基于多源数据融合的浙江省温室气体与大气污染物排放协同研究

减污降碳协同是中国新发展阶段经济社会发展全面绿色转型的必然选择。以浙江省为研究对象,应用多源数据融合方法构建1 km×1 km的温室气体与大气污染物排放网格,采用耦合协调模型识别温室气体和大气污染物排放的协同高值区、磨合区、拮抗区等。研究结果显示,占浙江省国土空间0.68%的协同高值区集聚了30.6%的温室气体排放和38.3%的大气污染物排放,根据不同区域协同排放特性提出减污降碳治理的空间管控优先次序建议、重点行业治理建议、重点因子治理建议等,丰富了区域减污降碳协同的精细化定量分析方法和中长期治理路径优化技术方法。     

北京市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂温室气体排放及影响因素

以北京高安屯垃圾焚烧发电厂为例,利用《温室气体排放核算指南生活垃圾焚烧企业》(DB 11/T 1416-2017),核算固定设施排放源的直接排放、间接排放和避免排放,并分析影响排放的主要因素。结果表明,2015年高安屯垃圾焚烧发电厂吨垃圾净CO_2排放量为0.165 t,其中生活垃圾中矿物碳焚烧贡献量为0.375 t;燃烧产生的N_2O贡献量为0.015 t;化石燃料燃烧贡献量为0.002 t;发电上网减排量为0.227 t。降低塑料类在入炉生活垃圾中的比例是减少垃圾焚烧发电厂温室气体排放的关键途径之一。     

湖北省能源消费CO2与大气污染物协同减排研究

以2015年为基准年,基于拓展的STIRPAT模型预测2025年湖北省能源消费CO2和主要大气污染物排放量.通过设置基准(记为BAU)情景、低碳(记为LC)情景和强化低碳(记为ELC)情景3种控制情景,测算CO2和主要大气污染物的减排量,并运用污染物减排量交叉弹性法评价了CO2减排对主要大气污染物的协同效应.结果表明,...     

原铝生产流程温室气体排放主要影响因素的关联度分析

铝是国民经济建设和发展的关键基础材料,然而由其生产过程所产生的大量温室气体排放也逐渐成为政府关注的焦点。本研究计算了我国原铝生产不同年度的生命周期能耗和温室气体排放量,并分析了资源消耗和生产工序能耗等影响因素与温室气体排放的关联性。结果表明,在各年原铝生产的温室气体排放总量中,电力和阳极效应导致的排放所占比重分别为68.5%和7.9%,其他影响因素所占比重均低于6%;与温室气体排放关联度最高的3个影响因素依次是电耗、煤气燃烧和石灰石煅烧,其值分别为0.937、0.899和0.893;在目前铝电耗和阳极效应控制水平提升空间有限的情况下,降低煤气的消耗,提高石灰石的使用效率,是实现原铝生产温室气体减排的有效途径。     

生活污水不同进水C/N比负荷对垂直潜流式人工湿地排放温室气体的影响

人工湿地处理的生活污水含氮量或者有机物含量很高时,可能会造成人工湿地在处理污水的过程中排放大量温室气体。研究了垂直潜流式人工湿地在人工合成的生活污水不同污染物进水C/N负荷条件下污水处理效果和温室气体(CO2和CH4)的排放量,利用现场测量和碳平衡模型估算分析了可以达到最佳污水净化效果和最少温室气体排放量的污染物进水C/N负荷条件。结果显示,在进水C/N负荷为C/N=6∶1~9∶1时可以得到最佳的污染物去除率。温室气体CH4排放量较CO2排放量可以忽略不计,而在进水C/N负荷为C/N=3∶1~6∶1时可以实现最少的温室气体排放。综上所述,最优的进水C/N负荷确定为C/N=6∶1,此时人工湿地可以得到较高的污染物去除率而排放较少的温室气体。     

