反应顺利进行，必须为其提供合适的电子供体。曾被用作电子供体的物质很多，从物理状态上看，涉及气体[2]、固体[3]和液体[4]3种状态；从化学成分上…     

基于SPECIATE数据库的典型行业挥发性有机恶臭物质筛选

恶臭物质成分复杂、来源广泛,故需要筛选并优先控制恶臭物质。基于美国SPECIATE数据库,选取涂料、垃圾填埋、污水处理、纸浆和造纸、石油炼制、堆肥、合成橡胶和合成树脂共8类典型行业,以质量分数、嗅阈值、饱和蒸气压和大气周围环境目标值为评估参数,建立合适的筛选原则、程序和方法。通过分级赋值和多参数综合评分筛选出84种(类)典型行业挥发性有机恶臭物质。结合国内外标准和研究,建议将苯乙烯、丙醛、丙酸、丁醛、丁酸、二甲苯、二甲基二硫醚、二硫化碳、甲苯、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、戊醛、戊酸、乙醛、乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯和异丁醇,共19种(类)物质作为优先控制挥发性有机恶臭物质,以作为监控管理、评估空气异味和标准制修订的参考。     

TiO2光催化技术处理饮用水微污染及杀灭微生物的研究

光催化处理饮用水微量污染物以及在饮用水消毒和杀菌方面的研究是近年来研究的热点。本文论述了TiO2光催化处理饮用水中的微量卤代物、腐殖质、微生物代谢产物，以及杀灭细菌、真菌和病毒等微生物的研究进展。探讨了光催化杀灭微生物的作用机制，最后对该研究领域的发展方向提出建议和展望。     

饮用水处理中二氧化氯的评述

使用二氧化氯处理饮用水以控制三卤甲烷、味、嗅、对铁和锰氧化以及通过氧化促进絮凝沉降,越来越受到重视,本文评述了二氧化氯的物理、化学和生物学性质,因为它们同水处理有关。文中叙述了处理水中发生的反应和大体上存在的反应。此外,还评述了二氧化氯的生物学性质并同其它常用的消毒剂做了比较。     

低温等离子体杀菌的实验研究

由于传统的化学水处理方式有化学成分残留和环境污染问题，因而迫切需要开发新型的水处理技术。本研究针对现有杀菌消毒方法的不足之处，利用低温等离子体进行杀菌处理的实验研究，对电压、水层厚度、气体种类及电极形式的影响进行考察。结果表明，低温等离子体用于杀菌不仅效果显著，而且使用方便、快捷、安全并无残留，因而适于饮用水或者生活污水的杀菌处理。     

Use of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification.

This paper examines potential uses of naturally growing aquatic plants for wastewater purification. These plants enhance the removal of pollutants by consuming part of them in the form of plant nutrients. This applies to urban and agricultural wastewater, in particular, where treatment units of different sizes can be applied at the pollution source. The effectiveness of wastewater purification by different plants was tested on laboratory and pilot scales. The growth rate of the plants was related to the wastewater content in the water. Batch and semicontinuous experiments verified that the plants are capable of decreasing all tested indicators for water quality to levels that permit the use of the purified water for irrigation. This applies to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids. pH, and turbidity. In specific cases, the turbidity reached the level of drinking water. Comparison of BOD concentrations with typical levels in water treatment facilities across the country indicates the effectiveness of water purification with plants. A major effect of treatment with plants was elimination of the disturbing smell from the wastewater. It is shown that mixtures of wastewater and polluted water from the Kishon River are amenable in varying degrees to treatment by the plants. The higher the wastewater content in the mixture, the more effective the treatment by the plants. In this context, a scheme for rehabilitation and restoration of the Kishon River is presented and technical and economical aspects of the purification technology are considered.     

