烟气脱硫喷淋塔内液滴停留时间

对于烟气脱硫喷淋塔中的雾化浆液液滴在塔内的运动以及停留时间进行了分析计算。给出了液滴下落速度随时间的变化 ;计算了单个液滴及浆液总体的停留时间。结果表明 ,对于粒径为dp=1 3～ 3 0mm的单个液滴 ,停留时间为t=3 0～ 1 3s ;雾化液滴尺寸分布对总体停留时间影响显著 ;合适的雾化液滴尺寸应为dp=0 7～ 1 5mm。     

烟气脱硫喷淋塔内液滴停留时间

对于烟气脱硫喷淋塔中的雾化浆液液滴在塔内的运动以及停留时间进行了分析计算。给出了液滴下落速度随时间的变化；计算了单个液滴及浆液总体的停留时间。结果表明，对于粒径为dp=1．3～3．0mm的单个液滴，停留时间为t=3．0～1．3s；雾化液滴尺寸分布对总体停留时间影响显著；合适的雾化液滴尺寸应为dp=0．7～1．5mm。     

湿法脱硫系统对烟气中可吸入颗粒物特性影响的实验研究

采用荷电低压颗粒冲击器对4套湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统进出口颗粒物进行在线检测和采样分析,获得烟气中PM10、PM2.5质量浓度以及粒径分布特征,并通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和元素能谱对飞灰颗粒的形貌特征和主要元素含量进行分析。实验结果表明,由于脱硫塔喷淋浆液的洗涤作用,WFGD系统对飞灰颗粒有一定的脱除效果,但喷淋浆液产生的小液滴以及石灰石/石膏颗粒被携带进入烟气,导致WFGD系统对烟气中颗粒物质量浓度及粒径分布影响较大。WFGD系统对飞灰颗粒组成成分也有一定影响,以WFGD系统B为例,出口飞灰颗粒中Ca和S的质量分数从进口的1.60%、2.81%上升到出口的6.12%、10.92%。FESEM观察结果表明,脱硫后小颗粒在脱硫浆液的促进作用下团聚凝并,形成大颗粒,呈现致密的不规则块状、层状或絮状结构。     

废水液滴在低温烟气中的蒸发特性数值研究

建立了液滴在低温低速烟气中运动和蒸发的数学模型,数值研究了液滴在不同的烟气速度和烟气温度环境中的蒸发特性,获得了液滴速度、温度和直径随时间的变化规律,以及烟气速度和温度对液滴蒸发特性的影响。计算结果表明：气相速度越大,液滴初速度对液滴运动速度的影响越小,液滴速度越容易达到烟气速度。对于初始直径和速度一定的液滴,气液初始相对速度越大,液滴达到临界蒸发温度所需的时间越短,完全蒸发时间也越短。在文中研究的烟气速度范围内,整体上气相速度的改变对液滴完全蒸发时间的影响很小。气相温度的改变对液滴达到临界蒸发温度的时间以及完全蒸发时间的影响很大。烟气从较高温度和较低温度分别下降相同幅度的温度时,液滴在烟气中的完全蒸发时间按不同的倍数在增加,烟气温度越低,液滴完全蒸发时间增加的越多。对于文中研究的液滴,无量纲完全蒸发时间随烟气温度变化呈指数递减规律。     

氨法脱硫工艺硫酸铵颗粒生成与排放的影响因素分析

针对氨法脱硫工艺实践过程中出口硫酸铵颗粒物浓度高的现象,通过测试某氨法脱硫塔结构优化前、后不同运行条件下净烟气硫酸铵浓度,分析烟气处理量、浆液含固量、烟气温度、工艺水淋洗等因素对其浓度变化的影响规律,提出了氨法脱硫工艺改造的新思路。结果表明:硫酸铵能穿透采样的滤膜与滤筒;优化前、后出口硫酸铵浓度随锅炉负荷的增长而加速增长,随浆液含固量的增加(由5%增加至45%)先加速增长,然后(由45%增加至55%)增长速度逐渐减小,随喷淋水量的增加而降低;浆液含固量与烟气温度是影响硫酸铵析出量,导致出口硫酸铵逃逸的关键因素。因此,降低烟气温度与缩短浆液含固量高条件下的运行时间能是氨法脱硫改造的新思路。     

