土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征、来源及风险评价研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)作为环境中广泛存在的一类内分泌干扰物,其污染问题已经引起广泛关注。针对土壤中PAEs的检测方法、分布特征、环境来源和风险评价等方面进行综述。土壤样品前处理及分析测试过程中环境、试剂等存在痕量的目标化合物会影响最终检测结果的准确性,排除此环节中的污染干扰尤为重要,色谱—质谱联用技术是精准分析此类化合物的发展方向。中国土壤中PAEs普遍检出,PAEs含量与人类活动和生产方式密切相关,其控制标准和风险评价大多采用国外标准,一定程度上影响了中国不同类型及功能区划土壤质量评价的科学性和客观性。环境友好分析测试技术的开发应用、风险评价体系的建立健全及环境溯源技术的发展将是今后土壤中PAEs研究的主要方向。     

钦州湾入海口邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解钦州湾入海口邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染情况,以钦州湾入海口沉积物为研究对象,对其中5种PAEs进行浓度及分布特征研究,并探讨PAEs与总有机碳(TOC)相关性,进行了PAEs生态风险评价。结果表明,钦州湾入海口沉积物中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁苄脂(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己脂(DEHP)均有检出,检出率为100%,PAEs总质量浓度(以干质量计)为4.158～8.455mg/kg,平均值为7.011mg/kg。钦州湾入海口沉积物中PAEs以DEHP与DEP为主,PAEs浓度表现为DEHPDEPDBPBBPDMP,平均值分别为3.932、2.212、0.580、0.241、0.047mg/kg。钦州湾入海口沉积物中PAEs主要分布在钦江、金鼓江和龙门港。钦州湾入海口沉积物中TOC质量浓度为0.912～19.305mg/g,平均值为7.162mg/g,TOC与PAEs总浓度的相关系数为0.609,无显著相关性(p0.05)。与国内外其他区域沉积物中PAEs浓度相比,钦州湾入海口沉积物中PAEs总浓度低于国内外大部分流域,但DBP、DEP和DMP浓度超过美国土壤PAEs控制限值,存在着一定的生态风险。     

西安道路尘中元素分布特征及其来源分析

2009年1月对西安空间范围的道路尘进行采样,分析了其元素含量和空间分布特征。结果表明,道路尘中Si、Al、Fe、Mg、V、Mn、Ni、Rb的来源基本没有受到人为活动的影响,Ca、Na、K、Ti、Co、Zr的来源受到了人为活动的轻微影响,Cr、Ba、As、Sr、Cu、Zn、Pb的来源则明显受到了人为活动的影响;非(轻)污染元素中Si、K、Rb、Zr、Ti在空间上分布较为一致,且相关性较好,其来源主要受黄土地区粉尘沉降的影响,Ca、Fe、Mn等来源复杂,在一定区域的道路尘中其含量受到人为活动的轻微影响;重污染元素中Pb与As的相关性较好,且空间分布较为一致,主要来源于燃煤和农用机动车尾气排放,Ba与Sr、Cu的相关性也较好,但空间分布特征并不完全相同,显示了其来源以及源排放类型的空间差异;道路尘是一种复杂的环境介质,用单一的源、或者源类型来代表整个城市范围内道路尘元素(无论是地壳元素或是污染元素)的来源是不科学的,应该结合每种元素分布状态在空间上客观存在的差异来进行分析。     

某化肥厂污染场地土壤和地下水中氨氮分布特征及其非致癌风险评估

研究了生产历史长达43年的华北地区已停产的某化肥厂污染场地土壤和地下水中氨氮分布特征及其非致癌风险.结果表明:该场地内土壤氨氮质量浓度为0.29～7020.00 m g/kg,污染主要集中在碳化工房和变换、脱硫工房等核心生产区,以及发生过液氨泄漏事故的南部空地区域;氨氮浓度总体随土壤深度的增加呈现先上升后降低的趋势,深...     

秋季洪泽湖水体有色溶解有机物分布特征及来源解析

利用紫外/可见光谱和三维荧光光谱分析了秋季洪泽湖水体有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的组成和空间分布特征,并探究了其来源。三维荧光光谱共解析出3种类腐殖质和2种类蛋白质组分,其中类腐殖质为主要组分。波长254 nm处的吸收系数(A₂₅₄)及其与溶解有机碳的比（SUVA）和3种类腐殖质组分均表现出入湖河口区高于其他区域的空间分布特征,表明外源河流输入是秋季洪泽湖CDOM的主要来源,自生源指数（BIX）和腐殖化指数（HIX）也佐证了这一结论。人工调蓄对洪泽湖CDOM的组成和来源影响显著。     

