A comparison of organic and inorganic carbon controls over biological denitrification in aquaria

In aquaria and rearing tanks, nitrate accumulation as a result of organic matter degradation is inevitable and has two major negative side effects: direct toxicity to organisms, specially invertebrates, and the introduction of a reducing environment by oxygen consumption. The aim of this study was to compare two alternate methods of removing nitrogen compounds from closed systems, autotrophic columnar denitrification (ACD) and heterotrophic columnar denitrification (HCD) by following end product concentrations as reaction progressed. A pilot plant consisting of two series of 50 dm3 recirculating flow systems (each in triplicate) was used to test both methods. Absence of pH control was also useful in autotrophic denitrification systems in order to follow effects over reaction rates and pathways. Concentrations of NO(3-), NO2- and NH(4+) were followed throughout the experiment, as well as pH, temperature and salinity. Under different flow conditions results show that higher nitrate reduction rates were possible in the autotrophic systems (35.1+/-4.7 microM/day without pH control until reversal of the process and 20.6+/-7.3 microM/day after reestablishment of pH control) in comparison with heterotrophic (9.9+/-1.3 microM/day). However, pH control through calcium bicarbonate addition was found to be crucial in maintaining constant levels of total denitrification in ACD systems, just as it was necessary to closely maintain organic carbon addition to HCD systems.     

A/O脱氮工艺的控制策略和应用性研究

根据A/O脱氮工艺的运行状况和影响因素 ,提出了应用在线传感器连续测定曝气池中DO浓度、氨氮浓度和硝酸氮浓度 ,并据此调节供氧强度、内循环回流量、有机碳源的投加以及硝化区和反硝化区的大小 ,这是保证A/O脱氮工艺良好处理效果的重要控制策略和思想。同时对近年来国外A/O脱氮工艺自动控制的应用及研究进行了简单的回顾。     

以羟胺为底物的自养脱氮微量热研究

羟胺（NH₂OH）是单级自养脱氮系统物质转化的重要中间产物。从稳定运行（氨氮去除率维持90%以上，总氮去除率维持在80%以上）的单级自养脱氮工艺（SBBR）取活性污泥放入量热池，加入不同浓度N-NH₂OH（40～200 mg/L）进行量热实验研究。结果表明，用Boltzmann模型可以很好地表达量热值与NH₂OH浓度的关系，超过一定浓度的羟胺会抑制微生物活性，自营养脱氮过程的产热增量降低。     

Effect of reactive media composition and co-contaminants on sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification

As a part of a study developing a biological reactive barrier system to treat nitrate-contaminated groundwater, the effects of reactive media composition and co-contaminants on sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification were investigated. The size of sulfur granules affected the denitrification rates; kinetic constants of 2.883, 2.949, and 0.677 mg-N(1/2)/L(1/2)/day were obtained when the granule sizes were below 2 mm, between 2 and 5 mm, and over 5 mm, respectively. When the volume ratios of sulfur to limestone were 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1, kinetic constants of 5.490, 3.903, 4.072, and 2.984 mg-N(1/2)/L(1/2)/day were obtained, respectively. The presence of TCE up to 20 mg/L didn't significantly affect nitrate removal efficiency. At the TCE concentration of 80 mg/L, however, nitrate removal was markedly inhibited. Also, Zn and Cu inhibited the denitrification activity at more than 0.5 mg/L of concentration whereas Cr (VI) did not significantly affect the nitrate removal efficiency at all levels tested.     

A long-term performance test on an autotrophic denitrification column for application as a permeable reactive barrier

The long-term performance of a sulfur-based reactive barrier system was evaluated using autotrophic denitrification in a large-scale column. A bacterial consortium, containing autotrophic denitrifiers attached on sulfur particles, serving as an electron donor, was able to transform 60mgNL(-1) of nitrate into dinitrogen. In the absence of phosphate, the consortium was unable to remove nitrate, but after the addition of phosphate, nitrate removal was readily evident. Once the column operation had stabilized, seepage velocities of 1.0x10(-3) and 0.5x10(-3)cms(-1), corresponding to hydraulic residence times of 24 and 48h, respectively, did not affect the nitrate removal efficiency, as determined by the nitrate concentration in the effluent. However, data on the nitrate, nitrite and sulfate distribution along the column indicated differential transformation patterns with column depths. Based on the dinitrogen concentration in the total gas collected, the denitrification efficiency of the tested column was estimated to be more than 95%. After 500d operation, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the column slightly changed, but these changes did not inhibit the nitrate removal efficiency. Data from a bacterial community analysis obtained from four parts of the column demonstrated the selective a spatial distribution of predominant species depending on available electron acceptors or donors.     