新型离心式脱硫塔气液两相流数值模拟

利用FLUENT软件和SIMPLE算法对新型旋流脱硫塔的气液两相流场进行了数值模拟。计算中气相采用了RSM湍流模型,颗粒相采用了Lagrange坐标系下的随机轨道模型。分析结果表明,气相流场具有强旋流特性;喷射液滴的直径、喷淋量和烟气流速影响其在塔内的分布:喷射液滴粒径越大、喷射量越小、烟气流速越大,入口段降温越少;塔体上方截面平均浓度随液滴粒径的增加而降低,随液气比的增加而增加,随烟气流速的增加会先增加至最高值然后降低。喷淋液滴在其他运行参数不变时,平均粒径范围为0.5～1 mm,会对进口烟气起到较好的净化与降温的作用,并使塔体上方喷淋液滴在截面z=4.15 m处浓度分布均匀且覆盖率高;在保证液滴粒径较小时,通过降低烟气流速或增加喷淋量可提高液滴喷淋覆盖率,使得烟气与喷淋充分接触。计算得到的气相流场分布与实测值吻合较好,证明了数学模型的合理性,为进一步优化分离器结构提供了可靠依据。     

鼓泡塔中有机酸强化粗颗粒石灰石新型烟气脱硫

对传统石灰石湿法烟气脱硫进行了改进,提出了一种新型烟气脱硫方法,即在鼓泡塔中添加有机酸,采用大颗粒石灰石(210 μm)代替传统的细颗粒石灰石(5～20 μm)进行脱硫.实验在鼓泡搅拌吸收反应器中对比研究了新老两种脱硫工艺.结果表明,当210 μm石灰石浆液中醋酸摩尔浓度达10～30 mmol/L,其脱硫率和石灰石利用率分别为95%和93.5%,均达到甚至优于传统石灰石脱硫结果.实验研究了影响脱硫率的各种因素:添加醋酸浓度、入口SO2浓度、石灰石浆液浓度、气体停留时间以及温度等,并提出添加醋酸促进SO2吸收的机理.运用该新型烟气脱硫方法,可降低电厂的基础投资和运行费用,大大加强系统的稳定性和抗击烟气中SO2波动的能力.     

燃煤电站湿法烟气脱硫的颗粒物脱除效果

伴随着我国燃煤电站污染物严峻形势湿法烟气脱硫协同捕集颗粒物越来越受到工程应用部门的重视。从基本理论出发,引入捕集体与颗粒碰撞、拦截与扩散的基本方程,推导并建立多液滴对多颗粒的捕集模型。研究结果表明:直径245μm的液滴,沉降速度小于气流速度,会被携带出脱硫塔;液滴对PM_(0.1)、PM_1、PM_5、PM_(10)。颗粒物的去除效率为U型曲线,910μm液滴对颗粒物的去除效率比4 666μm液滴高近百倍;同等质量浓度不同粒度分布,脱硫塔除尘性能仍然差异较大。     

伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内除雾器性能研究

除雾器是湿法烟气脱硫(WFGD)系统内重要的设备之一,其性能对WFGD系统运行的可靠性有重要影响.利用Fluent6.2软件对新型伞罩型除尘脱硫塔内的三维两相流场进行数值模拟,气相采用RNG湍流模型,液相采用离散相模型,选择SIMPLE算法进行计算,分析塔内的折板除雾器和旋流板除雾器的速度场、压力场和液滴的分布情况.结果表明,烟气经过折板除雾器,产生了明显的压降,且在拐角区域湍流耗散强烈,是实现气液分离的关键区域;烟气经过旋流板除雾器,速度和压强分布具有良好的对称性,液滴被气流旋转抛向壁面实现气液分离.模拟结果对新型的WFGD除雾器的设计和运行具有一定的理论指导意义.     