生物质能利用技术控制污染物排放的作用

化石燃料燃烧利用过程中排放的大量毒害气体和CO2对生态环境造成重大危害,由此产生的环境问题越来越引起世界各国的关注,相应的控制排放技术不断发展,其中生物质能利用由于其CO2零排放成为最有发展潜力的技术之一.采用LCA方法,选择生物质气化联合循环发电、生物质热裂解发电、生物质与煤混烧发电3种方案与燃煤发电进行了对比,分析生物质利用过程减排温室气体CO2、毒性气体(SOX、NOX)的作用.结果表明,在生产1 kW*h电能的生命周期中,3种生物质发电方案的CO2排放量远远小于燃煤发电,特别是生物质气化联合循环发电和生物质热裂解发电两种方案减排CO2达到了87%～94%.由于生物质低硫和低氮特性,该两种方案中NOX和SOX的减排量也非常显著,即使是生物质与煤按1∶9(质量比)混燃都可以达到25.2%和8.9%的减排效果.综合而言,生物质能的利用,不论是气化、热解或者共燃都是减排CO2、NOX和SOX有效措施.     

垃圾焚烧炉二次配风优化数值模拟

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧发电的排放问题，以重庆市某垃圾焚烧炉为原始模型，在炉膛两侧炉壁的适当位置设置二次配风口，并采用CFD（计算流体动力学）方法对炉膛内气体的二次燃烧过程进行数值模拟。通过观察对比有无二次配风以及二次配风口位置不同时炉膛内气体的温度场、气体在炉膛内的停留时间分布以及炉膛内气体的混合程度和湍动能等，重点分析了二次风在气体燃烧过程中所起的作用，并对2种不同二次配风口位置时抑制二恶英产生的效果进行了评价。通过对垃圾焚烧炉二次风的优化数值模拟，获得了适合本焚烧炉的比较合理的二次配风条件，可为焚烧炉的设计和改进提供一些有价值的参考。     

填埋场沼气发电的温室气体减排效益分析

填埋场沼气是垃圾卫生填埋场产生的可利用资源.以深圳下坪垃圾填埋场为例,定量分析垃圾填埋气体发电的温室气体减排效益.结果表明,填埋场沼气发电具有很好的经济效益和环境效益,可作为与发达国家进行CDM(清洁发展机制)项目合作的优先技术领域.     

发达国家温室气体减排现状及对我国的启示

气候变化是当前全世界关注的焦点问题,大气中温室气体浓度的不断升高与人类活动存在密切的联系.温室气体的历史排放主要是由发达国家产生的,发达国家对气候变化负有主要的责任.目前发达国家温室气体减排履约的整体情况不容乐观,主要发达国家的排放量呈上升趋势,但一些发达国家的减排经验还是值得借鉴的.本文在总结发达国家温室气体减排政策和措施的基础上,结合我国实际情况,提出了我国温室气体减排的可能对策.     

江浙沪地区废物温室气体排放及减排措施

根据ＩＰＣＣ Ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ（１９９５）提供的方法，对１９９０年江浙沪地区废物温室气体排放清单进行了统计计算，并对所得的数据进一步的分析和评估，江浙沪地区废物温室气体排放量为：ＣＯ２：１７３１Ｇｇ；ＣＨ４：６３７Ｇｇ。在此还提出了废物温室气体减排的具体措施。     

Estimating middle-, neighborhood-, and urban-scale contributions to elemental carbon in Mexico City with a rapid response aethalometer.

A successive moving average subtraction method is developed and applied to black carbon measured over 5-min intervals at a downtown location near many small emitters and at a suburban residential site within the urban plume but distant from specific emitters. Short-duration pulses assumed to originate from nearby sources are subtracted from the concentrations at each site and are summed to estimate middle-scale (approximately 0.1-1 km) contributions. The difference of the remaining baselines at the urban and suburban monitors is interpreted as the contribution to the downtown monitor from source emissions mixed over a neighborhood scale (1-5 km). The baseline at the suburban site is interpreted as the contribution of the mixture of black carbon sources for the entire city. When applied to a 24-day period from February and March 1997 in Mexico City, the analysis showed that 65% of the 24-hr black carbon was part of the urban mixture, 23% originated in the neighborhood surrounding the monitor, and only 12% was contributed from nearby sources. These analyses indicate that a fixed-site monitor can reasonably represent exposures in its surrounding neighborhood even when many local sources, such as exhaust from diesel buses and trucks, affect the monitor.     