矿物载体锯末碳源低温生物修复硝酸盐污染地下水

研究了低温条件下,沸石和火山岩为载体,锯末为碳源的生物反应器对地下水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果。结果表明,在（14±1）℃,水力停留时间18 h,进水硝酸盐氮浓度为27 mg/L的条件下,以锯末为碳源能有效去除地下水中的硝酸盐,沸石为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为98%;火山岩为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为95%。实验过程中出现铵盐和亚硝酸盐的积累,出水中氨氮浓度为1～2.55 mg/L,亚硝酸氮浓度为0～0.98 mg/L。出水pH均介于7～8,满足饮用水标准中pH的要求（6.5～8.5）。     

Direct measurement of denitrification activity in a Gulf coast freshwater marsh receiving diverted Mississippi River water

Wetland loss along the Louisiana Gulf coast and excessive nitrate loading into the Gulf of Mexico are interrelated environmental problems. Nitrate removal by soil denitrification activity was studied in a ponded freshwater marsh receiving diverted Mississippi River water for the purpose of reversing or slowing wetland loss. Labeled ¹⁵N-nitrate was applied at 3.8 g N m⁻² into four replicate study plots after removing above ground vegetation. Nitrogen gas (N₂) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from the plots were determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Nitrous oxide emissions were also compared with the results determined by gas chromatograph (GC). Results showed that it took 2 weeks to remove the added nitrate with N₂O emission occurring over a period of 4 d. The apparent denitrification dynamics were assumed to follow the Michaelis–Menten equation. The maximum denitrification rate and K_m value were determined as 12.6 mg N m ⁻² h⁻¹, and 6.5 mg N l⁻¹, respectively. Therefore the maximum capacity for nitrate removal by the marsh soil would be equivalent to 110 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹, with more than 30% of nitrogen gas evolved as N₂O. For typical nitrate concentrations in Mississippi River water of about 1 mg N l⁻¹, nitrate would be removed at a rate of 14.7 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ with N₂O emission about 1.5%. A denitrification dynamic model showed that the efficiency of nitrate removal would largely depend on the water discharge rate into the ponded wetland. Higher discharge rate will result in less retention time for the water in the marsh where nitrate is denitrified.     

高浓度氨氮废水同步硝化反硝化性能研究

利用序批式反应器研究了溶解氧浓度和进水碳氮比对高浓度氨氮废水脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,溶解氧浓度降低实现了短程同步硝化反硝化,并提高了反应器脱氮效率.反应器运行经历了外部碳源的摄取、PHB储存、PHB有氧氧化和同步硝化反硝化作用,PHB作为同步硝化反硝化过程中反硝化的电子供体.     

Effects of macrophytes and external carbon sources on nitrate removal from groundwater in constructed wetlands

Several microcosm wetlands unplanted and planted with five macrophytes (Phragmites australis, Commelina communis, Penniserum purpureum, Ipomoea aquatica, and Pistia stratiotes) were employed to remove nitrate from groundwater at a concentration of 21-47 mg NO3-N/l. In the absence of external carbon, nitrate removal rates ranged from 0.63 to 1.26 g NO3-N/m2/day for planted wetlands. Planted wetlands exhibited significantly greater nitrate removal than unplanted wetlands (P<0.01), indicating that macrophytes are essential to efficient nitrate removal. Additionally, a wetland planted with Penniserum showed consistently higher nitrate removal than those planted with the other four macrophytes, suggesting that macrophytes present species-specific nitrate removal efficiency possibly depending on their ability to produce carbon for denitrification. Although adding external carbon to the influent improved nitrate removal, a significant fraction of the added carbon was lost via microbial oxidation in the wetlands. Planting a wetland with macrophytes with high productivity may be an economic way for removing nitrate from groundwater. According to the harvest result, 4-11% of nitrogen removed by the planted wetland was due to vegetation uptake, and 89-96% was due to denitrification.     

The Effects of Hypoxia on Sediment Nitrogen Cycling in the Baltic Sea

Primary production in the eutrophic Baltic Sea is limited by nitrogen availability; hence denitrification (natural transformation of nitrate to gaseous N₂) in the sediments is crucial in mitigating the effects of eutrophication. This study shows that dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) process, where nitrogen is not removed but instead recycled in the system, dominates nitrate reduction in low oxygen conditions (O₂ <110 μM), which have been persistent in the central Gulf of Finland during the past decade. The nitrogen removal rates measured in this study show that nitrogen removal has decreased in the Gulf of Finland compared to rates measured in mid-1990s and the decrease is most likely caused by the increased bottom water hypoxia.     

