酚醛泡沫的氧化对脱硫脱硝的影响

以自制酚醛泡沫、改性酚醛泡沫和外购商业酚醛泡沫为样品,在10%氧气浓度下氧化3 h制得氧化样品。在模拟烟气条件下测试脱硫脱硝效率,研究酚醛泡沫氧化情况对脱硫脱硝效率的影响。实验结果表明,酚醛泡沫的酚羟基易被氧化生成苯醌,使酚醛泡沫整体显均匀的红色。苯醌可发生大量的双键加成反应,具有抗氧化性的苯醌占据了酚醛泡沫表面的氧化活性位,从而抑制了NO和SO2的催化氧化过程,降低了脱硫脱硝效率。氧化未改性酚醛泡沫PF自-O2脱硫效率5.7%比空白PF自脱硫效率12.1%低6.4%,PF自-O2脱硝效率3.4%比PF自脱硝效率脱硝效率7.2%低3.8%;氧化改性酚醛泡沫PF改-O2脱硫效率为53.2%比空白未氧化PF改的脱硫效率59.3%低6.1%,PF改-O2脱硝效率为26.4%比PF改的脱硝效率31.3%低4.9%。PF改-O2和PF自-O2相比,脱硫脱硝效率有明显提高,酚醛泡沫经过改性后可引入有益的含氮和含氧官能团提高脱硫脱硝效率。     

尿素、丙烯酸改性酚醛泡沫脱除烟气中的SO_2和NO

酚醛泡沫价格低廉制造方便,拥有可灵活控制的孔径及能够嫁接目标官能团的特点,是一种可用于烟气脱硫脱硝的优异新型吸附材料。选用尿素和丙烯酸对酚醛泡沫前驱体进行改性,研究改性后酚醛泡沫的表面结构变化及对脱除SO_2/NO的影响。结果表明,尿素和丙烯酸与树脂发生化学反应,在发泡成型后成功负载C—O、酚羟基、C—N、—NH和—CONH_2等有利于脱除酸性气体的活性基团。同时,改性后酚醛泡沫的比表面积和总孔容增大,孔径主要分布在中孔范围,孔壁上分布数量不等的小孔。这些改性后形成的物理化学结构提高了酚醛泡沫脱除SO_2/NO效率,脱除效果最好的复配改性样品为PF5(140 g苯酚中,加尿素20.0 g、丙烯酸23.0 g),在模拟无水烟气时,其稳态脱SO_2/NO效率分别达61.8%和21.75%。     

改性酚醛泡沫脱除SO_2/NO_x影响因素模型

改性酚醛泡沫具有良好的吸附性能,可用于脱除气态污染物,需深入研究其脱除效率与各影响因素间关系。首次引入支持向量机建立改性酚醛泡沫吸附反应床模型,研究在不同温度、气质比、含氧量等影响因素下改性酚醛泡沫脱除二氧化硫、氮氧化物等气态污染物的脱除效果及最优反应条件。烟气模拟脱硫脱硝实验确定RBF-ε-SVM模型为反应器内最优污染物浓度分布预测模型,惩罚系数c=100,gamma因子g=0.1。基于最优模型的各影响因素实验表明:氧气含量在6%时改性酚醛泡沫脱硫脱硝效果最佳;随着质气比的增加脱除效果增强;反应温度在80℃内脱除SO_2和NO的效率随着烟气温度的升高而降低。该模型可用于改性酚醛泡沫吸附反应床的最优工况选择,反应器内浓度分布的在线监控,以及指导反应器的放大、中试。     

煤基活性炭表面改性对稀土负载型CeO_2/AC低温脱硝性能的影响

以煤基活性炭(AC)为载体,在不同温度下分别采用空气热氧化和硝酸浸渍对其进行预氧化表面改性处理,然后将稀土金属Ce3+负载在预氧化改性后的活性炭载体上,经煅烧而制得改性Ce O2/AC低温SCR脱硝剂。并采用N2等温吸附脱附测试、X射线光电子能谱等表征手段考察了2种不同预氧化改性方式对基炭孔结构和表面物化性质的影响。同时研究了不同预氧化方式、稀土负载量、煅烧温度对脱硝剂的低温脱硝性能的影响。结果表明:空气热氧化预处理的AC相对于原炭而言,比表面积没有明显损失,且基炭表面官能团得到了明显丰富;而经硝酸氧化的活性炭,比表面积有明显下降。制备Ce O2/AC低温脱硝剂的最佳工艺为:在350?C下,采用空气热氧化预处理,稀土负载量为5%(质量分数),500?C N2保护煅烧温度下,所得到的Ce O2/AC脱硝剂具有最佳低温脱硝活性。该脱硝剂在脱硝温度为150?C即可达到100%的脱硝率。     

