上海市主要蔬菜中硝酸盐含量及加工处理后硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量

本文叙述了上海地区主要蔬菜硝酸盐含量水平,部份蔬菜经加工处理后硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的变化状况。上海地区部份蔬菜硝酸盐含量较高,其中雪菜、芹菜、菠菜、青菜等叶菜类的硝酸盐含量达到数千ppm。但茄果类、瓜类蔬菜中的硝酸盐含量较低,一般为数百ppm。蔬菜经过烧煮后,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量减少50％以上。但雪菜盐渍加工成咸菜后,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量都剧烈增加,超过了50％。当发霉腐烂时,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量增加更高,达到100％以上。通过试验、调查测定,提出几点蔬菜食用时的参考意见:人们应尽量少食一些叶菜类蔬菜而多食一些茄果、瓜类蔬菜。同时增加一些富含维生素C的水果,尽量避免生食蔬菜,少食成菜,严禁取食发霉腐烂的蔬菜。     

杭州市蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状及防治对策

本文调查分析了1989—1990年间杭州市郊菜区7类14种主要蔬菜中硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐的含量。各类蔬菜硝酸盐平均含量范围为136～1847ppm,依次为绿叶菜类>白菜类>根菜类>豆类>甘蓝类>茄果类>瓜类;亚硝酸盐平均含量范围为0.09～3.78ppm。按有关标准对蔬菜硝酸盐含量进行了卫生学评价,分析了蔬菜硝酸盐的来源及积累规律,并提出了相应的防治对策和措施。     

深埋地热水中三氮分布特征及其影响因素研究

为有效控制深埋地热水中三氮污染,并为合理开发地热水资源提供理论依据,基于开封市城区44眼地热井(埋深为600~1 800m)的理化指标,绘制了三氮在各含水层中的浓度等值线图,研究了开封市地热水中三氮空间分布规律及其影响因素。研究结果表明:以《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—93)的Ⅲ类水质要求为评价标准,开封市埋深为600~1 800m的地热水中,三氮污染以亚硝酸盐氮为主,硝酸盐氮与氨氮污染较轻;亚硝酸盐氮超标区主要分布在开封市火车站附近,其分布规律是发生不同程度硝化/反硝化作用的结果;除个别取样点外,各含水层中硝酸盐氮和氨氮的浓度均较低。相关分析结果表明,亚硝酸盐氮与硝酸盐氮显著相关,氨氮与pH显著相关,进一步证实了三氮浓度分布与硝化/反硝化作用有关。     

海水养殖废水沉积物中硝化细菌的分离及修复无机氮污染的研究

针对海水养殖废水中的无机氮污染,从某石斑鱼养殖池底沉积物中筛选出5株硝化细菌(5~9号),并利用该菌进行去除养殖废水中无机氮的实验。结果表明,5株硝化细菌对养殖废水中氨氮、总氮、硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮均具有去除作用,对硝酸盐氮的去除存在相对延滞。其中,7号菌株去除效果最好,6h时对氨氮、总氮、亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别为48%、17%和13%;36h对硝酸盐氮的去除率达18%。     

序批式生物膜反应器和序批式反应器处理硝酸盐氮污染河水

在序批式反应器(SBR)中添加ZH组合填料构成序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),并以SBR为对比,研究了2种工艺对污染河水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果。结果表明,(1)进水硝酸盐氮浓度分别为15、20和30 mg/L时,2种工艺对COD的去除率均大于90%,对COD的去除能力均较强,进水硝酸盐氮的增加对COD的去除效果影响不大;第1个缺氧段是COD的主要去除段,此阶段COD的去除率达到80%以上。(2)随进水硝酸盐氮浓度的增加,SBBR中NO-3-N和TN的去除率分别从99.73%和99.24%降至79.75%和65.56%;SBR中NO-3-N和TN的去除率分别从99.91%和99.51%降至55.57%和41.73%。(3)随进水硝酸盐氮浓度的提高,两反应器内亚硝酸盐氮的积累量增大;进水硝酸盐氮浓度为15、20和30 mg/L时,SBBR中的亚硝酸盐氮最大积累浓度分别为2.90、6.82和10.72 mg/L;SBR中亚硝酸盐氮最大积累浓度分别为4.35、9.47和11.89 mg/L。SBBR中亚硝酸盐氮的积累明显低于SBR。     

应用离子选择电极测定水中硝酸盐

硝酸盐在细菌的作用下可被还原成亚硝酸盐。在适当条件下,亚硝酸盐和二级胺、三级胺合成N—亚硝基化合物。这种化合物对动物具有致癌作用。因此对饮用水、地面水、废水中硝酸盐的监测是很有     

