污泥堆肥的通风及控制技术

污泥堆肥是处理和处置污水处理厂的副产物－污泥的一种有效手段，作为控制氧含量的通风系统在好氧堆肥过程中起着至关重要的作用，通风系统及其控制技术已成为堆肥工艺研究的主要内容之一     

污泥堆肥对土壤环境和小麦重金属含量的影响

污泥中含有大量的有机物、重金属以及病原菌等,不加处理任意排放会对环境造成严重的污染.以中国矿业大学(南湖校区)污水处理厂剩余污泥为研究对象,通过堆肥实验以及堆肥农用的盆栽实验得出,污泥堆肥整体上可以降低污泥中重金属和有机质的含量,TN含量在堆肥过程中先增加但最终下降,TP含量在堆肥过程中有所增加;污泥堆肥农用后,随着堆肥施用量的增加,土壤和小麦中的重金属含量有所增加;土壤中的有机质、TN和TP含量也有所增加;当小麦长势最好时,有机质比空白样增加了27.6%,TP增加了232.4%,TN增加了213.5%;从有机质和TN角度看,污泥堆肥施用量大于20 t/hm2时,土壤肥力达到高肥标准.     

广州城市污泥中重金属的含量、排放通量及农用风险评价

分析了广州市中心城区5个主要的污水处理厂污泥的基本理化性质和7种重金属(Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn)在不同雨期的浓度变化,估算了广州市污水处理厂污泥重金属的年排放通量,并对其污泥农用做了潜在风险评价。结果表明,各污水厂污泥均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)对重金属的排放要求,污泥的基本理化性质满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ/T309-2009)标准,沥滘、猎德、京溪和大坦沙污水厂的污泥重金属满足CJ/T309-2009要求,而西朗污水处理厂2013年12月采集的污泥中Cu和Cd未达标。通过估算,广州市污水处理厂污泥中Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn的年排放通量分别为16.1、18.8、90.3、5.9、7.9、0.2和48.3 t。通过Hakanson生态风险评估,污泥在农用过程中除西朗污水处理厂污泥重金属危害为中等风险,其他厂污泥属于低风险。     

中国城市污水处理厂污泥处理、处置问题探讨分析

明确了有关污泥处理、处置的术语和定义,通过对我国污水处理厂污水处理工艺与污泥处理、处置现状的调查分析,认为污水处理工艺与污泥处理和最终处置方式有关;同时对污水处理厂污泥处理、处置中土地利用问题和处理、处置费用问题进行探讨,并提出了相关建议.     

中小型污水处理厂污泥的自动升温好氧消化工艺及其应用

城市污水处理厂的污泥需要进行减量化、稳定化、无害化处理，因此介绍了一种适合中小型污水处理厂污泥处理的自动升温好氧消化的新工艺。根据当前国内污泥处理的状况，提出的自动升温好氧消化工艺，是适合中小型污水处理厂污泥处理的，是一项具有发展前景的新技术。     

污水处理厂污泥无害化处置工艺探讨

随着当前的污泥处置技术的发展,在对污水处理厂污泥处置工艺经济可行性分析的基础上,按照因地制宜原则提出一种适宜于江阴市污水处理厂污泥无害化处置方案。即污泥经改性深度脱水至含水率50%以下,再送热电厂掺煤焚烧处置工艺路线。     

超声强化好氧堆肥结合蚯蚓处理对污泥营养成分的影响

将超声预处理、好氧堆肥及蚯蚓处理相结合,对污水处理厂剩余污泥(添加水稻秸秆作为调理剂)进行处理,探讨了污泥的腐熟过程和营养成分的变化规律。结果表明:在好氧堆肥阶段,腐殖化系数(HA/FA)上升速度较慢,结束时HA/FA平均值未达到腐熟标准;加入蚯蚓后,HA/FA上升速度加快,蚯蚓处理结束时平均值为2.04,达到了腐熟标准。蚯蚓处理使堆肥产品的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,与好氧堆肥结束时相比,蚯蚓处理后的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的平均增长率分别达到70.66%、188.04%、60.94%。     

