太湖不同营养类型湖区沉积物磷的形态与吸附行为的比较

选择太湖不同营养类型的湖区开展了沉积物磷形态与磷吸附行为的研究,结果表明,位于藻型湖区梅梁湾的T1点表层沉积物中的总磷(TP)含量高于位于草型湖区T2点的相应值,且沉积物吸附能(K)值与TP含量显著负相关(p0.05),即沉积物自身的高磷含量可加速磷向水柱释放的风险。有机质与磷吸附饱和度(DPS)显著正相关(p0.05),同时DPS与K值显著负相关(p0.05),总之,有机质通过沉积物磷吸附饱和度间接的影响沉积物磷吸附行为。T2点沉积物吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)值随深度递增,大型水生植物的存在促使表层沉积物维持磷汇的功能,T1点沉积物距表层10~15cm处EPC0值最低,故相应疏浚深度宜为10~15cm,这一结果为富营养化湖泊的修复提供了理论依据与技术参数。     

西苕溪流域沉积物及土壤对磷吸附/解吸特性研究

以赋石水库和其上游河道沉积物以及流域内代表性水稻土为对象,通过分析其理化性质,改变上覆水磷浓度和pH的方法探讨沉积物和土壤对磷吸附/解吸的影响。结果表明:(1)沉积物内较高的磷含量,导致吸附/解吸平衡浓度较高,因此在水库和水体中起着磷"源"的作用;(2)土壤最大磷吸附量为566.45mg/kg,远大于沉积物的吸附量,同时吸附/解吸平衡浓度较低,因此在治理湖泊富营养化时,要加大水土保持的力度,尽量减少作为最主要污染源的农田土壤磷素流入水体;(3)无论上覆水中磷浓度升高还是降低,在未达到吸附/解吸平衡浓度前,土壤和沉积物会持续释放磷,故应把水体治理的重点放在降低土壤和沉积物的磷含量上;(4)上覆水的pH对样品的磷吸附和释放都有显著的影响。在酸性(pH3)或碱性(pH9)环境下,样品的磷吸附量均急剧下降,而水体酸化更易导致平衡后上覆水磷浓度的降低。     

锁磷剂对流动水环境中沉积物磷形态的作用

如何控制水体沉积物中的磷含量,对于防治水体富营养化以及控制蓝藻水华具有重要的意义。通过在室内构建模拟河道,利用模拟水流不断冲刷沉积物,研究水流对不同形态磷的冲刷作用和添加锁磷剂对沉积物中各形态磷含量的影响、固定的效果。结果表明:(1)锁磷剂能减少沉积物中NH4Cl-P(NH4Cl可提取磷)含量,并且添加锁磷剂后水流冲刷对该形态磷削减效果较小。(2)添加锁磷剂使沉积物中BD-P(BD试剂可提取磷)含量先迅速升高后降低,沉积物中BD-P含量的最终降低使得该形态磷的释放风险减小,对沉积物起一定的整治作用。同时,水流冲刷对BD-P影响较大。(3)锁磷剂会与铝竞争吸附磷,使NaOH-rP(NaOH可提取无机磷)含量降低,导致NaOH-TotP(NaOH可提取无机磷和有机磷的总和)含量的降低。(4)锁磷剂使HCl-P(HCl可提取磷)含量升高,能有效降低沉积物磷释放风险。水流冲刷造成了沉积物中HCl-P含量下降。(5)在水流的冲刷作用下,添加锁磷剂使得沉积物中总磷下降速率低于未添加锁磷剂的沉积物,锁磷剂有助于沉积物中磷的稳定。这些表明,锁磷剂在控制河流沉积物内源磷的释放方面可发挥积极的作用。     

菖蒲对沉积物中各形态磷垂直分布的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,培育根系较发达的湿地植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus),以探究其对沉积物中各形态磷垂直分布的影响。结果表明:(1)实验60d后,对照组上覆水TP、溶解性活性磷(SRP)显著升高(P0.05),而菖蒲组上覆水TP、SRP降低。(2)对照组各形态磷含量在沉积物各深度之间无显著差异(P0.05)。菖蒲组沉积物中各形态磷含量(除盐酸提取磷)均不同程度低于对照组和初始值。菖蒲组沉积物中TP、有机磷、氢氧化钠提取磷在沉积物5cm处变化幅度最大,与初始值相比分别降低94.08、58.30、56.19mg/kg;无机磷在沉积物2cm处下降了35.40mg/kg。(3)菖蒲通过自身的生长吸收以及改变周围环境因子,直接或间接地影响了沉积物各形态磷的垂直分布。     