重庆西部红层浅层地下水中“三氮”污染现状及影响因素分析

红层浅层地下水是重庆西部农村居民的重要饮用水水源。在重庆西部的工业用地、农田、居民区和林地共布设52个地下水监测点,对浅层地下水中"三氮"的污染现状、分布特征、影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,"三氮"在地下水中的空间分布差异性大,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮超标率分别达27.5%、20.0%、2.5%。地下水埋深和用地类型是影响地下水中"三氮"空间分布差异性的主要因素。硝酸盐氮/氨氮(质量比)随地下水埋深增加而增大,地下水埋深越深,硝酸盐氮所占比例越大;地下水埋深越浅或包气带缺失,则氨氮所占比例越大。硝酸盐氮主要来源于工业污染;氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮主要来源于农田氮肥施用。与历史监测资料相比,"三氮"在地下水中浓度呈上升的趋势,其中硝酸盐氮最显著。     

土壤氮素,亚硝胺与肝癌关系的研究

N—亚硝胺类化合物是具有强烈致癌特性的化学物质。环境中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和二级胺与亚硝胺的合成提供了物质基础,因而目前人们对于环境中的氮污染予以极大的关注。我们在研究肝癌高发地区——江苏省启东县的自然环境和群众生活习惯时,发     

基于化学与生物膜耦合深度脱除地下水中硝酸盐氮

我国华北地区超过80%的地下水受到污染,其中硝酸盐氮的污染日益严重,威胁着人类健康。基于单质铁去除地下水中硝酸盐氮,因伴随氨氮的产生而受限制;生物反硝化脱氮因地下水中碳源不足无法满足脱氮要求。采用自制的微电解化学催化固体颗粒与天然生物质构成耦合生物载体,通过自养与异养反硝化耦合深度脱除地下水中硝酸盐氮,并建立了地下水易位好氧、厌氧深度脱氮新工艺。结果表明:好氧反应器在HRT为12 h、DO为2.0～3.0 mg·L-1的条件下,硝酸盐氮平均去除率≥91.24%;厌氧反应器在HRT为14 h的条件下,硝酸盐氮平均去除率≥96.32%;反应器中微电解化学催化固体颗粒可为自养反硝化菌提供电子,生物质可为微生物提供必要的有限碳源,硝酸盐氮的脱除是自制微电解化学催化固体颗粒与生物膜耦合作用的结果。出水均无亚硝酸盐氮和氨氮积累。此技术可为受污染地下水的修复提供理论依据。     

同分异构体喹啉和异喹啉的缺氧降解性能比较

研究了同分异构体的含氮杂环化合物喹啉和异喹啉在缺氧条件下的降解情况,发现两者表现出不同的缺氧降解特性。喹啉可以在缺氧条件下得到有效降解,其缺氧降解的最佳碳氮比为8。在最佳碳氮比条件下,喹啉的缺氧降解过程符合一级动力学规律,在其降解过程中首先以硝酸盐为电子受体,当硝酸盐氮浓度为零时,亚硝酸盐氮浓度达到最高,此后喹啉的降解主要以亚硝酸盐为电子受体,并和亚硝酸盐氮同时达到最低浓度。异喹啉对硝酸盐的利用甚微,其降解主要表现为厌氧降解特征,降解过程符合零级动力学规律。     

Field test of a cross-injection scheme for stimulating in situ denitrification near a municipal water supply well

A pilot-scale test of an in situ denitrification scheme was undertaken to assess an adaptation of the nutrient injection wall (NIW) technology for treating a deep (30-40 m) nitrate contamination problem (N-NO(-)(3) ~ 10-12 mg/L). The adaptation is called the Cross-Injection Scheme (CIS). It duplicates the NIW method without a wall; wells are installed and operated directly in the aquifer and high-flux zones of the aquifer are preferentially targeted for treatment. The test was conducted on the site of a municipal water supply well field, with the supply well pumping between 15-80 m(3)/h. Acetate was periodically injected into the aquifer between an injection-extraction well pair positioned across the normal direction of flow. The injected pulses were then permitted to move with the water toward the municipal wells, providing a carbon supply to drive the desired denitrification. The fate of nitrate, nitrite, acetate and sulphate were monitored at multilevel wells located between the injection location and the municipal wells. The acetate pulsing interval was approximately weekly (9 h injections), so that the system was operating passively 95% of the time. Previous work on the site has established that the highest solute fluxes were associated with a 1-3 m thick zone about 35 m below surface. This zone was found to respond to the acetate additions as a function of the municipal pumping rate and the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (i.e., determined by the injected acetate concentration). Initially, acetate was injected just below the theoretical stoichiometric requirement for complete denitrification and nitrate disappearance was accompanied by nitrite production. Increasing the C:N ratio (doubling the acetate injection concentration) increased the removal of nitrate and diminished the occurrence of nitrite. Slowing the municipal pumping rate, with a C:N ratio of 1.2-1.6, resulted in complete nitrate attenuation with no nitrite production and no sulfate reduction. The experiment demonstrated that the CIS injection scheme is a viable option for the treatment of nitrate contamination in situ near high-capacity wells.     

