城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与矿山废水共处置技术研究与工程应用

以城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰和矿山酸性废水无害化处理为研究对象,设计了一条城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰与矿山酸性废水共处置技术路线,利用焚烧飞灰和矿山酸性废水的酸碱性,加入重金属稳定化药剂,经处理可实现矿山酸性废水和垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的有效去除和稳定。矿山酸性废水的p H由2.33升至中性,废水中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Mn、Fe和As等浓度均有下降,可满足国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)相关标准;垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属Pb、Zn和Cd浸出浓度分别降低了92.1%、73.4%和95.2%,满足危险废物鉴别标准(GB 5085.3-2007)。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属固化稳定技术研究综述

采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾正呈快速增长的趋势,焚烧过程产生的飞灰中所含有的大量有毒重金属对自然环境和人类生存都造成极大影响。阐述了目前常用的几种固化稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属的方法,综合分析了其固化特点和优缺点,并初步探索了一种低能耗环境下实现高温熔融处置技术的有效途径,从而为垃圾焚烧飞灰高温固化稳定有毒重金属的实施提供一定的理论基础和技术支持。     

垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策

我国飞灰安全处置是生活垃圾焚烧污染控制及风险管理的薄弱环节,由于飞灰固化稳定化工艺的多样性,固化飞灰化学、物理、力学特性差异大,固化飞灰填埋设计标准、规范缺失,导致固化飞灰填埋处置存在扬尘大、刺激性气味强、渗滤液产量大、渗滤液组分复杂、渗滤液处理难、填埋场持续运行困难等一系列问题。基于实验测试研究成果,提出了固化飞灰的土工特性参数以及渗沥液水质典型指标的取值。通过分析提出了固化飞灰填埋场设计、运营管理、填埋作业工艺、雨污分流及渗滤液处理等相关优化建议,为固化飞灰安全填埋处置提供系统性解决方案。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融分离处理

焚烧法处理城市生活垃圾已在世界先进发达国家广泛采用。垃圾焚烧飞灰含有大量的重金属，必须进行合理安全处置。在分析城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的物理化学性质基础上，研究了垃圾焚烧飞灰固化成型、熔融分离的无害化处理新工艺。实验结果表明：飞灰固化成球的适宜粘结剂为5%～7%消石灰，养护时间为10～12 d，固化球强度达0.24 kg/cm²以上，可以满足运输和熔化分离要求；固化后的飞灰在1 300℃左右熔融分离后，重金属的分离效果好，达到97%以上，可达到无害化处理标准；对1 300℃和1 400℃熔融分离后熔渣的重金属浸出毒性测试显示，重金属浸出毒性问题可以完全解除。研究结果表明，采用飞灰固化-熔融分离工艺处理城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰是可行的。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰去除硫化氢气体

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰由于含有铅镉等重金属,是一种危险废物,若处理不当,会造成重金属迁移和污染地下水等环境生态问题.近年来,垃圾焚烧飞灰的污染控制及资源化利用得到国内人广泛的关注.以垃圾焚烧飞灰为吸附材料,对比研究了2种不同性质的垃圾焚烧飞灰、热电厂粉煤灰以及砂土在相同条件下对硫化氢(H2S)的吸附性能.结果表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰的H2S吸附能力优于其他吸附材料.通过分析吸附前后垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出液毒性,发现吸附前Cd、Pb 2种金属离子浓度超标,H2S吸附后的飞灰浸出液中金属离子浓度均有一定程度的降低.     

本期推荐

正本期"专论"栏目刊发了罗小勇、王艳明、龚习炜、徐辉撰写的《垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策》一文。该文提出的对策与建议对开展固化飞灰安全填埋处置相关研究具有参考价值。随着我国生活垃圾终端处置由填埋逐渐转变为焚烧,飞灰产量迅速增加,其安全处置已经成为生活垃圾焚烧全过程污染控制和风     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰物化性质及重金属污染特性

以上海市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰为案例,研究了其物化性质及重金属污染特性。结果表明:(1)飞灰孔隙率较高,经化学药剂稳定后飞灰形貌呈致密化,可大大减少重金属浸出;飞灰吸脱附曲线有明显滞回环,属于H2型滞回环,属于典型的多孔物质吸附类型。(2)飞灰重金属的浸出毒性表明,Pb、Cd超出了《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)中的限值,根据《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3—2007),飞灰属于危险废物。(3)在酸性条件下,重金属较易释放到环境中。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属固化稳定机理及系统评价方法的研究进展

垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属是必须处理的环境污染物.目前,对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化稳定化处理已经有了大量的实验研究.但是,不同地区垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰中,重金属含量和形态大不相同,故相应的飞灰仍然难以实现大规模、普适性的处理.在查阅文献及实际调研的基础上,系统总结了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的存在形态与浸出特性;通过对重金属固化稳定机理的分析,指出了垃圾焚烧飞灰固化材料和稳定剂选择的方向.此外,还计算了不同的固化剂与稳定剂对不同重金属的固化率,发现材料复配的方式对多种重金属的稳定效果较好.最后,比较了不同评价方法在垃圾焚烧飞灰固化系统选择中的应用效果,指出综合评价方法是目前相对较完善、系统的方法,在工程实际中具有广阔的应用前景.     

满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂稳定化研究

基于<生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准>(GB 16889-2008)对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的豁免管理规定,选用磷酸盐组合药剂和硫基螯合剂对飞灰进行重金属稳定化实验,考察了2类药剂对飞灰重金属的稳定效果.寻求达到最佳重金属稳定效果的药剂添加量,同时分析了稳定化飞灰进入生活垃圾填埋场时初期渗滤液中的重金属浸出情况.结...     

垃圾焚烧飞灰磷酸洗涤对重金属的固定效应研究

重金属的固定是垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化技术的核心问题.通过系统试验,研究了垃圾焚烧飞灰磷酸洗涤对重金属溶出、后续烧结过程中重金属挥发,以及重金属化学形态变迁的影响.试验结果表明,磷酸洗涤在有效洗脱飞灰中氯盐的情况下,能够显著减少洗涤过程中重金属的溶出,抑制烧结过程中重金属的挥发,从而避免了飞灰处理过程的二次污染;同时,磷酸洗涤使飞灰中的重金属在烧结前后均向更为稳定的化学形态转化,烧结产物中重金属主要以残留态存在,从而提高了烧结产物资源化利用的长期环境安全性.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.