不同温度下西安汉城湖沉积物吸附、释放特性和磷形态

以西安汉城湖为研究对象,2015年4月对湖体沉积物进行现场调查和采样分析,共设4个采样点,研究不同温度下沉积物磷的吸附释放特性及沉积物磷形态的分布。结果表明,沉积物磷等温吸附随着温度的升高而增大,吸附特征符合修正的Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量Qmax的范围为507.21~786.77 mg·kg~(-1)。磷动力学吸附主要发生在实验进行前12 h之内,吸附量基本达到或超过72 h吸附平衡时吸附总量的85%。磷动力学释放量范围为2.02~11.058 mg·kg~(-1),且在6 h达到最大值。沉积物总磷的含量范围为655.37~1.809.38 mg·kg~(-1),以无机磷为主,沉积物不同形态磷含量为TPIPHCl-POPNaOH-P。沉积物富营养化风险指数ERI的范围为5.92~11.86,在10℃和20℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以下,属于低风险,在30℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以上,属于中等富营养化风险。     

多孔陶瓷滤球与沉水植物联合作用处理杭州西湖沉积物中的磷

首次将新型环保陶瓷滤球(red mud-based porous ceramic filter material,PCFM)作为吸附材料,与沉水植物处理沉积物磷技术相结合,通过测定沉积物各形态磷含量的变化,以期研究该吸附-生物联合修复技术对沉积物磷的修复效果。结果表明,苦草组对沉积物各形态磷去除量随时间的变化逐渐增大,苦草在150 d时对沉积物TP、IP、OP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除量分别为51.60、16.32、34.74、46.37和-14.99 mg·kg~(-1)。研究不同PCFM厚度与沉水植物苦草联合对沉积物磷的去除效果,发现厚度5 cm PCFM+苦草对对沉积物各形态磷的去除效果最好。在150 d时,对沉积物TP、IP、OP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P在的去除量分别达到652.61、249.12、396.40、314.38和72.11 mg·kg~(-1),苦草与陶瓷滤球在对沉积物磷的去除过程中,可能存在有益于去除沉积物磷的相互促进的作用。可见PCFM和苦草联合作用处理沉积物磷的效果较好,可进一步应用于富营养化湖泊沉积物磷控制工程。     

红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

水源水库沉积物磷的赋存形态及其与间隙水磷的关系

为了探明水源水库沉积物磷的赋存形态及其对水体磷的影响,采用连续提取方法,研究了周村水库沉积物中磷的赋存形态分布特征,并探讨了沉积物各形态磷与总磷、烧失量及间隙水中磷的相关性。结果表明,周村水库内源磷负荷较高,沉积物中TP表现出表层富集的现象,表层沉积物中TP空间分布存在较大差异,上游浅水区为554~563 mg·kg~(-1),库心附近为424~1 161 mg·kg~(-1),而坝前深水区高达812~2 969 mg·kg~(-1)。无机磷(IP)是总磷(TP)的主要成分,占TP的79.26%~89.12%,IP主要由铝/铁磷(Al/Fe-P)构成。沉积物中的Al/Fe-P含量很高,具有很大的磷释放潜能。沉积物中各形态磷的浓度垂向分布随深度增加而逐渐降低,其中B、C两点变化最为明显。相关性分析结果表明,间隙水PO3-4-P与Fe-P存在较好的相关性,说明Fe-P对周村水库沉积物间隙水中PO3-4-P浓度分布有着重要的影响,周村水库水体季节性分层导致恒温层厌氧情况的发生,Fe-P在厌氧还原条件下释放进入间隙水并向上覆水扩散,进而可能对水体水质产生影响。     

多孔陶瓷滤球对杭州西湖沉积物5种形态磷的吸附性能

以新型赤泥基多孔陶瓷滤球(porous ceramic filter material,PCFM)颗粒为吸附剂,采用动态和静态吸附实验相结合的实验方法研究了PCFM颗粒对沉积物磷的吸附性能。动态吸附实验结果表明,影响PCFM颗粒除磷效果的主要因素有投加量、反应时间、上覆水体pH值和环境温度,最佳吸附反应条件为PCFM投加量8 g,反应时间12 h,上覆水体pH=12,环境温度为50℃。静态吸附实验结果表明,随着反应时间的延长,PCFM对沉积物五种形态磷吸附在12 d左右接近或达到了吸附平衡,此时TP、OP、IP、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的去除量分别为245.89、69.86、155.25、195.22和-49.01 mg·kg-1。可见PCFM对沉积物磷的吸附性能较好,可进一步应用于富营养化湖泊沉积物磷控制。     

