含铬钻井泥浆固化及影响因素

固化技术是含铬钻井泥浆无害化处理最有效的方法。以四川西部某钻井泥浆为研究对象，选取水泥、石灰、聚铝和水玻璃作为固化处理剂，运用正交试验研究了含铬钻井泥浆实验条件。最佳试验配方是：先将泥浆含水率调整为46%，水泥、聚铝、石灰和水玻璃的添加量分别为10%、1%、3%和0.5%。固化72 h，该试验配方对六价铬和总铬的固化率分别达到93%和95%，浸出六价铬浓度符合地下水三类水标准(GB/T14848-9)，浸出总铬浓度符合国家污水综合排放标准（GB5085.3-1996）。     

钻井废泥浆脱水研究

以中国海洋石油总公司(CNOOC)某海上油田钻井废泥浆为研究对象,采用化学固液分离法,通过加入不同量的高分子絮凝剂、无机助滤剂强化脱水效果。结果表明:(1)将钻井废泥浆稀释至质量分数为25%,加入150 mg/kg阴离子聚丙烯酰胺A1920PAM乳液处理,污泥脱水效果和污泥滤出液澄清效果最好,此时泥饼含水率为35.33%。(2)硅藻土作为无机助滤剂效果良好,当加入量为2%(质量分数)时,硅藻土能显著地降低泥饼含水率、缩短钻井废泥浆抽滤达到负压所需时间和减少能耗。(3)钻井废泥浆脱出水可以作为稀释水循环使用,循环5次后,经过无机絮凝剂(C1510)处理降低其浊度,可以达到无限次循环利用要求。     

皮革厂含铬污泥铬回收及资源化利用

以滨州某皮革厂产生的含铬污泥为研究对象,采用酸浸-加碱-氧化的方法提取污泥中的铬,通过实验探究获得最佳反应条件,铬回收率达到92.6%。回收得到的的铬盐红矾钠(Na_2Cr_2O_7)可回用于制革产业中制备铬鞣剂。铬回收后污泥中的铬含量为10.88 mg·g~(-1),浸出毒性低于危险废物鉴别标准。     

铬渣水泥固化及固化体浸出毒性的研究

铬渣水泥固化时要加入硫酸亚铁和添加剂矿渣、粉煤灰 ,硫酸亚铁可以部分地把六价铬还原为三价铬 ,能把得到的固化体六价铬浸出毒性降到低于国家标准 ,抗压强度可达 30MPa以上 ,可综合利用。与此同时 ,本文考虑日晒、振荡时间和固化体粒度对浸出毒性的影响以及固化体表面浸出率、模拟酸雨淋溶对固化体性能的影响。     

铬渣水泥固化及固化体浸出毒性的研究

铬渣水泥固化时要加入硫酸亚铁和添加剂矿渣、粉煤灰，硫酸亚铁可以部分地把六价铬还原为三价铬，能把得到的固化体六价铬浸出毒性降到低于国家标准，抗压强度可达30MPa以上，可综合利用。与此同时，本文考虑日晒、振荡时间和固化体粒度对浸出毒性的影响以及固化体表现浸出率、模拟酸雨淋溶对固化体性能的影响。     

镍渣的重金属浸出特性

在分析镍渣的矿物相组成和重金属元素含量的基础上,鉴定了镍渣样品的浸出毒性,并考察了pH、液固比和浸出时间等条件对镍渣样中铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属浸出特性的影响。结果表明,镍渣中的重金属总量约为渣样的0.9%,且铬、铜和锌的含量较高,需进行安全管理。实验所用镍渣样品为第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物。在强酸条件下镍渣中重金属浸出浓度较大,pH3后浸出浓度显著降低;液固比40 L/kg时,镍渣中重金属不断溶出,液固比40 L/kg后,浸出达到饱和,浸出浓度趋于平衡;随着浸出时间的增加,重金属离子的浸出浓度先增加后减少,但由于各重金属性质不同,各重金属达到最大浸出浓度的时间不同。     