Assessment of denitrification process in lower Ishikari river system,Japan

Sediment denitrification rate and its role in removal of dissolved nitrate load in lower Ishikari river system were examined. Denitrification rate were measured using acetylene inhibition technique on the sediment samples collected during August 2009–July 2010. The denitrification rate varied from 0.001 to 1.9 μg N g⁻¹ DM h⁻¹ with an average value of 0.21 μg N g⁻¹ DM h⁻¹ in lower Ishikari river system. Denitrification rate showed positive correlation with dissolved nitrate concentration in the river basin, indicating overlying water column supplied nitrate for the sediment denitrification processes. Nutrient enrichment experiments result showed that denitrification rate increased significantly with addition of nitrate in case of samples collected from Barato Lake however no such increase was observed in the samples collected from Ishikari river main channel and its major tributaries indicating that factors other than substrate concentration such as population of denitrifier and hydrological properties of stream channel including channel depth and flow velocity may affects the denitrification rate in lower Ishikari river system. Denitrification rate showed no significant increase with the addition of labile carbon (glucose), indicating that sediment samples had sufficient organic matter to sustain denitrification activity. The result of nutrient spiraling model indicates that in- stream denitrification process removes on an average 5% d⁻¹ of dissolve nitrate load in Ishikari river. This study was carried out to fill the gap present in the availability of riverine denitrification rate measurement and its role in nitrogen budget from Japanese rivers characterize by small river length and high flow rate.     

金属纳米材料在厌氧条件下对脱氮副球菌反硝化作用的影响

以脱氮副球菌YF1为实验菌株,研究纳米Fe0和纳米Fe/Ni 2种金属纳米材料对菌体生长及其反硝化作用的影响。实验结果表明:添加纳米材料到反应体系中会降低实验菌株的生长量和生物反硝化作用,纳米Fe/Ni对实验菌株的毒性比纳米Fe0大。在含硝态氮初始浓度为100 mg/L的反硝化培养基中接种脱氮副球菌,于30℃培养20 h,脱氮率为89.47%,而菌+1 000 mg/L纳米Fe/Ni的体系脱氮率仅为64.33%;菌+1 000 mg/L纳米Fe0体系的脱氮率为76.36%。不同体系的反硝化过程均可采用零级动力学模型进行拟合(相关系数R2>0.92)。这2种金属纳米材料对实验菌株的生长量及其反硝化作用的影响程度,与体系的pH和温度有较大关系。     

复合介质渗透反应格栅去除地下水中的氨氮

针对受低浓度氨氮污染的地下水,实验筛选组合了不同的反应介质,利用串联的多介质填充柱模拟渗透反应格栅,通过物理吸附及生物硝化-反硝化作用来实现氮的去除。结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为10 mg/L、流速为0.5 m/d的条件下,模拟柱对氨氮的去除率达到98%以上,且不会出现亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐浓度的升高。水体经过释氧柱后溶解氧由2mg/L升高至10 mg/L以上,表明释氧材料可提供硝化细菌所需的好氧环境。好氧柱中填充易于生物挂膜的生物陶粒及对氨氮有较强吸附能力的沸石,二者联用通过生物硝化-物理吸附协同作用实现对氨氮的去除,其中生物作用实现的氨氮去除量占总去除量的50%左右。后续厌氧反应柱填充海绵铁除氧并利用松树皮颗粒作为碳源,创造反硝化菌生长条件,硝酸盐氮浓度可由10 mg/L降低至5 mg/L以下,实现对好氧反应阶段所产生的硝酸盐的去除,避免了地下水的二次污染。     

Biological denitrification of high strength nitrate waste using preadapted denitrifying sludge

Denitrification of synthetic high nitrate waste containing 9032 ppm NO(3)-N (40,000 ppm NO(3)) in a time period of only 6h has been achieved in our previous study using activated sludge. The activated sludge culture was acclimatized by a stepwise increase in the nitrate concentration of synthetic waste. In the present work, studies were carried out on the changing microbial population of the sludge and the physiology of nitrate metabolism during the various stages of adaptation process to high strength synthetic nitrate waste. During the course of adaptation, with an increase in the nitrate concentration, a sharp increase in the number of denitrifiers was found with an equally rapid decrease in the nitrifying community. Two key enzymes involved in the first two steps of the denitrification process were also studied during this period. The results of the study suggest that specific enzyme levels increase as the activated sludge adapts itself to higher nitrate concentrations. Biological denitrification of high nitrate waste is a slow process and to increase the rate of denitrification, parameters such as pH, temperature, C:N and biomass concentration of the process were optimized using orthogonal array method. Optimized conditions increased the specific nitrate reduction rate by 54% and specific nitrite reduction rate by 45%.     