一株反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及脱氮能力

本研究从水产养殖环境中分离出39株反硝化细菌，并从中筛选出具有较强反硝化能力的菌株DB-33，对其脱氮能力测定的结果表明，在培养基中亚硝酸盐氮浓度高达54．16mg／L，硝酸盐氮浓度高达306．91mg／L时，DB-33菌株对其去除率均达99％以上，且在去除过程中氨氮不累积；在模拟养殖水体中，DB-33可将亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮分别在24h和第3天彻底去除，对氨氮48h的去除率也可达51．52％。通过形态学特性和生理生化分析以及16SrDNA基因序列分析，菌株DB-33初步鉴定为施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonasstutzeri）。     

Studies on nitric oxide (NO) formation by the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus and the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum.

This study provides preliminary evidence that NO production could be a general attribute of algae. Anabaena doliolum was found to be a better NO producer than Scenedesmus and Synechoccocus. Experiments conducted with inhibitors of photosynthesis (DCMU), ATP synthesis (DCCD), and the uncoupler (2,4-DNP) and its analog arsenate clearly revealed that inhibition of nitrite assimilation through the blockage of nitrite reductase (NiR) is primarily responsible for NO emission. A linear relationship between nitrite concentration in the culture medium and NO in the exhaust gas supports the view that accumulation of nitrite is responsible for NO formation. A failure of Scenedesmus, grown in the medium substituted with W for Mo, to produce either NO/NO-2 in light or a 'light-off' peak, and a resumption of these activities upon the addition of Mo proved beyond doubt that a functional nitrate reductase (NR) is necessary for the production of nitrite and NO by algae grown on nitrate as the nitrogen source. Moreover, the appearance of a NO peak immediately after nitrite supplementation under dark conditions in W-substituted cultures with or without glucose ruled out an enzymatic role of NR in NO emission.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate ions from water using polyaniline nanofibers modified gold electrode

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were electrochemically synthesized on gold electrode using ethanol as soft template by the cyclic voltammetry technique. The PANI nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Linear sweep voltammetry was used to investigate electrocatalytic activity of the PANI nanofibers modified electrode toward the reduction of nitrate ions. Results showed that the electroreduction process strongly depends on the applied potential. At the potential value of about -0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl, the electroreduction of nitrate anions to nitrite anions was identified as the rate-determining step of the electroreduction process. In the potential range of -0.8 to -1.0 V, reduction of nitrite to hydroxylamine occurs, followed by the reduction to ammonia. At potentials more negative than -1.0 V, nitrite is directly reduced to ammonia. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of PANI nanofibers modified electrode in the electroreduction of nitrate ions compared to traditional reduction methods.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite in water to nitrate

It is found that the nitrite in water is converted into nitrate by irradiation in the presence of oxygen and titanium dioxide which acts as a catalyst. As nitrate is a less hazardous contaminant, this method might be worth investigating further for the treatment of water.     

纳米铁系双金属-微生物体系去除地下水NO-3-N研究

采用不同液相还原法制备纳米Fe0、Fe/Ni和Fe/Cu粒子,将其与反硝化细菌混合应用于地下水NO3--N去除研究。考察3种体系对NO3--N去除速率的影响,并对其脱氮产物及RNA水平上纳米铁系双金属对反硝化细菌的毒性效应进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,9 d内纳米Fe0体系可完全将NO3--N去除,过程中伴随NO2--N先升高后降低的生成趋势,NH 4+-N生成52%;纳米Fe/Ni体系脱氮速率最快,6 d内可将NO 3--N完全去除,几乎未检测到NO 2--N的生成,而NH 4+-N的转化率高达69%;纳米Fe/Cu体系7 d内可将NO3--N去除完全,NH4+-N的生成率降低,仅39%,但是出现33%NO2--N积累。从反应前后反硝化细菌总RNA浓度变化看,3种纳米粒子对反硝化细菌的毒性大小为纳米Fe/Ni﹥纳米Fe/Cu﹥纳米Fe0。     

