厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）处理生活污水试验研究

采用厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）反应器在常温下处理小区生活污水，接种颗粒污泥。试验结果表明：当进水COD 411～560 mg/L，反应器容积负荷可达到3 kg COD/(m³·d)，水力停留时间4 h，上升流速8 m/h，COD去除率可达到85%以上，出水COD为67～88 mg/L。并对EGSB反应器的结构及运行控制参数进行了优化，使其适宜于在常温下处理生活污水及其他低浓度有机废水。     

新型厌氧反应器--USSB的启动研究

对上流式分段污泥床反应器在中温(35±2)℃下处理生活污水前的启动过程进行了试验研究.反应器经过40 d的启动后,当进水有机负荷为2.2 kg COD/m3·d时,其COD去除率能稳定在80%左右,出水pH值和碳酸氢盐碱度/VFA分别大于6.5和2,整个系统运行稳定.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚总量

建立了固相萃取一反相液相色谱一荧光检测法分析污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚总量的方法.固相萃取采用Wa-ters Oasis HLB固相萃取柱(30 μg×60 mg×3 mL),6 mL二氯甲烷/甲醇(90/10,V/V)混合溶剂洗脱,洗脱液用氮吹仪浓缩至1 mL,回收率为99.68%.采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDBC-18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm)反相色谱柱,甲醇/水为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,以每分钟增加2.5%的梯度陡度进行洗脱,流动相中甲醇比例由70%增加到100%,柱温23℃,进样量15μL.荧光检测器的激发波长230 nm,发射波长313 nm.采用外标法定量.该方法的空白加标和污水样品加标回收率均在90%以上,标准偏差小于10%,定量下限为0.97～1.90 μg/L.利用该方法分别对污水处理厂进水水样、二级处理出水水样、再生水水样进行了测定,测定结果的准确度和精密度满足痕量分析的要求.     

厌氧颗粒污泥启动复合式厌氧折流板反应器的研究

研究以厌氧颗粒污泥接种的复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)启动：在HABR中直接接种厌氧颗粒污泥，以退浆废水为试验进水，在系统水力停留时间为168 h,中温(32±1) ℃，进水pH值6.5～8，碱度适当偏高条件下，进入反应器废水COD浓度由1 800 mg/L逐渐提高到13 520 mg/L，运行60 d后系统COD去除率最低为45%，并且保持稳定，出水pH值和碱度相对比较稳定，污泥明显呈颗粒状，反应器启动完成。反应器可以在短时间内重新启动，污泥活性很快得到恢复。     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值测定方法优化研究

目前的城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值的测定主要参考煤热值的测定方法。根据污泥的特性,对热值测定过程中污泥的干燥方式、助燃剂的影响和热值校正计算3个方面进行了优化研究。结果表明,冷冻干燥(-50℃)能够避免污泥有机物的挥发,从而精确地测定剩余污泥的热值;对于有机物含量较高的污泥(VS/TS>0.57),不添加助燃剂也能准确测定污泥的热值;通过测定氧弹洗液中硫酸和硝酸的含量来计算热值校正,从而准确得到污泥的热值。     

城市生活垃圾、污泥和煤粉混合燃料热值的研究

为了寻求生活垃圾和污泥的高效资源化、能源化方法.选取生活垃圾、污泥和煤粉的混合,枯枝落叶,助燃剂MnO2,脱硫剂 CaO 为控制因子,安排正交试验,成型加工为混合燃料.测定其热值,并通过正交分析,筛选出燃料最大热值组合,即混合时垃圾、污泥、煤粉的比例为 1:1:2,枯枝落叶所占比例为 0%,助燃剂 MnO2 含量为 0.18%,脱硫剂 CaO 含量为 1.5/(100 g),该燃料的热值为 17.8898 kJ/g.为该混合燃料的推广与应用提供理论依据.     