SNCR的喷雾与混合过程及其对脱硝效率的影响

研究了SNCR(选择性无催化还原)工艺过程中还原剂液滴向炉内的喷射轨迹、以及还原剂在炉内高温空间的蒸发和混合扩散问题,得到了循环流化床锅炉不同截面的还原剂浓度分布。由研究结果可知,随着雾炬的扩散,还原剂浓度分布更加均匀,有效覆盖区域增加。根据还原剂有效覆盖范围,可以预测在合适的温度窗口处烟气的有效脱硝效率,在此基础上对喷枪喷射的液滴参数进行了优化分析。研究了不同液滴粒径分布对还原剂喷射和扩散的影响,结果表明:液滴雾化粒径的适当增大可以使蒸发时间延长,从而使得炉内还原剂与烟气中NO_x更好地混合、增加还原剂的有效覆盖面积;此外,根据还原剂覆盖浓度也可对还原剂的使用量进行预测。     

烟气平均流速自动测量及其自动检测装置

通过对烟道"速度场常数"的研究,提出了利用速度场常数监测烟道烟气平均流速的方法,同时研制出速度场常数自动检测装置.解决了烟道烟气平均流速自动监测的技术难题.经实践检验:所研究的监测方法正确,检测装置结构合理,监测结果稳定、可靠.     

Control of mercury vapor emissions from combustion flue gas

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Mercury (Hg) emission from combustion flue gas is a significant environmental concern due to its toxicity and high volatility. A number of the research efforts have been carried out in the past decade exploiting mercury emission, monitoring and control from combustion flue gases. Most recently, increasing activities are focused on evaluating the behavior of mercury in coal combustion systems and developing novel Hg control technologies. This is partly due to the new regulatory requirement on mercury emissions from coal-fired combustors to be enacted under the U.S. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The aim of this review work is to better understand the state-of-the-art technologies of flue gas mercury control and identify the gaps of knowledge hence areas for further opportunities in research and development. MAIN FEATURES: This paper examines mercury behaviors in combustion systems through a comprehensive review of the available literature. About 70 published papers and reports were cited and studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This paper summarizes the mechanisms of formation of mercury containing compounds during combustion, its speciation and reaction in flue gas, as well as subsequent mobilization in the environment. It also provides a review of the current techniques designed for real-time, continuous emission monitoring (CEM) for mercury. Most importantly, current flue gas mercury control technologies are reviewed while activated carbon adsorption, a technology that offers the greatest potential for the control of gas-phase mercury emissions, is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although much progress has been achieved in the last decade, techniques developed for the monitoring and control of mercury from combustion flue gases are not yet mature and gaps in knowledge exist for further advancement. More R&D efforts are required for the effective control of Hg emissions and the main focuses are identified.     

Cluster Analysis for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans Concentrations in Southern Taiwan

Abstract

This study investigates the characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the ambient air of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs: GS and RW) and a coal-fired power plant (PW) in the Kaohsiung County (KC) area in Taiwan. The results show that the toxic equivalency (TEQ) concentration in the flue gas of GS and RW averaged 0.090 and 0.044 ng international toxic equivalents (I-TEQ)/N·m³, respectively. The TEQ concentration in the flue gas of PW averaged 0.050 ng I-TEQ/N·m³. All PCDD/Fs concentrations from the stack flue gas are lower than the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration emission standard. Furthermore, the mean I-TEQ concentration in the ambient atmosphere ranged from approximately 0.019 to 0.165 pg I-TEQ/N·m³, much lower than the environmental quality standards for dioxins in Japan (0.6 pg TEQ/N·m³). This work classified all sampling sites into three clusters according to k-means cluster analysis. The result shows a probable direct correlation between the GS incinerator and site C. Although the concentration from the PW plant did not exceed the emission standard, it was much higher than that in Fernández-Martínez’s study. For proper environmental management of dioxins, establishing a complete emission inventory of PCDD/Fs is necessary. The government of Taiwan should particularly pay more attention to power plants to address the information shortage.     