硝基苯酚和硝酸改性酚醛泡沫脱除烟气中Hg~0

以酚醛泡沫作为基体材料,选择对硝基苯酚和硝酸作为改性剂,制备改性酚醛泡沫PF-12%NO_2和PF-HNO3-5,并研究其对模拟烟气中Hg~0的脱除能力。通过红外和热重表征发现,2种改性剂均可在样品表面引入硝基,且硝酸改性样品PF-HNO_3-5的热解温度更低,可能是由于其表面产生了大量羰基。脱汞实验发现,未改性样品PF-0的汞吸附量仅有0.46μg/g,而PF-12%NO_2的汞吸附量为1.45μg/g,PF-HNO_3-5的汞吸附量为14.63μg/g,表明硝基和羰基确实可以提升吸附剂对烟气中Hg~0的吸附能力。PF-12%NO_2和PF-HNO_3-5的汞吸附曲线均符合颗粒内扩散模型及Bangham模型。     

氨-Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA法同步脱硫脱硝中试研究

在中试吸收塔反应器中,以氨基湿法烟气脱硫为基础,结合Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA络合吸收NO技术,实现同步脱硫脱硝;采用单一变量法研究了塔型、填料几何特性、填料层高度、液气比和Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA浓度等因素对同步脱硫脱硝的影响。结果表明,在相同的条件下,填料塔比空喷塔和鼓泡塔有利于同步脱硫脱硝;空隙率高、填料因子小的填料能明显提高脱硫脱硝效率,填料层高度从0 mm增加到900 mm,脱硫脱硝效率分别增大了4.49%和19.55%;液气比和Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA浓度越大,脱硝效率越高,但对SO_2的吸收没有影响。最佳工艺条件为:ф25 mm鲍尔环作填料且填料层高度为900 mm的填料塔、液气比为12 L/m~3、Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA浓度为0.05 mol/L,在此条件下,脱硫脱硝效率分别达到100%和51.55%。     

Fenton氧化法同时脱硫脱硝的实验研究

应用Fenton液相氧化吸收法进行同时脱硫脱硝实验。首先,利用单因素实验,分别考察了H2O2浓度、Fe2+投加量、初始pH值、UV照射和温度对脱硫脱硝的影响。结果表明,SO2和NO去除率随着H2O2浓度和Fe2+投加量的增大而提高;初始pH对SO2和NO的去除有较大影响;UV能促进SO2和NO的净化;温度对脱硫效率影响不大,但对NO的去除有显著作用,适当升温可以提高脱硝效率。随后,考察了SO2对NO去除率的影响。通过单独脱硝和同时脱硫脱硝的对比实验发现,SO2的加入对NO的去除有一定的促进作用,Fenton法可同时获得起始约80%的脱硝效率和98%以上的脱硫效率。     

聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维用于烟气脱硫脱硝

应用聚丙烯腈基活性碳纤维(PAN-ACF)对模拟的工业烟气中的SO2和NO在烟气露点温度以上进行吸附脱除实验。通过改变固定床ACF装载量、反应温度、水蒸气体积分数和O2体积分数,研究了ACF脱硫效率和脱硝效率的变化规律,还研究了同时脱硫脱硝时入口SO2或NO浓度对脱除效率的影响。结果表明:PAN-ACF具有良好的脱硫性能和一定的脱硝能力,其脱硫效率和脱硝效率随着ACF装载量和O2体积分数的增大而升高,随着温度的升高而降低,随着水蒸气体积分数的增大先升高后降低;在同时脱硫脱硝时,SO2对ACF的脱硝反应有明显的抑制作用,而NO对ACF的脱硫反应影响不大。     

紫外辐照改性生物炭对土壤中Cd的稳定化效果

以废椰子壳为原料制备生物炭,采用365 nm紫外光辐照改性生物炭,探究改性生物炭对土壤中Cd的钝化效果。通过改性生物炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)的等温吸附实验表明,经过16 h辐照后的生物炭吸附效果最好,对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附量可达67.46 mg·kg~(-1)。通过添加不同生物炭含量(0、1%、3%、5%和10%)对土壤中Cd的修复实验发现,生物炭的添加可以提高酸性土壤的pH值,但经紫外辐照改性后的生物炭对pH值改变能力不如未改性生物炭。此外,生物炭的添加可使土壤中弱酸提取态和可还原态Cd向可氧化态转化,紫外辐照改性可显著提高这一能力。改性生物炭对土壤中Cd的钝化与表面含氧官能团有关。     

脉冲放电等离子体烟气脱硫脱硝工业试验研究

40 000～50000 Nm3/h工业试验结果表明,烟气温度75～80℃,脱硫效率＞90%,脱硝效率＞40%,烟气温度90～95℃,脱硫效率＞80%,脱硝效率＞50%;脉冲能耗＜3 Wh/Nm3;随着温度升高,SO2热化学反应效率逐渐降低;随着氨硫化学计量比增大,氨泄漏逐渐增加,烟气温度90～95℃,氨泄漏增加更为迅速.并分析了副产物的成分,阐述了脱硫脱硝的机理,并探讨了烟气排放的温度.     