水解酸化-A~2O污泥减量工艺的运行性能研究

生物处理单元采用水解酸化、多级串联接触曝气、连续流的除磷脱氮A2/O工艺,并辅以外排厌氧富磷污水侧流除磷,开发了一个新型的具有强化除磷脱氮功能的污泥减量HA-A/A-MCO工艺。用该工艺处理校园生活污水发现,在SRT60 d、进水COD 316~407 mg/L、NH4+-N30~40 mg/L、TN35~53 mg/L、TP 8~12 mg/L的条件下,出水COD≤18 mg/L、NH4+-N≤2.1 mg/L、TN≤10.3 mg/L、TP≤0.44 mg/L。研究还发现,水解酸化池处理产生的VFA能有效促进生物除磷脱氮,导致厌氧释磷量达57 mg/L,进入化学除磷池的侧流液量仅相当于进水量的13%;系统最主要的脱氮形式是SND和缺氧反硝化,SND脱氮占脱氮总量的50%,缺氧反硝化占26%;HA-A/A-MCO系统有效实现了生物相分离,并利用生物捕食作用获得较低的污泥产率,0.1 g MLSS/g COD。     

EGSB反应器处理丙烯酸废水的试验研究

采用厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床（EGSB）进行丙烯酸废水的处理，考察了自制的EGSB反应器菌种驯化和容积负荷提高两阶段的一些运行参数，并对试验过程中出现的问题进行了探讨。为期96 d的试验表明，当进水COD在3 000 mg/L左右时，去除率可达90%以上；当进水COD在5 000 mg/L左右时，去除率可达85%以上，COD容积负荷可达到10 kg/m3·d以上，且出水可满足后续好氧工段处理的要求。     

西安市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺除磷效果分析

基于西安市污水处理厂出水一级A达标排放的要求,对西安市某污水处理厂A2/O工艺运行效果进行监测分析,结果表明,该污水处理厂出水总磷一级A达标率仅为31.61%,出水总磷浓度偏高成为该污水处理厂一级A达标的限制因素。通过对污水处理厂现场调研与水质沿程监测分析发现,该污水处理厂污泥水中含有大量SS和TP,此部分污泥水回流至系统前端导致生物池进水总磷浓度急剧升高,生物池超负荷运行导致出水总磷偏高。同时由于生物池碳源不足,厌氧池释磷作用微弱,影响了系统的除磷效果。针对以上问题,进行了初沉池运行方式调整、强化污泥处理、出水增设滤池等一系列改造措施。改造后系统除磷效果明显提高,出水TP降低至(0.39±0.08)mg·L~(-1),基本可以达到一级A排放标准。     

三峡库区垃圾渗滤液-城镇污水合并处理时的重金属含量研究

应用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP-OES）测定三峡库区垃圾渗滤液、渗滤液城镇污水合并处理厂进、出水以及剩余污泥中重金属元素的浓度。结果表明，合并处理后，除5个污水厂出水Ni超标（浓度为59.79～104.30 μg/L）外，其余重金属元素均低于GB 18918-2002污水排放标准；剩余污泥中的总重金属含量在15.31～27.73 g/kg之间，各元素含量均远低于污泥农用标准。因此，在目前各合并处理厂的运行条件下，控制渗滤液与城镇污水比例在1∶2 700～1∶50（V/V）范围内，渗滤液汇入生活污水进行合并处理是解决渗滤液重金属污染的有效方式。     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

Toxicity of leather tanning wastewater effluents in sea urchin early development and in marine microalgae

This study was designed to investigate the composition and the toxicity of leather tanning wastewater and conditioned sludge collected at the leather tanning wastewater treatment plant (CODISO) located in Solofra, Avellino (Southern Italy). Samples were analyzed for their conventional parameters (COD, TSS, chromium and ammonia) and for metal content. Effluent samples included raw wastewater, and samples collected following coagulation/flocculation process and biological treatment. A set of toxicity endpoints were tested using sea urchin and marine microalgal bioassays by evaluating acute embryotoxicity, developmental defects, changes in sperm fertilization success and transmissible damage from sperm to the offspring, and changes in algal growth rate. Dose-related toxicity to sea urchin embryogenesis and sperm fertilization success was exerted by effluent or sludge samples according to the following rank: conditioned sludge > coagulated effluent > or = raw influent > effluent from biological treatment. Offspring quality was not affected by sperm exposure to any wastewater or to sludge samples. Algal growth was inhibited by raw or coagulated effluent to a similar extent and, again, the effluent from the biological treatment resulted in a decreased toxicity. The results suggest that coagulated effluent and conditioned sludge result in higher toxicity than raw influent in sea urchin embryos and sperm, whereas the biological wastewater treatment of coagulated effluent, in both sea urchins and algae, cause a substantial improvement of wastewater quality. Hence a final biological wastewater treatment should be operated to minimize any environmental damage from tannery wastewater.     

