淮河流域河南段退化河流生态系统修复模式

针对淮河流域河南段部分河流出现的水资源过度开发利用、水质恶化和生物多样性下降等生态退化问题,根据淮河流域河南段主要河流退化特点,以改善淮河流域河南段退化现状为目标,在河流生态修复技术研究和工程实践的基础上,按照修复技术的功能,筛选出水量调整、水质净化和生物多样性提高等3类共13种适合淮河流域河南段河流生态系统修复技术。为使流域水生态修复更具针对性,根据流域内主要河流断流频率和洪/枯比计算,将流域内的河流分为常年有水型和间歇性断流型,然后以修复模式为修复范式研究的基本单元,分别针对流域内常年有水型河流生态系统的退化特点构建了3种修复模式,针对流域内间歇性断流型河流生态系统的退化特点构建了5种修复模式,以期为流域内退化河流生态系统的修复提供指导。     

以农业面源污染阻控为目标的河流生态缓冲带研究进展

河流生态缓冲带是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,一些国家已将河流生态缓冲带的构建与维护作为控制流域面源污染的关键措施.针对河流生态缓冲带的农业面源污染阻控功能,梳理了河流生态缓冲带的研究进展.基于河流生态缓冲带类型的划定,重点总结了河岸植被缓冲带的阻控机制及影响阻控效果的主要因素、氮磷削减途径和缓冲带生态构建模式,并就植被缓冲带对污染物的削减机理及量化方法、缓冲带的设计理念与构建模式、缓冲带的长期效果评估和管理机制等方面提出了展望,以期为我国河流生态缓冲带的科学划定、生态构建以及生态系统管理提供参考.     

河岸缓冲带划定及影响因素研究进展

梳理了国内外河岸缓冲带划定文献,系统探讨了河岸缓冲带划定的重要影响因素。结果表明:(1)河岸缓冲带划定方法主要有经验值法、简单数学模型法、复杂机理模型法、基于地理信息系统的数学模型法等,不同划定方法适宜的流域自然地理条件、精准性各异,有各自的优缺点和适用范围。(2)河岸缓冲带净化河流水质、固岸防洪、调节流域微气候、保护生物多样性、为河流生态系统提供养分和能量等生态水文功能是河岸缓冲带划定的重要参考依据。(3)流域空间尺度越大,所需的河岸缓冲带越宽;流域空间尺度不同,其河岸缓冲带划定的适宜方法往往也不同。     

钱塘江流域生态功能区划研究

钱塘江是浙江省最大的河流和主要的水源地之一,流域内行政区域主要包括杭州市、衢州市、金华市、诸暨市(县级)和遂昌县,在浙江省可持续发展中居于重要的战略地位.系统分析了钱塘江流域生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态系统服务功能重要性,结合区域经济社会发展特点,将钱塘江流域划分为20个生态功能区,指出了各功能区的保护措施和发展方向.同时,在流域生态功能区划的基础上,进一步划定了重要生态功能保护区,为明确钱塘江流域生态保护重点,统筹区域生产力布局和重大基础设施建设等提供了依据.     

浦阳江流域(浦江县段)面源污染模型估算及河流生态缓冲带重点区域识别

以浦阳江流域(浦江县段)为研究区,从流域面源污染空间特征入手,提出浦阳江流域岸边带建设的重点区域.采用DPeRS面源污染负荷估算模型,具体分析了2018年浦阳江流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征,并采用面向对象方法提取了岸线和河流生态缓冲带土地覆盖类型,以汇水区为单元,结合面源污染估算结果识别了浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带重点区.结果 表明:浦阳江流域中部和中北部地区面源污染排放负荷较高,面源污染入河负荷高值区主要集中于中下游地区;该流域31个汇水区中,TN和NHt4+-N重点汇水区有17个,主要分布在流域的中部和东北部;TP和COD重点汇水区有12个,集中分布于流域中部;浦阳江流域河流生态缓冲带范围内,植被类型和非植被类型面积占比分别为65.49％和34.51％,其中耕地面积占比29.36％,建筑用地占比11.89％;综合浦阳江流域面源污染重点汇水区和河流生态缓冲带现状遥感提取结果,筛选出的重点区包括下游地区的7号汇水区和中游地区的18～25号汇水区所在的河流生态缓冲带.今后,可针对其重点区域设计生态防护工程,也应结合源头减量、过程拦截、末端消纳与资源循环利用的防控策略,综合削减面源污染物入河量.     