The role of metals in dioxin formation from combustion of newspapers and polyvinyl chloride in an incinerator

Newspapers impregnated with NaCl mixed with various chloride metals (CuCl2, MgCl2, MnCl2, FeCl3, NiCl2, and CoCl2) and electric wire coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were combusted in a well-controlled incinerator. Exhaust gas samples collected at the outlet of the incinerator were analyzed for dioxins (PCDDs, PCDFs, and coplanar PCBs) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The amount of total dioxins formed from newspaper samples ranged from 34.2 ng/g (with NaCl+CoCl2) to 67.0 ng/g (with NaCl+CuCl2). PCDFs composed 88-94% of the total dioxins formed in the exhaust gases. The highest levels of PCDF isomers obtained were Cl3-CDF from the sample with NaCl+CuCl2 (14.8 ng/g), Cl2-CDF from the sample with NaCl+MgCl2 (12.3 ng/g), and Cl(1)-CDF from samples with NaCl+MnCl2 (12.6 ng/g), with NaCl+FeCl3 (11.8 ng/g), and with NaCl+NiCl2 (13.3 ng/g), and with NaCl+CoCl2 (8.62 ng/g). The total of Cl4-8-CDDs comprised 76-88% of the total Cl1-8-CDDs. In particular, Cl7-CDDs had the highest levels except for the sample with NaCl+NiCl2. Total dioxins formed from samples of electric wire coated with PVC and PVC alone were 38.3 ng/g and 112 ng/g, respectively, suggesting that the presence of copper reduced dioxin formation.     

以养殖废水为底料的微生物燃料电池产电性能与水质净化效果

以养殖场沼泥为接种物,构建了乙二胺、三氯化铁改性碳毡阳极的单室无膜微生物燃料电池,探讨了2种阳极改性电池的产电规律,考察了其去除养殖废水中COD、氨氮的效果以及臭味的表观性状变化。结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,乙二胺、三氯化铁改性阳极微生物燃料电池在启动20 d和22 d后分别达到稳定,输出电压分别为0.514 V和0.527V(外阻为500Ω),对应输出功率密度分别为332 mW/m2和349 mW/m2。逐渐增大废水投加比例至原水时,2个电池的最大功率密度分别为208 mW/m2和158 mW/m2,COD去除率分别为85%和78%,氨氮去除率分别为52%和45%。此外,养殖废水的臭味去除效果明显。因此,构建的2种改性阳极微生物燃料电池可以利用养殖废水产电,同时使水质得到一定程度的净化。     

A strategy for controlling deposition of struvite in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

This paper presents strategies to reduce the risk of struvite deposition by controlling its location of formation. Two technical routes were investigated: (1) to fix the phosphate into the dewatered sludge cake, and (2) to remove phosphate from centrate or filtrate. Chemicals used include magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], both of reagent grade and reclaimed from a flue gas desulfurization system, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], ferric chloride (FeCl3) and aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3]. Research results indicate that (1) for anaerobically well-digested sludge, Mg(OH)2 is effective in fixing phosphate into sludge cake and improving sludge dewaterability, and (2) adding Mg(OH)2 into a reactor, located between the sludge dewatering facilities and the centrate or filtrate discharge line, and using air for mixing and carbon dioxide stripping, proves feasible in reducing struvite deposition in centrate or filtrate discharge lines and can generate a potentially valuable plant fertilizer--struvite.     

Comparison on surface properties and desulfurization of MnO2 and pyrolusite blended activated carbon by steam activation

In this study, MnO₂ and pyrolusite were used as the catalysts to prepare modified activated carbon, that is, AC-Mn and AC-P, respectively, from coals by blending method and steam activation. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results indicated that the AC-P had higher surface areas and micropore volumes than the AC-Mn with the same blending ratio. The relative contents of basic functional groups (i.e., C = O, π-π*) on AC-P were slightly lower than those on AC-Mn, while both contained the same main metal species, namely, MnO. The desulfurization results showed that with 3 wt% of blending ratio, AC-Mn3 and AC-P3 had higher sulfur capacities at 220 and 205 mg/g, respectively, which were much higher than for the blank one (149.6 mg/g). Moreover, the AC-P had relatively higher sulfur capacity than the AC-Mn with the same contents of Mn, which might be attributed to the existence of other metals in pyrolusite. After the desulfurization process, MnO were gradually transferred into MnSO₄, and the relative contents of basic functional groups decreased evidently for both AC-Mn3 and AC-P3. The results demonstrated that pyrolusite could be one good alternative to MnO₂ to prepare modified activated carbon for desulfurization.