MTBE in California Drinking Water: An Analysis of Patterns and Trends

Over the past decade, there has been much publicity surrounding the impact of Methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE) on drinking water supplies in the United States. In California, the presence of MTBE in groundwater and drinking water has led to a ban on the future use of MTBE in gasoline. Other states, such as those in the northeast, are also seeking ways to reduce or eliminate the use of MTBE due to perceived threats to the environment and public health. Despite claims about the incidence of MTBE in drinking water, no comprehensive characterization has been conducted on the available drinking water monitoring data. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the MTBE drinking water data compiled by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) from 1995 to 2000. We find that MTBE was detected in about 1.3% of all drinking water samples, 2.5% of drinking water sources, and 3.7% of drinking water systems in California over this 6-year period. Our analysis reveals that many drinking water sources are not sampled routinely for MTBE, and in those sources that appear to be affected by MTBE, the compound is not consistently detected. The majority of MTBE detections are also concentrated in several geographic areas, which contain about 9-21% of the total California population. Average detected MTBE concentrations have decreased significantly since 1995 and 1996, ranging from 5 to 15 ppb over the last 3 years depending on the outcome of interest. Of the samples in which MTBE was present above the analytical detection limit, the concentrations in approximately 73% of drinking water samples and 86% of drinking water sources and systems were below the State's primary health-based standard of 13 ppb. Our findings suggest that, although some drinking water supplies in California have been affected by MTBE, the majority of drinking water sources and systems either have not been affected at all or contain MTBE at concentrations below levels that are likely to be of health concern.     

Investigation of the behaviour of haloketones in water samples

The behaviour of the haloketones (HKs) 1,1-Dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP), 1,1,1-Trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) and 1,3-Dichloropropanone (1,3-DCP) in ultrapure water solutions and in fortified drinking water samples was investigated. Their concentrations were determined at regular time intervals by the use of a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method. Two different temperatures were studied. The results have shown that HKs decompose both in ultrapure water solutions and in drinking water samples. The decomposition rates are higher in the drinking water samples, especially at higher temperature. 1,1,1-TCP is the compound which decomposes fastest followed by 1,3-DCP and 1,1-DCP. Chloroform was formed both in the ultrapure water solutions and in the drinking water samples, probably due to the decomposition of 1,1,1-TCP. In the drinking water samples, formation of chloral hydrate was also observed.     

MTBE in California Drinking Water: An Analysis of Patterns and Trends

Over the past decade, there has been much publicity surrounding the impact of Methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE) on drinking water supplies in the United States. In California, the presence of MTBE in groundwater and drinking water has led to a ban on the future use of MTBE in gasoline. Other states, such as those in the northeast, are also seeking ways to reduce or eliminate the use of MTBE due to perceived threats to the environment and public health. Despite claims about the incidence of MTBE in drinking water, no comprehensive characterization has been conducted on the available drinking water monitoring data. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the MTBE drinking water data compiled by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) from 1995 to 2000. We find that MTBE was detected in about 1.3% of all drinking water samples, 2.5% of drinking water sources, and 3.7% of drinking water systems in California over this 6-year period. Our analysis reveals that many drinking water sources are not sampled routinely for MTBE, and in those sources that appear to be affected by MTBE, the compound is not consistently detected. The majority of MTBE detections are also concentrated in several geographic areas, which contain about 9–21% of the total California population. Average detected MTBE concentrations have decreased significantly since 1995 and 1996, ranging from 5 to 15 ppb over the last 3 years depending on the outcome of interest. Of the samples in which MTBE was present above the analytical detection limit, the concentrations in approximately 73% of drinking water samples and 86% of drinking water sources and systems were below the State's primary health-based standard of 13 ppb. Our findings suggest that, although some drinking water supplies in California have been affected by MTBE, the majority of drinking water sources and systems either have not been affected at all or contain MTBE at concentrations below levels that are likely to be of health concern.     

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in finished drinking water in Germany

In the present study 83 finished drinking water samples from 50 cities in Germany were analyzed for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) content with a detection limit of 10 ng/L. The detection frequency was 46% and the concentrations ranged between 17 and 712 ng/L. Highest concentrations were found in the community water systems (CWSs) of Leuna and Spergau in Saxony-Anhalt. These CWSs are supplied with water possibly affected by MTBE contaminated groundwater. MTBE was detected at concentrations lower than 100 ng/L in drinking water supplied by CWSs using bank filtered water from Rhine and Main Rivers. The results from Leuna and Spergau show that large groundwater contaminations in the vicinity of CWSs pose the highest risk for MTBE contamination in drinking water. CWSs using bank filtered water from Rhine and Main Rivers are susceptible to low MTBE contaminations in finished drinking water. All measured MTBE concentrations were below proposed limit values for drinking water.     