2009—2014年河北平原浅层地下水硝态氮特征及其来源

依据2009—2014年河北平原浅层地下水硝态氮(NO3--N)监测数据,分析河北平原浅层地下水NO3--N污染状况,并利用氮氧双同位素的方法对地下水中硝态氮的来源进行了示踪。结果表明,2009—2014年河北平原浅层地下水硝态氮平均含量变化范围在0.00~121.50 mg/L之间,总平均值为(18.72±1.55)mg/L,超过美国饮用水标准(10 mg/L)的0.872倍;三个子平原区的SO42-/Cl-差异较大而NO3-/Cl-值相差不大,说明地下水中的氯化物、硝态氮以及硫酸盐有着不同的来源。东部滨海平原区NO3--N含量最大,为31.55 mg/L,已超出美国饮用水标准2.155倍;其次为山前平原区,为16.45 mg/L,超出美国饮用水标准0.645倍;中部平原区的含量最低,仅为4.19 mg/L,未超标。根据同位素的数值进行分析,揭示了东部滨海平原区以及中部平原区的硝态氮来源主要为化粪池废弃物,山前平原区的硝态氮主要来自化肥中的NH4+。     

中国土壤与地下水中全氟和多氟烷基化合物分布现状

全氟和多氟烷基化合物(PFAS)是近年来备受关注的新污染物,在环境中被广泛检出,有害人类健康,然而目前中国土壤与地下水中的PFAS总体分布情况仍未明晰。通过公开发表的文献,比较了不同地区土壤和地下水中PFAS的浓度、组成与来源,探讨了PFAS空间分布特点,为全面了解中国土壤与地下水中PFAS分布状况提供依据。PFAS在土壤与地下水中普遍存在,总体上呈现东部沿海地区高于西部地区的特点。工业区(尤其是氟化物制造工厂)等污染点源周边土壤与地下水中PFAS浓度较高。全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)是中国土壤与地下水中主要的PFAS,但新型PFAS(如全氟丁酸、全氟2-甲基-3-氧杂己酸等)的检出率及浓度不断升高,其环境风险不容忽视。     

乌鲁木齐某含油废水污灌区土壤中正构烷烃空间分布特征及来源解析

研究了乌鲁木齐某含油废水污灌区不同土地类型(林地、葵花地、玉米地、荒地)0～100cm的土壤中正构烷烃的分布特征和来源。结果表明,表层(0～20cm)土壤中正构烷烃质量浓度为4.30～8.43mg/kg,呈现林地玉米地荒地葵花地的特点,与国内外其他地区相比受到中等程度的污染。土壤中正构烷烃含量随深度增加整体呈递减趋势。不同土地类型不同土层中正构烷烃种类相似,但不同深度土壤中不同碳原子数的正构烷烃质量分数差异显著(P0.05)。研究区土壤中正构烷烃来源为混合源,包括化石燃料不完全燃烧和木本植物的释放。     

浅层地下水重金属元素的富集特征研究

以淮南市浅层地下水为研究对象,采集并测试了130个水样中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和M等元素的含量及相关指标.通过分析pH与重金属的相关性,得出了重金属在水中的富集特征,即VFe＞VCu＞VZn＞VPb＞VMn.利用主成分对7种重金属进行分类并分析其富集成因,最后将测试结果与土壤重金属含量相比较,确定了重金属元...     

UV／TiO2薄膜体系光降解酞酸酯研究

采用自制玻璃负载TiO2薄膜，研究了UV-Vis／TiO2以及UV／TiO2／H2O2体系对2种酞酸酯DBP和DEHP的光催化降解情况。研究结果表明，TiO2在暗处对酞酸酯没有降解作用；UV／TiO2体系能有效光降解DBP和DEHP，TiO2具有明显的光催化作用，增强因子分别为，fDBP=2．06，fDEHP=1．53；在一定浓度范围内DBP在UV／TiO2体系中的降解速率与其初始浓度成负一级动力学关系；UV／TiO2／H2O2体系对DBP的光降解能力远大于UV／TiO2和UV／H2O2体系，H2O2能显著提高TiO2的光催化活性。     

Diminution of migration of phthalic acid esters in tequila beverage by the year of production

Abstract

The presence of diethyl-phthalate (DEP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), butylbenzyl-phthalate (BBP), diethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl-phthalate (DINP) was determined in 295 tequila samples. They were grouped by age of maturation (white, aged, extra aged or ultra aged) and year of production (between 2013 and 2018). Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry was used for identification and quantification. The results showed that 65 samples (22% of the total) were phthalate free. DEP (0.13-0.27?mg/kg), BBP (0.05–2.91?mg/kg) and DINP (1.64–3.43?mg/kg) were detected in 11 (3.73%), 37 (12.54%) and 5 (1.69%) samples, respectively. But, these concentrations did not exceed the maximum permitted limits (MPL) of phthalates for alcoholic beverages. DBP (0.01–2.20?mg/kg) and DEHP (0.03–4.64?mg/kg) were detected in 96 (32.54%) and 224 (75.93%) samples, from them only 10 (3.39%) and 15 (5.08%) samples, respectively, exceeded the MPL for alcoholic beverages and they were few tequilas produced in the year 2014 or before. DEHP was the most frequent phthalate found in tequila and observed DEHP concentrations were 2-times higher in ultra aged tequilas compared to those in white tequilas. We concluded that all tequilas produced in 2015 and after, satisfied the international standards for these compounds.     