Effect of soil-use on deep groundwater quality in Southern Chile

This study evaluated the effects of farming activities on the quality of deep well water in Southern Chile. In this area, the use of fertilisers is becoming more widespread and the accumulation and poor management of cattle slurry and silage sub-products increases the risk of contamination. The study was carried out in the province of Osorno, where rainfall occurs all year round (maximum in winter); total annual rainfall exceeds 1300 mm. The soil is of volcanic origin and this province includes areas used for intensive farming and cattle raising activities, residential and recreational purposes and extensive farming practices. Water quality was analysed over a 15 month period in deep wells in either intensive farming areas and residential/recreational zones or extensive farming land. Although levels of nitrate were higher in deep wells located in intensive farming areas, levels of phosphor and pH were lower than those of wells located in extensive farming areas. Nevertheless, the range of nutrient concentration (nitrite, iron, manganese and phosphor) revealed significant statistical differences between both types of farming land; nitrite dominated in well samples located in intensive farming areas, while iron and manganese dominated in extensive farming areas. Seasonal differences were registered in temperature, nitrate, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Maximum levels of nitrate and bacteria were reached in spring and autumn, respectively. No significant relationships were established between nutrient and bacterial levels with meteorological factors such as temperature, rainfall and number of days when rainfall occurred. Variations in nutrients and bacteria, both temporal and between locations (spatial), are associated to soil use and proximity to septic well wastewaters. Iron and manganese concentrations exceeded permitted drinking-water standards in a considerable percentage of samples, which may be due to soil composition. Bacterial pollution occurred infrequently in autumn and winter. The quality of deep-well waters in Southern Chile is generally good. Nevertheless, evidence indicates that intensive farming practices, slurry, silage and poor management of rural residential areas, constitute a significant potential risk.     

矿物载体锯末碳源低温生物修复硝酸盐污染地下水

研究了低温条件下,沸石和火山岩为载体,锯末为碳源的生物反应器对地下水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果。结果表明,在（14±1）℃,水力停留时间18 h,进水硝酸盐氮浓度为27 mg/L的条件下,以锯末为碳源能有效去除地下水中的硝酸盐,沸石为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为98%;火山岩为载体时对硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为95%。实验过程中出现铵盐和亚硝酸盐的积累,出水中氨氮浓度为1～2.55 mg/L,亚硝酸氮浓度为0～0.98 mg/L。出水pH均介于7～8,满足饮用水标准中pH的要求（6.5～8.5）。     

Use of autotrophic sulfur-oxidizers to remove nitrate from bank filtrate in a permeable reactive barrier system

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential applicability of an in situ biological reactive barrier system to treat nitrate-contaminated bank filtrate. The reactive barrier consisted of sulfur granules as an electron donor and autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as a biological component. Limestone was also used to provide alkalinity. The results showed that the autotrophic sulfur oxidizers were successfully colonized on the surfaces of the sulfur particles and removed nitrate from synthetic bank filtrate. The sulfur-oxidizing activity continuously increased with time and then was maintained or slightly decreased after five days of column operation. Maximum nitrate removal efficiency and sulfur oxidation rate were observed at near neutral pH. Over 90% of the initial nitrate dissolved in synthetic bank filtrate was removed in all columns tested with some nitrite accumulation. However, nitrite accumulation was observed mainly during the initial operation period, and the concentration markedly diminished with time. The nitrite concentration in effluent was less than 2 mg-N/l after 12 days of column operation. When influent nitrate concentrations were 30, 40, and 60 mg-N/l and sulfur content in column was 75%, half-order autotrophic denitrification reaction rate constants were 31.73 x 10(-3), 33.3 x 10(-3), and 36.4 x 10(-3) mg(1/2)/l(1/2)min, respectively. Our data on the nitrate distribution profile along the column suggest that an appropriate wall thickness of a reactive barrier for autotrophic denitrification may be 30 cm when influent nitrate concentration is less than 60 mg-N/l.     

Nitrogen species in drinking water indicate potential exposure pathway for Balkan Endemic Nephropathy

This study explored two hypotheses relating elevated concentrations of nitrogen species in drinking water and the disease Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN). Drinking water samples were collected from a variety of water supplies in both endemic and non-endemic villages in the Vratza and Montana districts of Bulgaria. The majority of well water samples exceeded US drinking water standards for nitrate + nitrite. No statistically significant difference was observed for any of the nitrogen species between villages classified as endemic and non-endemic. Other constituents (sodium, potassium and chloride) known to be indicators of anthropogenic pollution were also found at elevated concentrations and all followed the order wells > springs > taps. This ordering coincides with the proximity of human influences to the water sources. Our results clearly establish an exposure pathway between anthropogenic activity and drinking water supplies, suggesting that the causative agent for BEN could result from surface contamination.