交联阳离子淀粉螯合剂对铬渣的处理研究

合成了作为重金属螯合剂的交联阳离子淀粉 ,并将它用于铬渣的固化实验 ,对固化体的浸出毒性、表面浸出率、抗压强度等指标进行了测试。结果表明 ,添加高分子螯合剂后的固化体的浸出毒性降低 6 6 4 % ,远远小于国家标准的1 5mg/L ;2 8d后的表面浸出率仅为 1 0 -6数量级 ;抗压强度有所下降 ,但 2 8d养护后的抗压强度大于 30MPa ,符合填埋或建筑综合利用的强度要求     

利用一氧化碳工业废气解毒铬渣的方法及条件优化

结合铬渣解毒及一氧化碳工业废气利用现状,提出采用一氧化碳工业废气解毒铬渣的方法。实验对反应温度、反应时间、铬渣质量、铬渣粒径等影响因素进行研究和筛选,用响应面法(RSM)分析了各因素对反应的影响及各因素之间交互性,建立反应的多元回归方程,并通过热力学分析进一步研究方法优越性的机理。结果表明:温度是该工艺铬渣解毒效率的关键影响因素,反应温度越高,解毒效果越好,优选反应温度范围350~400℃;浸出毒性目标值设定为1.0 mg·L~(-1),反应温度为400℃,铬渣质量为40 g,浸出毒性可降低至0.6 mg·L~(-1),还原率达99.85%;多元回归方程拟合性验证结果良好,RSM分析方法在条件优化中有较好的实用价值。     

交联阳离子淀粉螯合剂对铬渣的处理研究

合成了作为重金属鳌合剂的交联阳离子淀粉，并将它用于铬渣的固化实验，对固化体的浸出毒性、表面浸出率、抗压强度等指标进行了测试。结果表明，添加高分子鳌合剂后的固化体的浸出毒性降低66．4％，远远小于国家标准的1．5mg／L；28d后的表面浸出率仅为10^-6数量级；抗压强度有所下降，但28d养护后的抗压强度大于30MPa，符合填埋或建筑综合利用的强度要求。     

铬渣的固化/稳定化研究

探讨了用水泥粘结剂对铬渣进行稳定化的方法。结果表明，把高炉矿渣和粉煤灰加入水泥基材中对铬渣进行固化，固化体抗压强度达到30MPa以上，浸出毒性大大降低，浸了同液中六价铬浓度在容许范围内，建议可以综合利用。     

稳定化/固化废物中重金属的渗漏行为

采用穿透渗漏和常见的环绕流动渗漏（动态渗漏）实验方法,研究和比较了经水泥固化的稳定化／固化有毒有害废物的渗漏行为,所用的合成重废物样吕由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）等５种重金属组成,结果表明,在同种渗漏方式中,重金属的渗漏行为不同。发生穿透渗漏时,重金属的渗漏速率较环绕流动渗漏时高。由于穿透渗漏加束渗漏过程,因此用它研究废物渗漏行为可节省实验时间。     

热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌回收

分别采用蒸酸法、氨络合法和硫化沉淀法分离回收热镀锌厂酸洗废水及锌灰中锌铁。分别考察了酸洗废水中盐酸的逸出特性和氨浸法回收蒸馏渣中锌的效果；利用酸洗废水的酸度浸取锌灰中的锌并用氨络合法分离酸浸出液中锌铁；利用硫化物不同溶度积选择性沉淀酸浸出液中的锌，考察了Na2S加入量、曝气时间、反应溶液pH和反应时间的影响。研究结果表明硫酸的加入能提高盐酸的蒸发率但效果不明显，氨络合法难于有效分离锌铁，但硫化物沉淀法可较好地分离锌铁，铁回收率可达97．12％，锌沉淀率达到99．99％，所得沉淀物中ZnS纯度为68．51％。     

Ion mobility based on column leaching of South African gold tailings dam with chemometric evaluation