浙江省酸雨的空间分布格局及其未来变化趋势预测

利用浙江省1992、2002年的酸雨监测数据,并利用RAINS-ASIA模型模拟了1990-2030年浙江省酸雨前体物(SO2)的排放量,以及酸沉降超临界负荷面积占研究区域面积比例的变化情况.结果表明,浙江省的酸雨分布范围不断扩大、危害程度不断加重;未来一个时期内,SO2排放量都会维持在较高的水平;酸沉降超临界负荷面积所占比例在经历较快的增长阶段之后,会维持在较为恒定的水平,并呈现出明显的时滞性.     

Humic acid enhanced remediation of an emplaced diesel source in groundwater. 1. Laboratory-based pilot scale test

The enhanced solubility of petroleum-derived compounds in humic acid solutions is the basis for a new groundwater remediation technology. In this unique pilot-scale test, a stationary contaminant source consisting of diesel fuel was placed below the water table in a model sand aquifer (1.2 x 5.5 x 1.8-m deep) and flushed with water at a flow rate of 2 cm/h over 5 years. At 51 days, laboratory grade humic acid was added to the water and maintained at a level of approximately 0.8 g/l. The addition of humic acid had only a small impact on the aqueous transport of the BTEX components, which were rapidly dissolved from the diesel, but had a large effect on the flushing of PAHs, including methylated naphthalenes (MNs). Binding to aqueous humic acid enhanced the solubilization of MNs two- to tenfold. During aqueous transport, biodegradation of the BTEX and PAHs occurred, limiting the lateral and longitudinal extent of the diesel contaminant plume in the model aquifer. It appears that through enhanced solubilization, the overall biodegradation rate of the MNs was increased. As the various MNs were depleted from the diesel source, the MN plume shrank and then disappeared.     

Atmospheric distribution of particulate- and gas-phase phthalic esters (PAEs) in a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, East China

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are used in many branches of industry and are produced in huge amounts throughout the world. An investigation on particulate- and gas-phase distribution of PAEs has been conducted in Nanjing (China). The 12-h daily sampling program (from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm) for ten consecutive days was conducted in April, July and October 2005, and in January 2006 at about 1.5m above the ground level. For comparative purposes, sampling events were simultaneously conducted at two stations, one at the urban center and the other about 12 km from city center for suburban background monitoring. It was observed that the most abundant members of the PAE group were dimethyl phthalate (DMP) (10.1 ng m(-3), average), diethyl phthalate (DEP) (3.4 ng m(-3)), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (58.8 ng m(-3)), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP) (3.2 ng m(-3)), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) (20.3 ng m(-3)) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) (1.2 ng m(-3)). The average contribution of PAEs in the gas phase to the total PAE concentration (Sigma(6)PAE, sum of six PAE congeners) ranged from 75.0% to 89.2%. Both particulate- and gas-phase Sigma(6)PAE concentrations decreased with increasing temperature. Experimentally determined gas-particle partitioning (K(p)) of PAEs is well-correlated with their vapor pressure. The Sigma(6)PAE levels in the urban area are approximately 3.5 times as high as the levels found at the suburban station. The vertical profiles from 1.5 to 30.0m above the ground display slight height dependence.     

A detailed field-based evaluation of naphthenic acid mobility in groundwater

An anaerobic plume of process-affected groundwater was characterized in a shallow sand aquifer adjacent to an oil sands tailings impoundment. Based on biological oxygen demand measurements, the reductive capacity of the plume is considered minimal. Major dissolved components associated with the plume include HCO₃, Na, Cl, SO₄, and naphthenic acids (NAs). Quantitative and qualitative NA analyses were performed on groundwater samples to investigate NA fate and transport in the subsurface. Despite subsurface residence times exceeding 20 years, significant attenuation of NAs by biodegradation was not observed based on screening techniques developed at the time of the investigation. Relative to conservative tracers (i.e., Cl), overall NA attenuation in the subsurface is limited, which is consistent with batch sorption and microcosm studies performed by other authors. Insignificant biological oxygen demand and low concentrations of dissolved As (< 10 µg L^− 1) in the plume suggest that the potential for secondary trace metal release, specifically As, via reductive dissolution reactions driven by ingress of process-affected water is minimal. It is also possible that readily leachable As is not present in significant quantities within the sediments of the study area. Thus, for similar plumes of process-affected groundwater in shallow sand aquifers which may occur as oil sands mining expands, a reasonable expectation is for NA persistence, but minimal trace metal mobilization.     