Considerations about the enantioselective transformation of polycyclic musks in wastewater, treated wastewater and sewage sludge and analysis of their fate in a sequencing batch reactor plant

The present work consists of two distinct parts: in the first part enantioselective GC was used to separate the different enantiomeric/diastereomeric polycyclic musks, PCMs (HHCB, AHTN, AHDI, ATII and DPMI) including the main transformation product of HHCB, HHCB-lactone, in wastewater and sewage sludge. After optimization all PCMs were resolved on a cyclodextrin containing Rt-BDEXcst capillary GC column. Enantiomeric ratios of PCMs in a technical mixture were determined and compared to those obtained from enantioselective separation of wastewater and sewage sludge samples. In general, enantiomeric ratios were similar for most materials in influent, effluent and stabilized sewage sludge. However, the ratios for HHCB, AHDI and particularly ATII suggest some stereospecific removal of these compounds. In the second part, a field study was conducted on a wastewater treatment plant comprising a sequencing batch reactor. Concentrations of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, AHDI, ATII, DPMI and HHCB-lactone were determined by non-enantioselective GC in daily samples of influent, effluent and activated sludge during one week. Mean concentrations in influent were 6900 and 1520 ng/l for HHCB and AHTN, respectively. The other PCMs exhibited contents 200 ng/l. Mean percent removal was between 61% (AHDI) and 87% (HHCB) resulting in mean effluent concentrations below 860 ng/l. HHCB-lactone concentration increased during wastewater treatment with a mean in the influent of 430 ng/l and in the effluent of 900 ng/l, respectively, indicating a degradation of HHCB.     

铬离子对SBR工艺活性污泥毒性作用研究

针对重金属铬离子对SBR工艺系统中活性污泥的毒性作用,通过检测不同初始污泥容积指数(SVI)下SBR工艺活性污泥在不同铬负荷下的COD值、挥发性污泥浓度以及受铬离子影响的污泥容积指数(SVI),研究重金属铬离子对活性污泥的毒性作用以及对SBR工艺系统处理污水的影响。研究表明,重金属铬离子会导致SBR工艺系统出水COD升高;将铬离子对活性污泥的毒性作用按照挥发性污泥(MLVSS)铬负荷可划分为耐受范围、非耐受范围、细胞失活范围以及细胞分解范围。耐受范围铬负荷低于约30 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS,此范围内铬离子对于活性污泥的毒性作用不大,不致于导致系统出水水质变差;非耐受范围铬负荷在约30~65 mg Cr3+/g MLVSS,在铬离子作用下系统出水COD值明显高于对照系统;细胞失活范围铬负荷在约70~100 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS范围内,SVI大幅下降,微生物部份死亡和失活,出水COD尽管有一些下降,但与进水COD相比差不了多少;细胞分解范围铬负荷在约100 mg Cr3+/gMLVSS以上,微生物大量死亡,部分死亡细胞分解,系统出水COD值因微生物的死亡分解而超出进水COD值,受铬离子影响的系统SVI值大幅度降低。     

Occurrence of polycyclic musks in wastewater and receiving water bodies and fate during wastewater treatment

The occurrence of cashmerane (DPMI), celestolide, phantolide, traesolide (ATII), galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) in sewage and surface waters and their fate during wastewater treatment and anaerobic sludge digestion is investigated. AHTN and HHCB are the most important representatives and influent concentrations of 0.41-1.8 and 0.9-13 μg L⁻¹ are observed. DPMI is detected in influent and effluent samples but in notably lower concentrations than AHTN and HHCB. Major sources of polycyclic musks are households, whereas industrial emitters seem to be of minor importance. This conclusion is supported by the analysis of selected industrial wastewaters (metal, textile and paper industry). Specific emissions of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 1.6 ± 1.0 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹ for AHTN and HHCB are calculated. Overall removal efficiencies between approx 50% and more than 95% are observed during biological wastewater treatment and removal with the excess sludge is the major removal pathway. Log K_D values of 3.73-4.3 for AHTN, 3.87-4.34 for HHCB and 2.42-3.22 for DPMI are observed in secondary sludge. During sludge digestion no or only slight removal occurred. Mean polycyclic musk concentrations in digested sludge amounted to 1.9 ± 0.9 (AHTN), 14.2 ± 5.8 (HHCB), 0.8 ± 0.4 (ATII) and 0.2 ± 0.09 (DPMI) mg kg⁻¹ dry matter. In the receiving water systems a comparable distribution as during wastewater treatment is observed. AHTN, HHCB and DPMI are detected in surface waters (ND (not detected) - < 0.04, ND - 0.32 and ND - 0.02 μg L⁻¹) as well as AHTN and HHCB in sediments (ND - 20, ND - 120 μg kg⁻¹). For HHCB an apparent K_OC value of 4.1-4.4 is calculated for sediments. Major source for polycyclic musks in surface waters are discharges from wastewater treatment plants. For HHCB and DPMI 100% of the load observed in the sampled surface waters derive from discharges of treated wastewater.     