Implications: MnO₂ and pyrolusite were used as the additives to prepare modified activated carbon from coals by a blending method and by steam activation, that is, AC-Mn and AC-P, respectively. The AC-P had higher surface areas and micropore volumes than the AC-Mn with the same blending ratio. The AC-Mn and AC-P had higher sulfur capacities than a blank one. Moreover, the AC-P had relatively higher sulfur capacity than the AC-Mn with the same contents of Mn. The results demonstrated that pyrolusite could be one good alternative to MnO₂ to prepare modified activated carbon for desulfurizatio.     

Alternative solid carbon source from dried attached-growth biomass for nitrogen removal enhancement in intermittently aerated moving bed sequencing batch reactor

The feasibility of using dried attached-growth biomass from the polyurethane (PU) foam cubes as a solid carbon source to enhance the denitrification process in the intermittently aerated moving bed sequencing batch reactor (IA-MBSBR) during the treatment of low COD/N containing wastewater was investigated. By packing the IA-MBSBR with 8 % (v/v) of 8-mL PU foam cubes saturated with dried attached-growth biomass, total nitrogen removal efficiency of 80 % could be achieved for 10 consecutive cycles of operation when the intermittent aeration strategy of consecutive 1 h of aeration followed by 2 h of non-aeration period during the REACT period of the IA-MBSBR was adopted. Negligible release of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺–N) and slow-release of COD from the dried biomass would ensure that the use of this solid carbon source would not further burden the treatment system. The slow-releasing COD was found to have no effect in promoting the assimilation process and would also allow the carbon source to be used for many cycles of operation. The ‘carbon-spent’ PU foam cubes could be reused by merely drying at 60 °C at the end of the operational mode. Thus, the dried attached-growth biomass formed on the PU foam cubes could be exploited as an alternative solid carbon source for the enhancement of denitrification process in the IA-MBSBR.     

生物法同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用轻质陶粒生物滴滤塔处理摸拟燃煤烟气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的试验研究，探讨生物法同时脱硫脱硝的影响因素及生物降解宏观动力学。研究结果表明，生物法能有效同时去除烟气中的二氧化硫和氮氧化物，烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率分别可达99.9%和88.9%。为获得最佳烟气同时脱硫脱硝效果，二氧化硫和氮氧化物进气负荷应分别＜140 g/（m³·h）和20 g/（m³·h），循环液pH=7～8，空床停留时间为30.28 s，喷淋密度为8.81 L/（m³·h）。     

饱和吸氰炭再生方法及其机理的研究

研究了饱和吸氰炭的化学药剂再生与活化方法，确定工作条件，经含Ｈ２Ｏ２，甲醛的０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ溶液再生，再用含１０％ＣｕＣｌ２的２ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ溶液活化后活性炭的性能恢复到原炭的９６％以上，研究表明，经再生与活化后炭样的比表面积所增加，中孔，微孔所占的比例增大，表面含氧基团增多是再生炭获得理想处理效果的主要原因。     

酸碱改性对氧化铁脱硫剂脱硫性能影响的研究

通过酸碱改性制备了酸式和碱式2种不同表面性质的常温氧化铁脱硫剂,并采用FT-IR技术对其表面酸碱性质和净化硫化氢废气活性进行了研究.结果表明,表面酸碱件质不同的脱硫剂其脱硫反应行为也不同,在脱硫过程中硫化氢氧化生成的硫酸及亚硫酸会影响脱硫剂的表面酸碱性质,造成酸式脱硫剂的表面酸性更强,从而抑制了硫化氢分子在酸式脱硫剂表...     

pH、接种量及固形物含量对氧化亚铁硫杆菌LX5煤炭生物脱硫的影响

高硫煤燃烧释放SO2污染环境。采用摇瓶实验,以FeS2驯化的嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)LX5为供试菌株,研究了pH、接种量及煤粉数量对菌株LX5进行生物脱硫的影响。实验结果表明,在15 d的反应周期中反应液的起始pH为2.0、2.5、3.0和4.0时,菌株LX5的脱硫效率分别为43.1%、73.3%、61.9%和37.3%;将菌株LX5的接种量控制为5%、10%及15%时,其脱硫效率分别为44.2%、68.1%及72.2%;将煤粉含量调整为5%、10%及15%时,LX5的脱硫效率分别为73.1%、72.2%及56.3%。摇瓶实验确定的最合适的生物脱硫条件是:培养液起始pH为2.5,LX5接种量为培养液体积的10%,煤粉加入量为培养液质量的10%。在5 L序批式反应器进行煤炭生物脱硫的启动实验,研究表明,反应15 d后煤炭脱硫率达到69.2%,而煤中黄铁矿硫的脱硫率可达78%。