长江三角洲地区城市污水污泥中Cu和Zn的含量及其污染评价

Cu和Zn是中国污泥中最易超标的重金属元素.对长江三角洲地区南京、苏州、上海和杭州等15个城市的污水处理厂57个污泥样品的Cu和Zn全量和EDTA提取态Cu和zn含量及其污染风险进行了初步研究.结果表明,污水处理厂污泥中Cu和Zn全量分别为32～19 656、112～15 306 mg/kg,平均值分别为1 814、2 135 mg/kg;污泥中Cu和Zn平均含量以浙江最高,江苏最低;以生活污水为主的污水处理厂污泥中Cu和Zn含量较低,污泥制品含量最高;EDTA提取态Cu和Zn占全量Cu和Zn的平均质量分数分别为8.4%和21.4%,EDTA对Zn的提取能力远大于Cu.总之.污水处理厂污泥的Cu和Zn含量差异较大,部分污泥的Cu和Zn含量超过了污泥农用的重金属控制标准.为了保护生态环境和人类健康,防止二次污染,污泥农用时需考虑Cu和Zn含量,采取相应的控制措施.     

西安市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺除磷效果分析

基于西安市污水处理厂出水一级A达标排放的要求,对西安市某污水处理厂A2/O工艺运行效果进行监测分析,结果表明,该污水处理厂出水总磷一级A达标率仅为31.61%,出水总磷浓度偏高成为该污水处理厂一级A达标的限制因素。通过对污水处理厂现场调研与水质沿程监测分析发现,该污水处理厂污泥水中含有大量SS和TP,此部分污泥水回流至系统前端导致生物池进水总磷浓度急剧升高,生物池超负荷运行导致出水总磷偏高。同时由于生物池碳源不足,厌氧池释磷作用微弱,影响了系统的除磷效果。针对以上问题,进行了初沉池运行方式调整、强化污泥处理、出水增设滤池等一系列改造措施。改造后系统除磷效果明显提高,出水TP降低至(0.39±0.08)mg·L~(-1),基本可以达到一级A排放标准。     

污泥果肥利用中重金属迁移特征研究

为了厦门城市污泥的安全利用，将石渭头污水处理厂污泥经过好氧堆肥后施用于柚子树，对重金属元素在土壤、树叶及果肉中的迁移特征进行了研究。结果表明：Cd在土壤中的富集能力强；重金属元素从土壤向树叶迁移累积能力比向果肉的大得多，污泥肥料不能用于叶类食用植物的施用；Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移累积能力强；泥肥的施用加重了土壤中Cd的污染，提高了Cr向树叶、Ni向果肉的迁移能力；污泥果肥利用需降低Ni的浓度，对污泥中含量较高的Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Cd需进行跟踪检测。     

Improvement of salinity in sewage sludge compost prior to its utilization as nursery substrate

Soluble salts are enriched in sewage sludge compost because of their inherent derivation. Accordingly, the content of soluble salt in sludge compost is usually much higher than most seedlings can tolerate. To determine whether sludge compost is suitable for use as a nursery substrate, some experiments were conducted. Reduction of the electrical conductivity (EC) value could improve seed germination in saturated extract from sludge compost. In addition, water elution and mixing dilution with raw soil were all shown to be able to alleviate saline inhibition on seed germination and seedling growth, including stem diameter, seedling height, and above-ground weight. Overall, salinity is a crucial problem when sewage sludge compost is reused as a nursery substrate, and some effective and convenient approaches to reduce salt should be served prior to its reuse.

Implications: Sewage sludge after being composted is usually reused as organic fertilizer or plant substrate. However, salt is the main problem during its reclamation. What is the highest salt level the seedling can tolerate? Which types of salts are effective in salinity of sludge-amended substrate? Meanwhile, can the salinity be reduced through water elution or soil mixing dilution? This paper is the first to investigate the salinity and its reduction of sewage sludge compost prior to its use in the development of nursery substrate.     