4种镧改性海藻粉末对养殖废水中磷的去除

为了解决使用矿物材料除磷产生大量沉积物的问题和实现磷的资源化利用,研究了镧改性的海带(LaLJ)、石莼(La-UL)、红藻(La-RP)和浒苔(La-EP)干化粉末材料对模拟废水和养猪废水中磷的吸附特征。在模拟废水中,随吸附剂用量的增加,4种镧改性的海藻对模拟废水中磷的吸附量均呈指数下降;随初始pH的升高,La-EP和La-UL对磷的吸附量增加,而La-LJ和La-RP对磷的吸附量减少。动力学吸附过程和等温吸附过程分别用准二级动力学模型和Freundlich模型拟合更适合。4种镧改性海藻对磷的最大吸附量为8.94～11.25 mg·g~(-1),相比于改性前,La-LJ、La-UL、La-RP和La-EP对磷的吸附量分别增加了24、38、66和25倍。在养猪废水中,经4种镧改性海藻吸附处理后,废水含磷浓度降低到2.5 mg·L~(-1)以下,能实现达标排放。因此,镧改性的4种海藻是养猪废水吸附除磷的可行材料。     

Modeling the competitive effect of phosphate, sulfate, silicate, and tungstate anions on the adsorption of molybdate onto goethite

The mobility of Mo in soils and sediments depends on several factors including soil mineralogy and the presence of other oxyanions that compete with Mo for the adsorbent's retention sites. Batch experiments addressing Mo adsorption onto goethite were conducted with phosphate, sulfate, silicate, and tungstate as competing anions in order to produce competitive two anions adsorption envelopes, as well as competitive two anions adsorption isotherms. Tungstate and phosphate appear to be the strongest competitors of Mo for the adsorption sites of goethite, whereas little competitive effects were observed in the case of silicate and sulfate. Mo adsorption isotherm from a phosphate solution was similar to the one from a tungstate solution. The charge distribution multi-site complexation (CD-MUSIC) model was used to predict competitive adsorption between MoO(4)(2-) and other anions (i.e., phosphate, sulfate, silicate and tungstate) using model parameters obtained from the fitting of single ion adsorption envelopes. CD-MUSIC results strongly agree with the experimental adsorption envelopes of molybdate over the pH range from 3.5 to 10. Furthermore, CD-MUSIC prediction of the molybdate adsorption isotherm show a satisfactory fit of the experimental results. Modeling results suggest that the diprotonated monodentate complexes, FeOW(OH)(5)(-0.5) and FeOMo(OH)(5)(-0.5), were respectively the dominant complexes of adsorbed W and Mo on goethite 110 faces at low pH. The model suggests that Mo and W are retained mainly by the formation of monodentate complexes on the goethite surface. Our results indicate that surface complexation modeling may have applications in predicting competitive adsorption in more complex systems containing multiple competing ions.     

Effects of organic matter content and composition on ammonium adsorption in lake sediments

The nature of the influence of organic matter (OM) on ammonium adsorption in lake sediments remains disputed. In this study, the kinetics and thermodynamics of ammonium adsorption were investigated on sediment samples with different OM contents (ignoring the effects of OM mineralization) previously collected from Lake Wuli, a northern bay of Lake Taihu, a shallow lake in southern China. The mechanisms of ammonium adsorption in these samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the ammonium adsorption capacity of the sediments is highly correlated with their OM content and with the humic content of the OM. The ammonium adsorption capacity of OM varies with its composition, i.e., with the surface properties of the different functional groups present. Indeed, humic acid was found to have a greater ammonium adsorption capacity by itself than when mixed with kerogen and black carbon, the mixture of the latter two components proving a better adsorbent than pure black carbon.     

U(VI) adsorption on aquifer sediments at the Hanford Site

Aquifer sediments collected via split-spoon sampling in two new groundwater wells in the 200-UP-1 operable unit at the Hanford Site were characterized and showed typical Ringold Unit E Formation properties dominated by gravel and sand. High iron-oxide content in Fe oxide/clay coatings caused the highest U(VI) adsorption as quantified by batch K(d) values, indicating iron oxides are the key solid adsorbent in the 200-UP-1 sediments that affect U(VI) fate and mobility. Even though U(VI) adsorption on the gravel-sized fraction of the sediments is considered to be negligible, careful characterization should be conducted to determine U(VI) adsorption on gravel, because of presence of Fe oxides coatings and diffusion-controlled adsorption into the gravel particles' interior surfaces. A linear adsorption isotherm was observed up to 10(-6) M (238 microg/L) of total U(VI) concentration in batch U(VI) adsorption tests with varying total U(VI) concentrations in spiked groundwater. U(VI) adsorption decreased with increasing concentrations of dissolved carbonate, because strong anionic aqueous uranium-carbonate complexes formed at high pH and high alkalinity conditions. Noticeable uranium desorption hysteresis was observed in a flow-through column experiment, suggesting that desorption K(d) values for aged uranium-contaminated sediments at the Hanford Site can be larger than adsorption K(d) values determined in short-term laboratory experiments and slow uranium release from contaminated sediments into the groundwater is expected.     