构建河流生态缓冲带的意义与技术路线(代序言)

水是生命之源、生产之要、生态之基.近30年来,随着经济社会的快速发展和城市化、工业化演进,我国河流水环境与水生态问题引起各界高度重视[1].2018年6月,《中共中央国务院关于全面加强生态环境保护坚决打好污染防治攻坚战的意见》[2]指出,要全面加强生态环境保护,提升生态文明,建设美丽中国,部署实施蓝天、碧水、净土三大保卫战.至2020年底,污染防治攻坚战阶段性目标任务已顺利完成,生态环境质量明显改善.据统计,2020年全国地表水优良水质断面比例由2015年的66％上升到83.4％,超过"十三五"目标值13.4％;劣V类水体比例由9.7％下降到0.6％,超过"十三五"目标值4.4％;长江干流全部实现Ⅱ类及以上水质[34].在水质全面提升改善的基础上,"十四五"期间,水环境治理由水环境质量改善向"水资源、水环境、水生态"三水统筹转变,坚持污染减排和生态扩容两手发力,推进"美丽河湖"保护与建设.河流生态缓冲带是河流生态系统的重要载体,具有保护河流生物多样性、减少陆域污染物入河、提高水体自净能力以及阻隔人类生产生活活动的直接干扰等生态功能,因而开展河流生态缓冲带构建、保护修复是"十四五"流域水生态环境保护的重点工作[5-6].     

滨河湿地对农业非点源氮污染控制研究进展

氮素是农业径流最重要、最普遍的水体污染物。滨河湿地因受到陆地生境和水生生境双重影响而显得非常独特，作为重要的陆地和水生环境的生态交错带，滨河湿地能够阻断和改变水运污染物，特别是农业径流中的氮排入临近的小溪和河流。植物吸收和反硝化作用是滨河湿地两种最重要的截留和缓解氮负荷的有效途径，氮素可以通过生物转化、植物吸收、微生物暂时固氮等方式去除，但是永久性的去除氮却是通过反硝化过程来完成的。为了系统认识和了解滨河湿地生态系统对农业非点源氮污染控制过程，通过大量文献分析讨论了滨河湿地对农业非点源氮的净化能力、净化机制及其影响因素，并结合我国研究现状展望了该领域的研究前景。滨河湿地对农业非点源氮污染的控制作用研究将成为滨河湿地生态系统服务功能评价、滨河湿地生态系统健康与稳定的诊断和退化滨河湿地生态系统修复的重要基础理论。     

淮河流域水生态环境现状评价与分析

为了全面评价淮河闸坝与污染对淮河水生态的影响，必须首先对水生态现状有一个全局的认识。从淮河流域全局出发，通过对淮河典型河段的水生态和水环境进行现场调查与室内分析，对流域内水生态环境现状进行了综合评价。采用生物学指数与水生物指示环境结合的方法评价水体污染程度、生态系统稳定性与河流/水库的健康程度。评价结果表明：(1)颍河中下游地区与沭河中下游地区水生态系统脆弱，河流多处于病态；(2)涡河付桥闸、东孙营闸到蒙城闸段水生态系统不稳定，河流不健康，但下游河段水生态有自恢复迹象；(3)洪汝河河流多处于亚健康状态，水生态环境自修复能力较强；(4)淮干水生态环境质量的突变点在临淮岗，上游较好；(5)西部、南部山区水库水生态环境质量最好；(6)整个流域水生态质量西高东低，南高北低；优劣顺序为：西部、南部山区＞洪汝河水系＞涡河中下游地区＞颍河、沭河中下游地区。建议枯水期加大淮干以南及上游山区水库的下泻流量，保持河道畅通和一定流速，提高水体自净能力，同时控制颍河、涡河上游污染物的排放，联合调度水量与水质，淮河水生态得以修复。     

洪泽湖湿地生态系统保护与修复关键技术研究

分析了洪泽湖湿地生态系统属性及其在南水北调工程实施后的演变趋势，利用野外实验研究，在生境改变条件下，适用于不同湿地退化状况的人工辅助恢复技术；在实验监测的基础上，对洪泽湖几种典型湿地生态系统的生态功能进行了定量评价，为生态恢复工程的设计提供必要的技术支持。     