New column leaching experiments were designed and used as an alternative rapid screening approach to element mobility assessment. In these experiments, field-moist material was treated with an extracting solution to assess the effects of acidification on element mobility in mine tailings. The main advantage of this version of column leaching experiments with partitioned segments is that they give quick information on current element mobility in conditions closely simulating field conditions to compare with common unrepresentative air-dried, sieved samples used for column leaching experiments. Layers from the tailings dump material were sampled and packed into columns. The design of columns allows extracting leachates from each layer. The extracting solutions used were natural (pH 6.8) and acidified (pH 4.2) rainwater. Metals and anions were determined in the leachates. The concentrations of metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Al, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu) in sample leachates were determined using ICP OES. The most important anions (NO3-, Cl-, and SO4(2)-) were determined using the closed system izotacophoresis ITP analyser. The chemical analytical data from tailings leaching and physico-chemical data from field measurements (including pH, conductivity, redox potential, temperature) were used for chemometric evaluation of element mobility. Principal factor analysis (PFA) was used to evaluate ions mobility from different layers of tailings dump arising from varied pH and redox conditions. It was found that the results from the partitioned column leaching illustrate much better complex processes of metals mobility from tailings dump than the total column. The chemometric data analysis (PFA) proofed the differences in the various layers leachability that are arising from physico-chemical processes due to chemical composition of tailings dump deposit.     

Eisenia fetida avoidance behavior as a tool for assessing the efficiency of remediation of Pb, Zn and Cd polluted soil

Remediation by means of soil leaching with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is capable of extracting the most labile soil fractions, leaving the residual metals in biologically non-available forms. We evaluated the feasibility of the standardized earthworm (Eisenia fetida) avoidance test for assessing the efficiency of soil remediation of Pb, Zn and Cd polluted soil. Chemical extraction tests (six-step sequential extraction, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, physiologically based extraction test, diethylenediaminepentaacetic acid extraction) indicated that the mobility, oral bioaccessibility and phytoavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd were consistently reduced. However, the avoidance test showed no significant avoidance of polluted soil in favor of that which had been remediated. Pb, Zn and Cd accumulation in E. fetida mirrored the decreasing pattern of metal potential bioavailability gained by leaching the soil with increasing EDTA concentrations. The calculated bioaccumulation factors indicated the possibility of underestimating the metal bioavailability in soil using chemical extraction tests.     

Leaching behavior and chemical stability of copper butyl xanthate complex under acidic conditions

Although xanthate addition can be used for treating copper-containing wastewater, a better understanding of the leaching toxicity and the stability characteristics of the copper xanthate complexes formed is essential. This work was undertaken to evaluate the leaching behavior of copper xanthate complex precipitates by means of toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and semi-dynamic leaching test (SDLT) using 1 N acetic acid solution as the leachant. Also, the chemical stability of the copper xanthate complex during extraction has been examined with the studying of variation of chemical structure using UV-vis, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS).Both TCLP and SDLT results showed that a negligible amount of copper ion was leached out from the copper xanthate complex precipitate, indicating that the complex exhibited a high degree of copper leaching stability under acidic conditions. Nevertheless, chemical structure of the copper xanthate complex precipitate varied during the leaching tests. XPS data suggested that the copper xanthate complex initially contained both cupric and cuprous xanthate, but the unstable cupric xanthate change to the cuprous form after acid extraction, indicating the cuprous xanthate to be the final stabilizing structure. Despite that, the changes of chemical structure did not induce the rapid leaching of copper from the copper xanthate complex.     