Adsorption of molybdate and tetrathiomolybdate onto pyrite and goethite: effect of pH and competitive anions

The adsorption of two major molybdenum (Mo) species, molybdate (MoO4(2-)) and tetrathiomolybdate (MoS4(2-)) onto two main iron minerals pyrite (FeS2) and goethite (FeOOH) is addressed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of molybdenum immobilization in anoxic sediments. Suspensions of MoS4(2-) (or MoO4(2-)) and goethite (or pyrite) in 0.1M NaCl solution were equilibrated under anoxic conditions at 25 degrees C in the pH range from 3 to 10. The competitive effects of sulfate, phosphate, and silicate on the adsorption of MoO4(2-) and MoS4(2-) by pyrite and goethite are also addressed. Adsorption of MoO4(2-) and MoS4(2-) on pyrite and goethite is in general well described by a Langmuir model at low pH; the extent of sorption is a function of pH and the surface loading. Maximum sorption is observed in the acidic pH range (pH<5) at low surface loading. The adsorption of molybdenum (micromol g(-1)) depends upon Mo species and on the type of iron mineral following the order: MoS4(2-)-goethite > MoO4(2-)-goethite > MoS4(2-)-pyrite > MoO4(2-)-pyrite. Phosphate appears to compete strongly with MoO4(2-) and MoS4(2-) for the sorption sites of pyrite and goethite. The strength of the phosphate competitive effect follows the sequence of MoO4(2-)-goethite approximately = MoO4(2-)-pyrite > MoS4(2-)-pyrite > MoS4(2-)-goethite. Silicate and sulfate have a negligible effect on the sorption of MoO4(2-) and MoS4(2-). The preferred adsorption by iron mineral of MoS4(2-), as well as its behavior in the presence of competitive anions suggests that tetrathiomolybdate species may be an ultimate reservoir and may control Mo enrichment in the sediments.     

Adsorption and photodegradation of microcystin-LR onto sediments collected from reservoirs and rivers in Taiwan: a laboratory study to investigate the fate, transfer, and degradation of microcystin-LR

Background, aim, and scope

This study demonstrated the adsorption capacity of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) onto sediment samples collected from different reservoirs (Emerald and Jade reservoirs) and rivers (Dongshan, Erhjen, and Wukai rivers) in Taiwan to investigate the fate, transport behavior, and photodegradation of MC-LR.

Main features

Langmuir adsorption and photodegradation studies were carried out in the laboratory and tested the capability of sediments for MC-LR adsorption. These data suggested that sediments play a crucial role in microcystins degradation in aquatic systems.

Results and discussion

The results of batch experiments revealed that the adsorption of MC-LR varied significantly with texture, pH, and organic matter content of sediments. Silty and clay textures of the samples were associated with larger content of organic matter, and they displayed the enhanced MC-LR adsorption. Low pH sediment showed increased adsorption of MC-LR. The effective photodegradation of MC-LR (1.6 ??g/mL) was achieved within 60 min under 254 nm light irradiation.

Conclusion

A comparative study of adsorption capacity of all sediment samples was carried out and discussed with respect to different aspects. Among all, sediments collected from Jade reservoir showed enhanced MC-LR adsorption (11.86 ??g/g) due to favored textural properties (BET surface area = 20.24 m2/g and pore volume = 80.70 nm).

Perspectives

These data provide important information that may be applied to management strategies for improvement of water quality in reservoirs and rivers and other water bodies in Taiwan.     