Investigation of Selective Catalytic Reduction Impact on Mercury Speciation under Simulated NOx Emission Control Conditions

Abstract

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology increasingly is being applied for controlling emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) from coal-fired boilers. Some recent field and pilot studies suggest that the operation of SCR could affect the chemical form of mercury (Hg) in coal combustion flue gases. The speciation of Hg is an important factor influencing the control and environmental fate of Hg emissions from coal combustion. The vanadium and titanium oxides, used commonly in the vanadia-titania SCR catalyst for catalytic NO_x reduction, promote the formation of oxidized mercury (Hg²⁺).

The work reported in this paper focuses on the impact of SCR on elemental mercury (Hg⁰) oxidation. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate Hg⁰ oxidation in the presence of simulated coal combustion flue gases and under SCR reaction conditions. Flue gas mixtures with different concentrations of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) for simulating the combustion of bituminous coals and subbituminous coals were tested in these experiments. The effects of HCl and SO₂ in the flue gases on Hg⁰ oxidation under SCR reaction conditions were studied. It was observed that HCl is the most critical flue gas component that causes conversion of Hg⁰ to Hg²⁺ under SCR reaction conditions. The importance of HCl for Hg⁰ oxidation found in the present study provides the scientific basis for the apparent coal-type dependence observed for Hg⁰ oxidation occurring across the SCR reactors in the field.     

Issues Related to Solution Chemistry in Mercury Sampling Impingers

ABSTRACT

Analysis of Hg speciation in combustion flue gases is often accomplished in standardized sampling trains in which the sample is passed sequentially through a series of aqueous solutions to capture and separate oxidized Hg (Hg²⁺) and elemental Hg (Hg⁰). Such methods include the Ontario Hydro (OH) and the Alkaline Mercury Speciation (AMS) methods, which were investigated in the laboratory to determine whether the presence of Cl₂ and other common flue gas species can bias the partitioning of Hg⁰ to front impingers intended to isolate Hg²⁺ species. Using only a single impinger to represent the front three impingers for each method, it was found that as little as 1-ppm Cl₂ in a simulated flue gas mixture led to a bias of approximately 10-20% of Hg⁰ misreported as Hg²+ for both the OH and the AMS methods. Experiments using 100-ppm Cl₂ led to a similar bias in the OH method, but to a 30-60% bias in the AMS method. These false readings are shown to be due to liquid-phase chemistry in the impinger solutions, and not necessarily to the gas-phase reactions between Cl₂ and Hg as previously proposed. The pertinent solution chemistry causing the interference     

基于关联模型的二恶英在线检测研究

为实现二恶英快速检测,指导废物焚烧炉二恶英减排,通过检测生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中氯苯和二恶英浓度,研究了三氯苯、四氯苯和二恶英之间的关联关系,并利用实验室自行研制的飞行时间质谱仪对烟气样品的三氯苯进行在线检测。结果表明,三氯苯与二恶英毒性当量(I-TEQ)之间存在良好关联性,相关系数(R2)可达到0.89。仪器检测信号强度与三氯苯浓度之间具有良好的线性关系,根据在线检测烟气样品中三氯苯的信号可得到三氯苯浓度,并根据关联模型计算得到二恶英毒性当量值I-TEQ,实现了对烟气样品中二恶英的快速间接测量。     

Application of the Active Soda Process for Removing Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gases

The active soda process1 was applied for desulfurlzatlon of flue gases emitted by a plant burning heavy fuel oil In a rotary drum drier for stone aggregate. The flue gas capacity of the plant was about 6,7 m³/s at normal conditions. The SO₂ concentration varied between 400– 500 ppm. The solid, dry and fine-grained NaHCO₃ of good quality was fed directly into the hot gas stream at the outlet of the rotary drier In two variants—with and without grinding. The mean particle size was 0.180 m^-3 or 0.070 m^-3, respectively. The achieved desulfurizatlon degree was shown to be directly dependent on the flue gas temperature and on the grinding effect, as well as on the normalized stoichiometric ratio. The highest achieved desulfurization degree amounted up to 74 percent. During the design of the desulfurization process no pilot plant installations and tests were necessary, and for the final process no special chemical reactor was used.     