湖岸缓冲带反硝化作用的研究进展

反硝化作用是湖岸缓冲带去除硝酸盐的重要途径。湖岸缓冲带是联系陆地与湖泊生态系的纽带，不仅为许多动植物提供适宜生境，而且通过反硝化作用能去除地下水中的硝酸盐，提高湖泊水质。概述不同检测反硝化速率的方法，并对比各种方法的优点与缺点。阐述反硝化作用的影响因素：厌氧环境、有机碳、湖岸坡度、缓冲带坡度、pH与温度、硝酸盐浓度。介绍反硝化速率模型的研究开发状况。最后，提出了目前国内外反硝化研究中存在的不足及发展方向。     

硫自养反硝化去除地下水中硝酸盐氮的研究

研究实际地下水硫自养反硝化动力学过程，考察季节因素(温度)对动力学的影响，实验结果表明，地下水升流式硫自养滤柱反硝化动力学符合1/2级动力学模型，其反应速率常数受温度的影响很大，用阿仑尼乌斯方程计算硫自养反硝化活化能为80.38 kJ/mol。硫自养反硝化产生的硫酸根与反硝化掉的硝酸根离子呈线性相关。在地下水不经任何预处理的条件下，硫自养反硝化仍能有效地脱除地下水中的硝酸盐，反应器出水的pH值仍维持在中性范围。     

厌氧产氢ASBR对氮的脱除

在厌氧序批式人工有机污水生物产氢反应器（ASBR）中发现氮“丢失”现象，并对此产氢系统发生脱氮作用的机理和主要影响因素进行了研究。结果表明，在以葡萄糖为发酵底物的厌氧产氢系统中，微生物分别以铵和硫酸盐为电子供体和电子受体发生了硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化；进水有机物负荷和pH主要通过影响不同种微生物的活性而影响脱氮性能，氨氮和硫酸盐的浓度直接与氮素去除率有关。在最大产氢能力为16m3／（m3·d）、氢气体积百分比为65％的生物制氢系统中，最大脱氮效率约为64％。产氢效率与氮脱除率呈现负相关关系。研究表明，在控制条件下，可以实现高有机物废水厌氧脱除氨态氮，为生活污水直接厌氧脱氮开辟一条新途径。     

厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复及富集培养研究

为了防止微生物流失,向厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)中投加纤维膜(无纺布)作为厌氧氨氧化菌的载体,而使ASBR改为厌氧序批式生物膜反应器(ASBBR),研究了厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复及富集培养过程中氮负荷提高对ASBBR的影响。经过23d的培养,厌氧氨氧化菌的活性恢复到原有的水平,然后提高TN容积负荷培养厌氧氨氧化菌。至132d时,反应器TN容积去除负荷达到了2.060kg/(m3·d)。整个过程中NH4+-N和NO2--N去除率一直保持在98%以上。当厌氧氨氧化菌活性恢复后,NH4+-N、NO2--N消耗量与NO3--N生成量之比最终趋于一定值(1.00∶1.30∶0.25)。在培养过程中,污泥颜色逐渐由灰色变为红棕色,最终变为浅红色。结果表明,反应器运行很稳定,NH4+-N、NO2--N出水浓度非常低,在短时间内能提高到较高的容积去除负荷。可见,ASBBR很适合厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养。     

深型地下土壤渗滤系统中氮的去除途径

为了系统研究氮在深型地下土壤渗滤系统中的去除途径，本次实验采用直径30cm，高200cm的有机玻璃柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统；柱内分层装填取自北京顺义的土壤。在水力负荷为8cm／d的条件下，取得了较好的脱氮效果；氨氮去除率为99．80％；TN去除率为83．68％。通过观察氮沿土柱深度的变化规律发现，在1．30m以上的区域随着氨氮浓度的降低硝氮浓度逐渐增大，同时总氮浓度也在不断降低，约有30．55％在此区域被去除；通过氮元素质量平衡证明这部分氮是通过厌氧氨氧化反应去除的。在1．30m以下反硝化反应是脱氮的主要途径，在此过程中难降解有机物被利用。     

两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理城市生活垃圾渗滤液的启动研究

采用两级UASB与好氧组合工艺处理早期城市生活垃圾渗滤液.系统出水按不同比例回流到一级UASB中进行反硝化,同时进行产甲烷反应,有机物在二级UASB中被进一步降解,好氧池完成剩余有机物的去除和氨氮的硝化.启动阶段通过对原渗滤液不同比例的稀释,分5次逐步提高进水浓度,启动结束时完成了对原渗滤液的高效处理.在进水COD浓度从3000 mg/L提高到15000 mg/L,氨氮浓度从250 mg/L提高到1400 mg/L时,最终COD去除率稳定在92%左右,氨氮去除率可达99%以上,一级UASB中反硝化率接近100%,回流比为300%时系统总氮去除率为70%～80%.