Supercritical water oxidation of tannery sludge: Stabilization of chromium and destruction of organics

The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of industrial tannery sludge was investigated to understand the simultaneous destruction of organic pollutants and recovery of high content chromium. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor at temperatures of 350–500 °C, reaction time of 150–300 s and different oxygen ratios, to exhibit the effect of operation conditions. Results showed that removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased with higher temperature, larger oxidant amount and reaction time; a maximum value of 96% was obtained. Meanwhile, destruction yield was much higher under supercritical conditions than that in subcritical water. In addition, removal efficiency of Cr from sludge reached more than 98% under all conditions; higher temperature played a positive role. Further, leaching toxicity tests of heavy metals in solid products were conducted based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. All heavy metals except nickel showed a greatly reduced leaching toxicity through their stabilization. The chromium oxide recovered in ash was amorphous below 550 °C, so that the structure of Cr could not be identified by X-ray diffraction pattern. Special attention should be paid on nickel as its leaching toxicity increased due to the corrosion of reactor surface under severe reaction conditions.     

Leaching characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from spiked sandy soil

In order to evaluate the factors affecting leachability of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs), we performed leaching tests under a variety of conditions using sandy soil contaminated with phenanthrene and pyrene. The results obtained were: (1) the shaking time, temperature, and dissolved humic matter (DHM, as coexisting matter) increased leachability; (2) ionic strength reduced leachability; and (3) the liquid-to-solid ratio and pH level had no effect on leaching concentration of HOPs. In DHM-added leaching tests assuming equilibrium with HOPs, DHM, and solid matrix, the partitioning (binding) coefficient of HOPs to DHM was accurately calculated with the equations proposed in this study. While we recommend taking into consideration the coexistence of DHM, it is difficult to use universally because its properties differ according to origin and extracting method. It is therefore reasonable to use an alternative reagent having an effect similar to that of DHM.     

Acute toxicity assessment of explosive-contaminated soil extracting solution by luminescent bacteria assays

Explosive-contaminated soil is harmful to people’s health and the local ecosystem. The acute toxicity of its extracting solution was tested by bacterial luminescence assay using three kinds of luminescent bacteria to characterize the toxicity of the soil. An orthogonal test L ₁₆ (4⁵) was designed to optimize the soil extracting conditions. The optimum extracting conditions were obtained when the ultrasonic extraction time, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and the extraction repeat times were 6 h, 40 °C, and three, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that the main components of the contaminated soil’s extracting solution were 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO₃ ⁻); 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO₃ ⁻); and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT). Compared with Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. is more suitable for assessing the soil extracting solution’s acute toxicity. Soil washing can remove most of the contaminants toxic to luminescent bacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov., suggesting that it may be a potential effective remediation method for explosive-contaminated soil.

     

锌冶炼废渣浸出液硫化法除砷的研究

以硫化钠为沉淀剂,将锌冶炼废渣浸出液中的砷以硫化砷的形式沉淀析出,实验考察了浸出液酸度、硫化钠加入量、反应时间等因素对除砷效率的影响.实验结果表明,当浸出液中游离H2SO4浓度为3 mol/L,Na2S·9H2O投加量为16.1 g/L(浸出液),反应时间为30 min时,浸出液中的砷去除率达到99.3%,较好地解决了...     

Distribution of organophosphate insecticides in a Thai biomass-water system

Sorption and leaching of the organophosphate (OP) pesticides chlorpyrifos, profenofos, methyl parathion and malathion were investigated with four different types of biomass: coconut husk, rice husk, peat moss and peanut shell. Organic carbon contents of the biomass were in the range of 35.4-45.4%. Sorption studies were carried out by the batch (equilibrium) method at 4 different OP spike concentrations and at pH 3-7. Sorption isotherms conformed to a linear Freundlich equation and the Freundlich constant or sorption coefficient (KD) confirmed that biomass organic carbon content was the principal sorbent factor affecting OP sorption. For a given sorbent, correlation of the extent of sorption with sorbate chemical properties was examined. Column leaching experiments involving different masses of coconut husk and peanut shell pre-spiked with OPs at the level equivalent to actual spraying concentrations in some Thai tangerine orchards were conducted. These experiments included repeated spikings and leaching. A water flow rate of 20 mL min(-1) was employed corresponding to the current average watering regime. Retardation and biodegradation with these sorbents were also examined.