基于“压力—状态—响应”模型和分形理论的湿地生态健康评价

科学评价湿地生态系统健康是湿地管理和保护的重要前提。以海河流域河北衡水湖湿地为例,采用"压力—状态—响应"(PSR)模型对其健康评价进行探讨研究,并对该模型的压力、状态和响应部分分别建立相应的指标体系;该指标体系不仅将生态、经济、社会要素结合起来,而且考虑了湿地所处地区的社会经济结构、湿地所具有的功能以及管理部门、个人及企业等对保护湿地所采取的措施。同时,根据湿地生态系统具有自组织、自相似的特征,基于分形理论对其进行评价。计算分析时首先对选择的各指标进行归一化处理,然后采用最小二乘法求解拟合曲线斜率的方法来计算分维数(D),由1/D得到脆弱度,以此作为评价健康程度的依据。计算结果表明,D=0.5826,则脆弱度为1.7164,表明衡水湖湿地生态系统处于不健康程度。该湿地亟待开展进一步的科学管理和生态保护。     

Recovery approach affects soil quality in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China: implications for revegetation

Plants in the water level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region disappeared due to winter-flooding and prolonged inundation. Revegetation (plantation and natural recovery) have been promoted to restore and protect the riparian ecosystem in recent years. Revegetation may affect soil qualities and have broad important implications both for ecological services and soil recovery. In this study, we investigated soil properties including soil pH values, bulk density, soil organic matter (SOM), soil nutrients and heavy metals, soil microbial community structure, microbial biomass, and soil quality index under plantation and natural recovery in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Most soil properties showed significant temporal and spatial variations in both the plantation and natural recovery areas. Higher contents of SOM and NO₃-N were found in plantation area, while higher contents of soil pH values, bulk density, and total potassium were observed in the natural recovery area. However, there were no significant differences in plant richness and diversity and soil microbial community structure between the two restoration approaches. A soil quality index derived from SOM, bulk density, Zn, Cd, and Hg indicated that natural recovery areas with larger herbaceous coverage had more effective capacity for soil restoration.     

Degradation of littoral habitats by residential development: woody debris in lakes of the Pacific Northwest and Midwest, United States

One of the least understood aspects of aquatic ecology is the role of riparian zones of lakes, and how these habitats and their functions are impacted by human development of lakeshores. We investigated the effects of residential lakeshore development on littoral coarse woody debris (CWD) distribution and on riparian forest characteristics by comparing 18 lakes in the U.S. Pacific Northwest with 16 previously surveyed lakes in the U.S. Upper Midwest. Residential development had a strong negative effect on CWD and riparian forest characteristics at both local and whole-lake scales. There was a strong positive correlation between riparian forest density and littoral CWD abundance in both regions. We found regional variation in CWD and riparian forest characteristics, mostly owing to differences in native forests. Our results suggest the role of local processes in determining CWD distribution and point to potential regional differences in littoral habitat structure associated with forest composition and lakeshore development that may have consequences for littoral-pelagic coupling in lakes.     

Integrated Approaches to Natural Resources Management in Practice: The Catalyzing Role of National Adaptation Programmes for Action

The relationship of forests in water quantity and quality has been debated during the past years. At the same time, focus on climate change has increased interest in ecosystem restoration as a means for adaptation. Climate change might become one of the key drivers pushing integrated approaches for natural resources management into practice. The National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) is an initiative agreed under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. An analysis was done to find out how widely ecosystem restoration and integrated approaches have been incorporated into NAPA priority adaptation projects. The data show that that the NAPAs can be seen as potentially important channel for operationalizing various integrated concepts. Key challenge is to implement the NAPA projects. The amount needed to implement the NAPA projects aiming at ecosystem restoration using integrated approaches presents only 0.7% of the money pledged in Copenhagen for climate change adaptation.     

Riparian rehabilitation planning in an urban–rural gradient: Integrating social needs and ecological conditions

In the present context of global change and search for sustainability, we detected a gap between restoration and society: local communities are usually only considered as threats or disturbances when planning for restoration. To bridge this gap, we propose a landscape design framework for planning riparian rehabilitation in an urban–rural gradient. A spatial multi-criteria analysis was used to assess the priority of riversides by considering two rehabilitation objectives simultaneously—socio-environmental and ecological—and two sets of criteria were designed according to these objectives. The assessment made it possible to identify 17 priority sites for riparian rehabilitation that were associated with different conditions along the gradient. The double goal setting enabled a dual consideration of citizens, both as beneficiaries and potential impacts to rehabilitation, and the criteria selected incorporated the multi-dimensional nature of the environment. This approach can potentially be adapted and implemented in any other anthropic–natural interface throughout the world.     