The use of XAD-resins for the detection of mutagenic activity in water: II. Studies with drinking water

The combined XAD-4/8-Ames test procedure for concentrating and detecting trace amounts of organic mutagens, as already described for surface water, is shown to be suitable for drinking water as well. DMSO is as effective as acetone in eluting the adsorbed mutagens, and optimal recovery of overall mutagenic activity is observed at a flow rate of 2–4 bed volumes/min. The drinking water of 6 cities in The Netherlands, which prepare their drinking water from the rivers Rhine and Meuse, has been tested for mutagenic activity. Mutagenic activity could be demonstrated in 4 cities. Dose-related responses are observed with concentrates of as little as 500 ml of drinking water and the 4 cities clearly differ with regard to the type of mutations induced (TA 98 or TA 100) and the effect of metabolic activation. The absence of mutagenic activity in drinking water of 2 cities indicates that by a proper combination of treatment processes the organics which are responsible for the detected mutagenic activity in drinking water can be removed to a high degree.     

饮用水消毒副产物研究状况

本文介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的研究状况。其中重点介绍了饮用水的消毒方式及四类消毒副产物的产生、浓度、存在形态及影响因素等。简单介绍了饮用水中消毒副产物的采集、前处理方法及污染控制对策等     

饮用水质安全保障的研究与技术发展趋势:Ⅰ.污染风险源及控制目标

水源污染与水质标准提高之间的矛盾、传统污染物与新型污染物并存的客观现实、突发性污染事件频发的状况,为当今构建适应我国国情的饮用水质安全保障技术体系提出了更高的要求。另一方面,污染物在水的循环系统中发生复杂的循环累积与转移转化过程,在处理与输配过程中发生复杂的形态结构转化过程,各种污染物及其中间产物在复杂介质界面体系下的复合毒性效应,对饮用水质安全风险综合控制提出了严峻的挑战。我国应围绕水质污染控制、水质达标、水质健康风险控制等综合目标开展战略性、基础性与创新性研究,为我国饮用水质安全保障与风险控制构建高效、经济、可行的支撑技术系统。     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water and sediment near a drinking water reservoir in Northeastern China

The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water and the sediment samples collected near the Mopanshan Reservoir—the most important drinking water resource of Harbin City in Northeast China—were examined. A total of 16 PAHs were concurrently identified and quantified in the three water bodies tested (Lalin River, Mangniu River, and Mopanshan Reservoir) and in the Mopanshan drinking water treatment plant during the high- and low water periods. The total PAH concentrations in the water and sediment samples ranged from 122.7 to 639.8 ng/L and from 89.1 to 749.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Similar spatial and temporal trends were also found for both samples. The lowest Σ₁₆PAH concentration of the Mopanshan Reservoir was obtained during the high water period; by contrast, the Lalin River had the highest concentration during the low water period. The PAH profiles resembling the three water bodies, with high percentages of low-molecular weight PAHs and dominated by two- to three-ring PAHs (78.4 to 89.0 %). Two of the molecular indices used reflected the possible PAH sources, indicating the main input from coal combustion, especially during the low water period. The conventional drinking water treatment operations resulted in a 20.7 to 67.0 % decrease in the different-ringed PAHs in the Mopanshan-treated drinking water. These findings indicate that human activities negatively affect the drinking water resource. Without the obvious removal of the PAHs in the waterworks, drinking water poses certain potential health risks to people.     

TiO2光催化技术处理饮用水微污染及杀灭微生物的研究

光催化处理饮用水微量污染物以及在饮用水消毒和杀菌方面的研究是近年来研究的热点.本文论述了 TiO2光催化处理饮用水中的微量卤代物、腐殖质、微生物代谢产物,以及杀灭细菌、真菌和病毒等微生物的研究进展.探讨了光催化杀灭微生物的作用机制,最后对该研究领域的发展方向提出建议和展望.