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1.
以芦苇秸秆为发酵原料,采用正交实验法,在湿式和干式批次发酵条件下,考察了预处理方式、发酵浓度和接种量对芦苇厌氧发酵沼气产量的影响。结果表明,以Na OH预处理、接种量30%、TS浓度12%的处理发酵情况最好,在第3天即出现产气高峰,最高日产气量达2.1 L,总产气量达42.8 L。芦苇的总TS和总VS产气率分别达285.7 L·kg-1TS、402.8 L·kg-1VS,具有较高的产气潜力。根据正交实验方差分析结果,芦苇厌氧发酵的影响因素的影响程度是预处理方式发酵浓度接种量,确定芦苇厌氧发酵的最佳工艺条件为:Na OH预处理、接种量100%、发酵浓度TS 12%。  相似文献   

2.
3种畜禽粪便产气特性差异分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在实验室条件下,对鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪3种畜禽粪便进行了高温(55℃)厌氧发酵产气特性研究,分析了3种畜禽粪便的物质组成差异以及发酵过程中挥发性固体(VS)降解率、碳氮比(C/N)下降幅度和NH+4-N含量变化与累积产气量的关系。结果表明,累积产气量以牛粪最高,为5 481 m L,其次为猪粪,鸡粪最低,为3 692 m L;3种畜禽粪便发酵原料VS降解率及其粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量与其累积产气量呈负相关,而3种畜禽粪便碳水化合物和粗纤维含量及其发酵过程C/N下降幅度与其累积产气量呈正相关;厌氧发酵过程中,鸡粪发酵液NH+4-N含量显著高于猪粪和牛粪,后期高达2 348.33mg/L,鸡粪较猪粪和牛粪产气时间短,累积产气量少。可见,3种畜禽粪便自身的有机物质组成及接种物的物质组成差异是厌氧发酵累积产气量的重要影响因素。  相似文献   

3.
餐厨垃圾中有机物大部分以大分子的形式存在,对其进行热处理,破坏大分子有机物的存在形式,将会影响其干式厌氧发酵的过程。实验对餐厨垃圾进行了热处理(100℃),处理后将其在含固率(TS)20%、接种率25%的条件下进行高温55℃厌氧发酵。实验结果表明,热处理后,餐厨垃圾的理化性质发生显著变化,累计产气量、TS和VS的去除率均增大。当热处理时间为15 min时,餐厨垃圾的SCOD值最高,为59.49 g/L,比未处理时提高了3.3倍。同样该条件下,累计产气量也最高,为2 782.8 m L,与未处理相比累积产气量提高58.30%,第二产气高峰比未处理提前3天。各发酵瓶发酵前后TS、VS去除率的变化趋势与累计产气量的变化基本一致,累计产气量越大,TS、VS的去除率越大。  相似文献   

4.
对浮萍和奶牛粪为发酵原料在中温条件下进行了半连续厌氧干发酵实验,研究物料配比对发酵过程的影响。实验设置奶牛粪与浮萍配比(质量比)分别为1.00∶0.33、1.00∶0.50、1.00∶0.67和1.00∶1.00,水力停留时间(HRT)均采用30d。结果表明,在HRT为30d条件下,奶牛粪与浮萍配比为1.00∶0.67时产气情况最佳,容积产气率和原料产气率(以挥发性固体(VS)计)分别为0.50L/(L·d)和0.33L/g。  相似文献   

5.
在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。  相似文献   

6.
菇渣的厌氧发酵特性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为提高菇渣的利用效率,以菇渣为发酵原料,在35℃下,进行初始干物质浓度为6%、8%、10%和12%的厌氧发酵,考察了初始干物质浓度对产甲烷性能及有机质降解的影响。结果表明:初始干物质浓度在10%时发酵效果最佳,此时累计产甲烷量、VS产气率和VS产甲烷率分别为4 034.71 m L、235.15 m L·g~(-1)和134 m L·g~(-1),VS降解率为43.19%;菇渣的沼气产率与VS降解率成正比;淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质的降解率分别为99.01%、70.78%和17.16%;总纤维素的降解率为30.37%,以半纤维素降解为主。实验结果说明,菇渣具有较高的产气性能;产生的沼气主要来源于微生物对碳水化合物的降解。  相似文献   