Current efforts to monitor and conserve the Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Hungary

The globally threatened Eastern Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca has been one of the flagship species of Hungarian bird conservation efforts since the 1980s. Due to these conservation activities and positive land-use changes during the last 2 decades, the Hungarian Imperial Eagle population increased from as few as approximately 20 pairs in the early 1980s to 81 pairs by 2006. Between 2002 and 2005 as part of a LIFE-Nature project, MME/Birdlife Hungary carried out particularly intensive monitoring, conservation, research, and public awareness actions. The main goal of the project was to secure the long-term sustainable increase in the Imperial Eagle population after Hungary's European Union accession in 2004. New methods were developed and applied to census and monitor the breeding and wintering population sizes. Standardized baseline land-use mapping and surveys were introduced to detect long-term land-use and prey density changes in priority areas for Imperial Eagles and to monitor the effects of key mortality factors, such as electrocution. Historical information and data gathered before and during the project period were assimilated using a Geographic Information System and incorporated into a comprehensive set of Imperial Eagle Management Guidelines.     

电子束烟气脱硫技术工业示范工程进展

处理成都电厂２００ＭＷ机组锅炉的３０万Ｎｍ３／ｈ烟气。它是目前世界上已投入运行的处理烟气量最大的电子束脱硫装置。其脱硫率及脱硝率均超过８０％及１０％的设计值,各项运行消耗指标均低于设计值。处理过程为干法,无废水废渣,副产品硫（硝）铵可用作化肥。该装置的自动化程度较高,操作简便,对烟气ＳＯ２浓度及烟气量的变化有较好的适应性和负荷跟踪性。烟气中残氨浓度及周围的辐射剂量低于国家标准的规定。     

万头猪场沼气发电工程热平衡影响因素研究

在分析万头猪场沼气发电工程热平衡及其影响因素基础上，详细阐述了系统热量收支衡算方法。通过算例表明，对于万头猪场的沼气发电工程而言，物料提温占厌氧发酵系统总热量需求的80％～88％，是厌氧消化系统热量需求的主要因素，其次是消化器的热损，占10％～17％，在发电余热回收量不低于沼气总能量40％的情况下，高寒地区的进料浓度应不低于6％，干猪粪进料量应不低于1000kg／d。     

Mercury baseline levels in Flemish soils (Belgium)

It is important to establish contaminant levels that are normally present in soils to provide baseline data for pollution studies. Mercury is a toxic element of concern. This study was aimed at assessing baseline mercury levels in soils in Flanders. In a previous study, mercury contents in soils in Oost-Vlaanderen were found to be significantly above levels reported elsewhere. For the current study, observations were extended over two more provinces, West-Vlaanderen and Antwerpen. Ranges of soil Hg contents were distinctly higher in the province Oost-Vlaanderen (interquartile range from 0.09 to 0.43 mg/kg) than in the other provinces (interquartile ranges from 0.7 to 0.13 and 0.7 to 0.15 mg/kg for West-Vlaanderen and Antwerpen, respectively). The standard threshold method was applied to separate soils containing baseline levels of Hg from the data. Baseline concentrations for Hg were characterised by a median of 0.10mg Hg/kg dry soil, an interquartile range from 0.07 to 0.14 mg/kg and a 90% percentile value of 0.30 mg/kg. The influence of soil properties such as clay and organic carbon contents, and pH on baseline Hg concentrations was not important. Maps of the spatial distribution of Hg levels showed that the province Oost-Vlaanderen exhibited zones with systematically higher Hg soil contents. This may be related to the former presence of many small-scale industries employing mercury in that region.     