Occurrence and microbial degradation of phthalate esters in Taiwan river sediments

Concentrations and microbial degradation rates were measured for eight phthalate esters (PAEs) found in 14 surface water and six sediment samples taken from rivers in Taiwan. The tested PAEs were diethyl phthalate (DEP), dipropyl phthalate (DPP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diphenyl phthalate (DPhP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In all samples, concentrations of DEHP and DBP were found to be higher than the other six PAEs. DEHP concentrations in the water and sediment samples ranged from ND to 18.5 μg/l and 0.5 to 23.9 μg/g, respectively; for DBP the concentration ranges were 1.0–13.5 μg/l and 0.3–30.3 μg/g, respectively. Concentrations of DHP, BBP, DCP and DPhP were below detection limits. Under aerobic conditions, average degradation half-lives for DEP, DPP, DBP, DPhP, BBP, DHP, DCP and DEHP were measured as 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 2.6, 3.1, 9.7, 11.1 and 14.8 days, respectively; under anaerobic conditions, respective average half-lives were measured as 33.6, 25.7, 14.4, 14.6, 19.3, 24.1, 26.4 and 34.7 days. In other words, under aerobic conditions we found that DEP, DPP, DBP, DPhP and BBP were easily degraded, but DEHP was difficult to degrade; under anaerobic conditions, DBP, DPhP and BBP were easily degraded, but DEP and DEHP were difficult to degrade. Aerobic degradation rates were up to 10 times faster than anaerobic degradation rates.     

The influence of storage on the morphology and physiology of phthalic acid-degrading aerobic granules

The precultured aerobic granules with special degradabilities could be used as a feasible bioseed for enhancement of aerobic granulation systems. In practice, the storage stability, physicochemical characteristics, and recovering efficiency of granules are crucial for a long-distance transportation and successful application. In this study, phthalic acid (PA)-degrading aerobic granules were cultivated and stored for 8 wk at 4 °C. The granular size, settling ability as well as structure integrity was found stable during the storage period. It was observed that the upper 1/3 part of granules stored in the reagent bottle turned to black color, while the lower 2/3 part granules did not significantly change color (brown–yellow) after the 8-wk storage. The black and brown–yellow color PA-degrading granules were manually separated and re-inoculated into two identical sequencing batch reactors for reviving the PA degradation capability. After a 7 d operation, both black and yellow granules restored their activities to the levels before storage, in terms of total organic carbon removal efficiency (100%), specific oxygen uptake rate (59 mg g VSS⁻¹ h⁻¹), and adenosine triphosphate content (0.016 mg g VSS⁻¹). This study demonstrated that aerobic granules grown on a complex substrate could tolerate storage conditions and rapidly restored their bioactivities toward the target pollutant. The results also shed the light on the future application of precultured aerobic granules with unique functions for biodegradation and bioremediation purpose.     

场地污染土壤和地下水修复中受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的应用与研究进展

场地污染土壤和地下水的修复可以分为两个阶段,第1阶段是以消除对人体可能产生的健康风险为主要目标的工程修复,第2阶段是以消除对生态环境的影响为主要目标的自然修复/恢复.受监控的自然修复/恢复技术和强化自然修复/恢复技术具有成本低廉、修复作用持续等优点,在场地污染土壤和地下水的修复中具有广泛的应用潜力,其在消除生态影响和规避修复工程风险方面的作用是工程修复无法取代的.介绍了受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的4种主要途径及其在欧美国家污染土壤和地下水修复中的应用情况,提出了受监控的自然修复/恢复技术的方法步骤,以及这项技术在中国污染土壤和地下水修复中的应用潜力,以期为中国在受监控的自然修复/恢复技术上的科学研究和修复实践提供参考.     

SEAR技术修复土壤和地下水中NAPL污染的研究进展

就SEAR技术修复土壤及地下水中NAPL污染的原理及发展现状进行了综述.SEAR技术可以快速有效地去除土壤和地下水中的NAPL污染源,适于多种污染物.该技术通过增溶和增流2种途径提高NAPL污染物的去除率.表面活性剂的选择和微乳液体系的调配是SEAR技术实施的关键环节.将SEAR技术用于高浓度NAPL污染源的治理,并与生物修复和自然降解相结合,是经济高效的治理方案.