Ecotoxicology,where do you come from and where do you go? (2 pp)

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Does ecotoxicology really contribute to our knowledge about the function of an ecosystem or environment? Is ecotoxicology really a science of its own? The answers to these questions must be NO. The reasons lie in the origin and past of ecotoxicology.Like medicine, ecotoxicology does not have its own scientific theory, but rather borrows from other disciplines: the scientific theory of medicine is biology, and that of ecotoxicology is ecology and pharmacology. Neither medicine nor ecotoxicology see the normal status and routine function of their objects under study. Ecotoxicology regards the environment as being adversely impacted by anthropogenic noxes, mainly chemicals, perhaps based on a paradigm of permanent guilt.

     

杭州西湖水生高等植物的恢复与水生生态修复

在过去的50年，西湖一直被富营养化问题所困扰。迄今为止，采用了各种工程措施进行治理，耗资数亿，但收效不明显。为了进一步解决西湖富营养化问题，提出需要用生态方法去解决生态问题，通过生态学手段，恢复、重建高等水生植物带落，增加水生生物多样性，改善西湖水生生态系统的结构和功能，控制藻类来修复西湖水生生态系统。科学地选择先锋种类组合、消除草食性鱼类的影响、合理地控制水位是西湖水生植被恢复过程中的三个重要措施。     

Nitrogen trace gas emissions from a riparian ecosystem in southern Appalachia

In this paper, we present two years of seasonal nitric oxide (NO), ammonia (NH₃), and nitrous oxide (N₂O) trace gas fluxes measured in a recovering riparian zone with cattle excluded and adjacent riparian zone grazed by cattle. In the recovering riparian zone, average NO, NH₃, and N₂O fluxes were 5.8, 2.0, and 76.7 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹ (1.83, 0.63, and 24.19 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), respectively. Fluxes in the grazed riparian zone were larger, especially for NO and NH₃, measuring 9.1, 4.3, and 77.6 ng N m⁻² s⁻¹ (2.87, 1.35, and 24.50 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) for NO, NH₃, and N₂O, respectively. On average, N₂O accounted for greater than 85% of total trace gas flux in both the recovering and grazed riparian zones, though N₂O fluxes were highly variable temporally. In the recovering riparian zone, variability in seasonal average fluxes was explained by variability in soil nitrogen (N) concentrations. Nitric oxide flux was positively correlated with soil ammonium (NH₄⁺) concentration, while N₂O flux was positively correlated with soil nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentration. Ammonia flux was positively correlated with the ratio of NH₄⁺ to NO₃⁻. In the grazed riparian zone, average NH₃ and N₂O fluxes were not correlated with soil temperature, N concentrations, or moisture. This was likely due to high variability in soil microsite conditions related to cattle effects such as compaction and N input. Nitric oxide flux in the grazed riparian zone was positively correlated with soil temperature and NO₃⁻ concentration. Restoration appeared to significantly affect NO flux, which increased ≈600% during the first year following restoration and decreased during the second year to levels encountered at the onset of restoration. By comparing the ratio of total trace gas flux to soil N concentration, we show that the restored riparian zone is likely more efficient than the grazed riparian zone at diverting upper-soil N from the receiving stream to the atmosphere. This is likely due to the recovery of microbiological communities following changes in soil physical characteristics.     

Is There a Metabolism of an Urban Ecosystem? An Ecological Critique

The energy and material flows of a city are often described as urban metabolism (UM), which is put forward as a way to link a city's ecology and economy. UM draws parallels to the biology of individual organisms, yet the analogy is misapplied. In striving to be interdisciplinary, UM makes this organismic comparison rather than identifying the city as an ecosystem, thereby ignoring developments in ecological theory. Using inappropriate rhetoric misdirects researchers, which influences scientific investigation-from problem statements to interpretations. UM is valuable in quantifying the city's use of natural resources but does not achieve a comprehensive, integrated analysis of the urban ecosystem. To realize an interdisciplinary, perhaps transdisciplinary, understanding of urban ecology, researchers need to emphasize the essential tenets of material flows analysis, view the city as an ecosystem, and use language that properly reflects current knowledge, theory, and conceptual frameworks in the foundational disciplines.     

生态系统服务价值评估研究进展及其在环境保护中的意义

介绍了生态系统服务功能价值的国内外研究进展。对研究趋势进行了分析，并对开展生态价值评价在环境保护中的意义进行了分析。