高速公路路面沉积物的污染特性

对湖南省长潭西高速公路不同采样点的路面沉积物进行取样分析,并检测了样品的颗粒级配、COD、重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)和有机质。结果表明,路面沉积物主要以粒径<0.15 mm的颗粒为主;较小颗粒物中的COD含量高于较大颗粒中的COD含量;粒径在0.15 mm以下的颗粒物所含重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的浓度普遍高于所选的土壤标准值,降雨一旦形成径流将会产生严重的污染危害;沉积物中的有机质含量对重金属的吸附有一定的影响,有机质含量越高,沉积物中重金属含量相对也高。     

Organochlorines in different fractions of sediments and in different planktonic compartments of the Belgian continental shelf and the Scheldt estuary

PCB levels in sediments (bulk and fraction <63 microm), suspended matter and zooplankton from the Belgian continental shelf of the North Sea and the Scheldt estuary were evaluated in relation to their organic carbon content, their lipid content and, for sediments, their particle size distribution. PCB accumulation mechanisms are discussed, considering the importance of direct contamination (adsorption onto the cell surfaces, absorption through the cell walls and partitioning into the cell lipids) for suspended matter and sediments, and of indirect contamination through the food for zooplankton. Geographical and seasonal variations are described.     

Phosphate removal and recovery with a synthetic hydrotalcite as an adsorbent

Phosphate removal is important to control eutrophication and an ion exchange process is one of several treatment processes for this purpose. Hydrotalcite compounds (HTALs) are useful as adsorbents for phosphate removal because of their ion exchange properties. In this study, the adsorption properties of a granular synthetic HTAL for phosphate and the method of regeneration of the granular HTAL were examined. The adsorption isotherm of the granular HTAL was approximated by a modified Langmuir type, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 47.3 mg P g(-1), which corresponded to the content of HTAL in the granular one. Phosphate adsorbed on the HTAL was effectively desorbed with alkaline NaCl solutions and the HTAL was regenerated with 25 w/v% MgCl(2) solution. The regenerated HTAL could be reused repeatedly for the phosphate removal. Phosphate in the exhausted desorption solution was recovered as a precipitate of calcium phosphate by addition of CaCl(2), and the residual exhausted desorption solution could be also reused after supplying NaOH. The results suggest the possibility of an effective system for phosphate removal and recovery, which includes the following processes: adsorption, desorption, recovery of phosphate, and regeneration of the HTAL and the desorption solution.     

Reactive transport of uranium(VI) and phosphate in a goethite-coated sand column: an experimental study

The migration of uranium(VI) in subsurface environments is strongly influenced by its adsorption/desorption reactions at the solid/solution interface. Phosphate is often present in subsurface systems and was shown to significantly affect U(VI) adsorption in previous batch experiments. In this study, column experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of phosphate on U(VI) adsorption and transport under flow conditions. The adsorption of U(VI) and phosphate was very low on pure quartz sand with negligible effects on U(VI) and phosphate transport. However, U(VI) and phosphate transport was retarded in a column packed with goethite-coated sand. The presence of phosphate, either as a co-solute with U(VI) or pre-adsorbed, greatly increased U(VI) adsorption and retardation. U(VI) and phosphate adsorption in our column experiments were rate-limited, and the adsorption of U(VI) and phosphate was not reversible, with kinetic limitations more pronounced for desorption than for adsorption. This study demonstrated the importance of phosphate in controlling U(VI) mobility in subsurface environments and helped illustrate some phenomena potentially applicable to U(VI) adsorption and transport in natural systems, especially where U(VI) adsorption is rate-limited.     

Mutual effects of cadmium and phosphate on their adsorption and desorption by goethite

Adsorption of cadmium (Cd) and phosphate by oxides or soils has been extensively studied, but the adsorption/desorption kinetics and mutual effects of these two species in co-existing systems has received little attention. In this study, a batch equilibration method was used to investigate the effect of phosphate and its application time on Cd adsorption and desorption on goethite. The influence of Cd and its application time on phosphate sorption and desorption kinetics was also determined. For Cd adsorption, phosphate was introduced into the system by two sequences: pre-treating goethite at 40 (degrees)C for 1 week, and applying with Cd simultaneously. Similarly, for phosphate sorption, Cd was applied by pre-treating goethite at 40 (degrees)C for 1 week or simultaneous addition with phosphate. Results demonstrated that phosphate added to goethite enhanced Cd adsorption, and facilitated Cd release as compared to untreated goethite. Cadmium had slightly higher adsorption, but a significantly faster desorption rate from the goethite simultaneously treated with phosphate and Cd, as compared to phosphate-pretreated goethite. Cadmium and its application time had little impact on phosphate sorption by goethite. However, phosphate desorption kinetics was affected by Cd application time. When the sorption time was short (15 min), phosphate desorption was faster from the goethite that was simultaneously treated with phosphate and Cd, as compared to Cd pretreated or untreated goethite. In contrast, a longer sorption time (4 weeks) resulted in a higher desorption rate of phosphate from Cd pretreated goethite than simultaneously phosphate-Cd treated goethite. This study provided useful information on adsorption/desorption kinetics in complicated Cd-phosphate-goethite systems.