Distribution of mercury in the combustion products from coal-fired power plants in Guizhou,southwest China

Method 30B and the Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) were used to sample the mercury in the flue gas discharged from the seven power plants in Guizhou Province, southwest China. In order to investigate the mercury migration and transformation during coal combustion and pollution control process, the contents of mercury in coal samples, bottom ash, fly ash, and gypsum were measured. The mercury in the flue gas released into the atmosphere mainly existed in the form of Hg°. The precipitator shows a superior ability to remove Hg^p (particulate mercury) from flue gas. The removal efficiency of Hg²⁺ by wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) was significantly higher than that for the other two forms of mercury. The synergistic removal efficiency of mercury by the air pollution control devices (APCDs) installed in the studied power plants is 66.69–97.56%. The Hg mass balance for the tested seven coal-fired power plants varied from 72.87% to 109.67% during the sampling time. After flue gas flowing through APCDs, most of the mercury in coal was enriched in fly ash and gypsum, with only a small portion released into the atmosphere with the flue gas. The maximum discharge source of Hg for power plants was fly ash and gypsum instead of Hg emitted with flue gas through the chimney into the atmosphere. With the continuous upgrading of APCDs, more and more mercury will be enriched in fly ash and gypsum. Extra attention should be paid to the re-release of mercury from the reutilization of by-products from APCDs.

Implications: Method 30B and the Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) were used to test the mercury concentration in the flue gas discharged from seven power plants in Guizhou Province, China. The concentrations of mercury in coal samples, bottom ash, fly ash, and gypsum were also measured. By comparison of the mercury content of different products, we found that the maximum discharge source of Hg for power plants was fly ash and gypsum, instead of Hg emitted with flue gas through the chimney into the atmosphere. With the continuous upgrading of APCDs, more and more mercury will be enriched in fly ash and gypsum. Extra attention should be paid to the re-release of mercury from the reutilization of by-products from APCDs.     

Surface Compositions of Carbon Sorbents Exposed to Simulated Low-Rank Coal Flue Gases

Abstract

Bench-scale testing of elemental mercury (Hg⁰) sorption on selected activated carbon sorbents was conducted to develop a better understanding of the interaction among the sorbent, flue gas constituents, and Hg⁰. The results of the fixed-bed testing under simulated lignite combustion flue gas composition for activated carbons showed some initial breakthrough followed by increased mercury (Hg) capture for up to ～4.8 hr. After breakthrough, the Hg in the effluent stream was primarily in an oxidized form (>90%). Aliquots of selected activated carbons were exposed to simulated flue gas containing Hg⁰ vapor for varying time intervals to explore surface chemistry changes as the initial breakthrough, Hg capture, and oxidation occurred. The samples were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine changes in the abundance and forms of sulfur, chlorine, oxygen, and nitrogen moieties as a result of interactions of flue gas components on the activated carbon surface during the sorption process. The data are best explained by a competition between the bound hydrogen chloride (HCl) and increasing sulfur [S(VI)] for a basic carbon binding site. Because loss of HCl is also coincident with Hg breakthrough or loss of the divalent Hg ion (Hg²⁺), the competition of Hg²⁺ with S(VI) on the basic carbon site is also implied. Thus, the role of the acid gases in Hg capture and release can be explained.     

还原法二氧化硫脱除技术

介绍了催化还原法、CaS还原法、吸收还原法、碳还原法和生物还原法脱除烟气中二氧化硫技术的原理、特点以及研究和应用现状 ,指出了各种还原法脱除二氧化硫技术在工业应用中的限制因素和研究的方向。