Biological and ecophysiological reactions of white wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides L.) grown on sewage sludge compost

We studied the effects of sewage sludge compost on white wall rocket (Diplotaxis erucoides L.) compared with mineral fertilization and control (without any fertilizer) in a greenhouse experiment. The plants grown on the compost-amended soil showed a different growth dynamic: a significant delay in flowering and a bigger root system. Both the compost and the fertilization treatments increased biomass and seed yield. Heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni) distribution within the plant was in the following order: roots > leaves > stems, except for zinc which was homogeneously distributed. The balance of mineral nutrition was not affected by treatments. Zinc was the trace element which was most taken up. Unlike many species of Brassicaceae, white wall rocket is not a hyperaccumulator. Although sewage sludge compost improved plant growth, delay in flowering shows that it is necessary to take precautions when spreading sewage sludge in natural areas.     

The comparison study of compost and natural organic matter samples

Sewage sludge is a serious problem facing modern wastewater treatment plants. One of the methods to safely utilize the sludge is through composting and the agricultural use of the final product.In this study the compost samples from municipal sewage sludge are compared to the natural, rich in organic matter samples. Based on physicochemical properties of the material, the maturity indices are obtained to evaluate the quality of organic matter and estimate the similarities between the samples.The study shows that one-dimensional analysis like that based on maturity indices does not provide satisfactory answers concerning the nature of such complex materials. The data set of the analysis naturally possesses a multidimensional character so that the employment of advanced chemometric techniques like cluster analysis show a number of features which were hidden within the ‘data flood’.The major conclusion of this work is that the compost from sewage sludge is similar to peat in the significance of the properties of the organic matter. Moreover, the organic matter of agricultural soil, which is most stable and has been naturally matured over a long period of time, differs substantially from the other samples.     

Removal of DEHP in composting and aeration of sewage sludge

The potential of composting and aeration to remove bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from municipal sewage sludge was studied with two dewatered sludges: raw sludge and anaerobically digested sludge. Composting removed 58% of the DEHP content of the raw sludge and 34% of that of the anaerobically digested sludge during 85 days stabilisation in compost bins. A similar removal for the anaerobically digested sludge was achieved in a rotary drum in 28 days. Less than 1% of DEHP was removed with the compost leachate. Although DEHP removal was greater from raw sludge compost than anaerobically digested sludge compost, the total and volatile solids removals were on the same level in the two composts. In the aeration of raw sludge at 20 degrees C the DEHP removals were 33-41% and 50-62% in 7 and 28 days, respectively. Both composting and aeration are concluded to have the potential to reduce the DEHP contents typically found in sewage sludges to levels acceptable for agricultural use.     

Effects of lime amendment on availability of heavy metals and maturation in sewage sludge composting

A batch composting study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting sewage sludge with lime, aiming at reducing the availability of heavy metals in the sludge compost. Sewage sludge with sawdust as bulking agent was amended with lime at 0, 0.63, 1.0, and 1.63% w/w, and composted for 100 days in laboratory batch reactors. The changes in temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and extractable heavy metal contents were measured while compost maturity was determined by C/N(organic) and cress seed germination during the composting period. Liming raised pH of compost effectively at the initial stage of composting and caused a decrease in EC through precipitation of soluble ions. Lime amendment also significantly reduced water-soluble and Diethylene triamine pentracetic acid (DTPA)-extractable metal contents. The maximum reductions were 60 and 40% for Cu, 80 and 40% for Mn, 55 and 10% for Zn, and 20 and 25% for Ni at the end of the composting period for the lime-amended sludge as compared to the control. In spite of the inhibitory effect of lime amendment on the decomposition activity of sewage sludge, all treatments reached maturation after 63 days of composting as indicated by the results of C/N(organic) ratio and cress seed germination test results. A lime amendment of < or =1.0% is recommended to co-compost with sewage sludge.     