Characterizing driving patterns for Zhuhai for traffic emissions estimation

Zhuhai, a relatively less developed city on the western coast of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China, is planning to undergo major development in coming years. A Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project has been approved by the Central Government of China. The project will have great impact on the driving pattern and vehicular emissions to the city. This baseline study collected speed-time data of two instrumented private cars in morning and evening periods, as well as a daytime nonpeak period of >10 consecutive days in the spring and winter of 2003. The authors used the microwave speed sensor and global positioning system installed in the instrumented cars and used car-chasing technique to perform the data collection. They used the statistical package SPSS to assess the consistency, as well as to evaluate the variability of the data. Nine parameters, namely, average speed, average running speed, average acceleration rate, average deceleration rate, mean length of a driving period, time proportions of driving modes, average number of acceleration-deceleration changes, root mean square acceleration, and positive acceleration kinetic energy are calculated to represent the driving characteristics. A driving cycle for private cars was developed. If emission tests were conducted using the Zhuhai driving cycle, the level of vehicle emissions measured is likely to be in between that of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle and the Melbourne Peak cycle.     

AISI-EPA-Battelle Coke Oven Door Sealing Program

The problem of coke oven door leakage is generally recognized as one for which no proven solution exists. In 1974 the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the American Iron and Steel Institute entered into a jointly funded research project with Battelle Columbus Laboratories. The initial project was to define the problem by literature search, operator interviews and profile measurements of jambs and doors.

Numerous concepts of seal designs were developed and then rated by industry and Battelle reviews. It was determined that a metal-to-metal seal offered the greatest probability of success. It was felt that jamb warpage was the most serious problem to be solved.

In the fall of 1976 another contract was signed by EPA and AISI assigning Battelle the task of developing to the point of fabrication a system to eliminate or significantly reduce leakage from coke oven end closures. This program included mathematical modeling, physical modeling, field data collecting, analysis, and full scale unit design.

A retrofittable door seal design has been developed and preparations are underway for operating evaluation at eight steel plants. The design is retrofittable to the two principal coke oven doors in service and should accommodate the worst jamb warpage usually found.     

Characterizing Driving Patterns for Zhuhai for Traffic Emissions Estimation

Abstract

Zhuhai, a relatively less developed city on the western coast of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China, is planning to undergo major development in coming years. A Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge project has been approved by the Central Government of China. The project will have great impact on the driving pattern and vehicular emissions to the city. This baseline study collected speed-time data of two instrumented private cars in morning and evening periods, as well as a daytime nonpeak period of >10 consecutive days in the spring and winter of 2003. The authors used the microwave speed sensor and global positioning system installed in the instrumented cars and used car-chasing technique to perform the data collection. They used the statistical package SPSS to assess the consistency, as well as to evaluate the variability of the data. Nine parameters, namely, average speed, average running speed, average acceleration rate, average deceleration rate, mean length of a driving period, time proportions of driving modes, average number of acceleration-deceleration changes, root mean square acceleration, and positive acceleration kinetic energy are calculated to represent the driving characteristics. A driving cycle for private cars was developed. If emission tests were conducted using the Zhuhai driving cycle, the level of vehicle emissions measured is likely to be in between that of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle and the Melbourne Peak cycle.     

浅谈建设项目环境影响后评价

简述了建设项目环境影响后评价的定义、工作程序、工作内容、必要性以及国内外开展建设项目环境影响后评价的情况。指出了目前中国建设项目环境影响后评价存在的问题,指出,应加快建立和逐步完善环境影响后评价工作的政策、法规体系,规范环境影响后评价的工作方法体系。进一步明确环境影响后评价的地位,由权威部门制定技术导则和实施管理办法,尤其要明确实施主体、适用对象和实施程序,指导各级环境保护管理部门组织实施环境影响后评价工作。     

海带工业生产废水处理技术研究

采用气浮 -酸化水解 -生物接触氧化工艺处理海带工业生产废水。工程实践运行表明 ,该工艺处理效果好 ,运行稳定 ,工程投资省。