7.
不同种牛粪干发酵产气特性比较试验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
采用干发酵技术处理3种不同种类的牛粪,比较了各种牛粪发酵的日产气量、累计产气量和产甲烷比例的差异.结果表明,相对于水牛粪和黄牛粪,奶牛粪干发酵产气的启动更快;累计产气量和平均容积产气率均以水牛粪为最高,黄牛粪次之,奶牛粪最低;3种牛粪干发酵过程中的产甲烷比例变化趋势大体上相似,在发酵初期由低到高逐渐增加,之后趋于平稳,其中水牛粪的产甲烷比例相对于奶牛粪和黄牛粪略高;总体来看,水牛粪干发酵的产气效果优于奶牛粪和黄牛粪,这为以后的相关研究或沼气工程设计中的原料选取提供了参考.  相似文献   

8.
餐厨垃圾高温中试两相厌氧发酵的稳定性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了考察在高负荷条件下餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的稳定性,采用餐厨垃圾为发酵原料,以某污水处理厂脱水污泥为接种污泥,在中试规模条件下,采用产酸相中温(35℃,0.33 m3)产甲烷相高温(55℃,1.6 m3)进行连续式发酵。结果表明,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的产酸相有机负荷可达29.27 kg VS·(m~3·d)~(-1),产甲烷相有机负荷为6.04 kg VS·(m3·d)-1,容积产气率平均为5.61 m3·(m~3·d)~(-1),原料产气率平均达0.913 m3·(kg VS·d)-1,甲烷浓度平均为73.07%,总菌数为2.41×109个·m L-1,产甲烷菌最高为7.08×108个·m L-1,产甲烷菌数占总菌数的29.4%。两相厌氧发酵工艺可实现餐厨垃圾高负荷条件下的稳定运行。  相似文献   

9.
在中试规模下,研究青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合(质量比1∶1)高温厌氧消化实验,通过监测厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH3-H、VFAs含量和组分等化学指标变化,确定混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析混合高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,(1)青岛市餐厨垃圾与菜市场垃圾混合高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性;(2)混合厌氧消化的最大有机负荷可达4.069 kg VS/(m3.d);(3)当系统最大有机负荷时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.346 m3;(4)混合厌氧消化可削减氨氮对餐厨垃圾单独厌氧消化产沼气的影响。  相似文献   

10.
樊丽  徐龙君  王辉 《环境工程学报》2012,6(8):2809-2812
为考察较低温度(<17℃)条件下添加微量金属元素对厌氧发酵产气量的影响,在发酵底物TS(含固率)为10%下采用10 L玻璃瓶作反应器,以牛粪为原料,向厌氧生物反应器中分别添加MnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O、电解锰渣,分析了厌氧消化系统运行过程中的产气量、COD(化学需氧量)和pH的变化。结果表明,锰元素能促进低温下牛粪的厌氧发酵,加速反应启动。当添加6 g MnSO4、100 g电解锰渣时,单位质量VS产气率分别为0.26 mL/g和0.64 mL/g,添加6 g FeSO4·7H2O与空白对照组均未见明显产气。  相似文献   

11.
介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.  相似文献   

13.
The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.  相似文献   

14.
造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染  相似文献   

15.
寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.  相似文献   

16.
Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L−1, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L−1. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L−1). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L−1 (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L−1, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L−1). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L−1 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L−1 (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.  相似文献   

17.
不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
李祥  黄勇  袁怡  张丽  朱莉 《环境工程学报》2012,6(7):2143-2148
采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。  相似文献   

18.
Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.  相似文献   

19.
影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.  相似文献   

20.
以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径<1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.  相似文献   

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