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in sewage sludge and post-treated sludge: quantitative determination by HRGC-MS and mass spectral characterization

DEHP was quantified into sewage sludge, thermally dried sludge and compost samples from different areas of Catalonia (North East Spain) using high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) coupled to a mass spectrometry (MS). The aim of the work was to determine the evolution of this ubiquitous environmental contaminant along some post-treatment sludge processes, such as composting and thermally drying. DEHP concentration detected in some sludges are above the maximum limit suggested by the EC (100 ppm d.m.) for agricultural use. However, the composting and thermally drying reduce the amount of DEHP in sewage sludge to acceptable level for safe land application. The study was completed with the characterization and long-term observation of DEHP in sewage sludge, composted sludge and thermally dried sludge mixed with two types of soils. In all cases, the percentage of DEHP degraded was higher than 50% after 9 months of incubation.     

添加不同钝化剂降低污泥堆肥的植物毒性研究

高温堆肥后污泥的土地利用可充分发挥资源化、无害化的优势，污泥土地利用防止重金属污染一直是污泥施用中最重要的问题。通过测验发芽率指数这一代表植物毒性的指标证明，通过在污泥堆肥中加入粉煤灰、磷矿粉和草炭等不同的改性剂或重金属钝化剂可大大降低堆肥的植物毒性，从而降低污泥中重金属的可利用性。     

Effects of anthracene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene spiking and sewage sludge compost amendment on soil ecotoxicity during a bioremediation process

The fate of spiked anthracene, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene in soil with or without sewage sludge compost was assessed during a 6-month bioremediation process simulating landfarming. Bioassays and physico-chemical analyses were employed to monitor toxicity change in soil samples and elutriates through ten sampling campaigns. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was determined to measure the strength of relationship between bioassays and physico-chemical analyses. The PAH dissipation in soil was enhanced after the first water addition, and the remaining amounts at the end of the experiment were positively correlated to the number of benzene rings and the presence of sewage sludge compost. Toxicity of soil elutriates to Daphnia magna was evident at early stages, originating exclusively from sewage sludge compost amendment. The lettuce root elongation was continuously inhibited by elutriates for all the treatments including control soil, probably due to high salinity or to unaddressed leachable phytotoxic compounds that were present in the experimental soil. The newly developed direct solid-phase chronic toxicity test using ostracod (Heterocypris incongruens) succeeded in evaluating the soil-bound PAH toxicity, as PAHs could not be detected in elutriates.     

城市污水处理厂污泥资源化利用技术进展

针对目前污水厂污泥传统处理方法存在的不足与弊端 ,提出污泥资源化利用技术是今后污泥最终处置的根本方式 ,并就目前研究的污泥热解制油技术、制取燃料技术、堆肥土地利用技术和热解制取吸附剂技术等主要的资源化利用技术进行了综述。     

Chicken manure increased concentration of organic sulfur compounds in field-grown onions

A field study was conducted at Kentucky State University (KSU) Research Farm. The soil in five plots was mixed with sewage sludge, five plots were mixed with yard waste compost, five plots were mixed with laying hen manure each at 15 t acre^?1, and five unamended plots that never received soil amendments were used for comparison purposes. Plots were planted with onion, Allium cepa L. var. Super Star-F1. The objectives of this investigation were to: 1) determine the concentrations of two organosulfur compounds (dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide) in onion bulbs and 2) investigate the effect of mixing soil with three amendments (sewage sludge, yard waste, and chicken manure) on the concentration of dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide in onion bulbs. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses of onion oil in chloroform extracts revealed the presence of two major fragment ions that correspond to dipropyl disulfide and – trisulfide. Concentration of these two organic sulfur compounds was greatest (1.5 and 0.8 mg 100 g^?1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in chicken manure and lowest (0.4 and 0.07 mg 100 g^?1 fresh weight, respectively) in onion bulbs of plants grown in yard waste compost treatments. We concluded that chicken manure could be exploited in growing onions with health-promoting properties.