SBR处理模拟氯苯废水

在SBR中利用光合细菌球形红细菌污泥颗粒进行模拟氯苯废水处理的初步研究,结果表明,采用球形红细菌污泥颗粒处理模拟氯苯废水的SBR系统是可行的,其降解氯苯过程符合Monod一级反应动力学方程。当进水氯苯浓度在125～187.5 mg/L变化时,处理效率都能稳定在90.5%～95.6%之间;其最佳工艺条件为反应时间6 h、DO 4.75～5.0 mg/L、沉淀时间1.5 h、污泥颗粒浓度4 000～6 000 mg/L。在污泥颗粒浓度4 000 mg/L、DO 5.0 mg/L、反应时间6 h的最佳条件下,当进水COD为748.1 mg/L、氯苯浓度100 mg/L时,COD的去除率达90.9%,处理后出水COD满足国家一级排放标准要求。     

Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection

Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98 ng L⁻¹, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212 ng L⁻¹, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1 ng L⁻¹) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22 ng L⁻¹ in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system.     

Fenton 氧化深度处理高浓度造纸废水的中试实验简

采用Fenton氧化开展了对高浓度造纸废水深度处理的中试实验，对Fenton氧化的COD的去除效果，各药剂加药量及成本，排泥量和装置运行的稳定性等进行探讨和分析，结果表明，一级Fenton氧化的COD去除率可达到90%以上，出水COD在100 mg/L左右，总加药成本在6元左右，排泥量约为1~1.2 kg/t废水；二级Fenton氧化的COD去除率在96%左右，出水COD小于60 mg/L，总加药成本在8元左右，排泥量约为1.15~1.4 kg/t废水，验证了Fenton氧化用于高浓度造纸废水深度处理达到新的排放标准的可行性。     

Fate of sex hormones in two pilot-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants: conventional treatment

The fate of seven sex hormones (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), ethinylestradiol (EE2), testosterone, androstenedione, and progesterone) was determined in two pilot-scale wastewater treatment plants operated under conventional loading conditions. The levels of hormones in both the liquid and the solid matrixes of the plants were determined. Each of the two 20-l/h pilot-scale plants consisted of a primary clarifier followed by a three-stage aeration tank and a final clarifier. The primary sludge and the waste activated sludge (WAS) were digested anaerobically in one pilot plant and aerobically in the other. The pilot plants were fed a complex synthetic wastewater spiked with the hormones. Levels of testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone were close to method detection limit (MDL) concentrations in the final and digester effluents (both liquid and solid phases) and were considered as completely removed. Average mass flux removals from the liquid streams (plant influent minus secondary clarifier effluent) for the natural estrogens were 82% for E1, 99% for E2, and 89% for (E1+E2). An average overall removal of only 42% was achieved for EE2. These values reflect removals averaged for the two pilot plants.     

Fenton氧化深度处理高浓度造纸废水的中试实验

采用Fenton氧化开展了对高浓度造纸废水深度处理的中试实验，对Fenton氧化的COD的去除效果，各药剂加药量及成本，排泥量和装置运行的稳定性等进行探讨和分析，结果表明，一级Fenton氧化的COD去除率可达到90％以上，出水COD在100mg／L左右，总加药成本在6元左右，排泥量约为1～1．2kg／t废水；二级Fenton氧化的COD去除率在96％左右，出水COD小于60mg／L，总加药成本在8元左右，排泥量约为1．15～1．4kg／t废水，验证了Fenton氧化用于高浓度造纸废水深度处理达到新的排放标准的可行性。