典型农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢影响因素的研究

以5种典型农业废弃物(猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆、餐饮垃圾和厨余垃圾)为研究对象,采用干式厌氧发酵产氢技术,研究不同初始pH、温度对产氢潜力和代谢途径的影响。结果表明,当中温、初始pH为7.0时,餐饮垃圾产氢效果最佳,最大累积产氢量为261.96mL,最大产氢速率为15.18mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为64.61%;当中温、初始pH为6.0时,秸秆产氢效果最好,最大累积产氢量为254.41mL,最大产氢速率为24.50mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为65.54%。5种农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢的代谢途径均以丁酸型发酵为主。     

餐厨垃圾与活性污泥混合厌氧发酵研究

为实现固体废弃物的能源化利用,对餐厨垃圾与污水处理厂活性污泥进行混合厌氧发酵,通过单因素实验考察了餐厨垃圾与活性污泥的物料配比、TS质量分数、接种量及温度等因素对产气性能的影响,在此基础上利用正交实验探索多因素共同作用对混合厌氧发酵产气特性及产甲烷量的影响。结果表明,多因素对累积产甲烷量的影响顺序为接种量TS质量分数温度物料配比,混合厌氧发酵的最佳条件为物料配比4∶6(质量比)、TS质量分数6%、接种量55%(质量分数)、温度40℃。三次函数可以用于模拟最佳条件下混合厌氧发酵过程中日产甲烷量与发酵时间的关系,模型拟合效果较好(P0.001),达到极显著水平,R~2为0.832,拟合结果可靠性高。     

农作物秸秆干式厌氧发酵实验研究

在温度32～35℃下，研究了小麦秸秆不同固含率和粒径范围的厌氧发酵过程。结果表明：无论产气量还是产酸和用酸平衡上，固含率25%是较适宜物料厌氧发酵的浓度，产气量249 mL/g；小麦秸秆在固含率15%～25%范围内，理论产气数值与实际气体量成线性相关，相关系数r=0.9842；3种不同粒径的产气量最大为＜0.5 cm，其次为1～2 cm，3～5 cm，考虑到粒径小容易酸化的原因，故选择秸秆厌氧发酵的粒径范围＜2 cm。     

微量元素对牛粪低温厌氧发酵的影响

为考察较低温度(<17℃)条件下添加微量金属元素对厌氧发酵产气量的影响,在发酵底物TS(含固率)为10%下采用10 L玻璃瓶作反应器,以牛粪为原料,向厌氧生物反应器中分别添加MnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O、电解锰渣,分析了厌氧消化系统运行过程中的产气量、COD(化学需氧量)和pH的变化。结果表明,锰元素能促进低温下牛粪的厌氧发酵,加速反应启动。当添加6 g MnSO4、100 g电解锰渣时,单位质量VS产气率分别为0.26 mL/g和0.64 mL/g,添加6 g FeSO4·7H2O与空白对照组均未见明显产气。     

剩余污泥发酵沼渣成分分析及脱水性能研究

通过对剩余污泥发酵沼渣进行成分分析,判断其是否适合于有机肥料的原料,并研究了其脱水性能。结果表明,剩余污泥发酵沼渣总养分和有机质质量分数分别为4.22%~4.48%、9.17%~9.26%,未达到《有机肥料》(NY 525—2012)的标准值。重金属Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Hg的质量浓度分别为116.57~137.06、1.16~1.57、9.76~10.75、41.23~48.29、1.67~1.94mg/kg,均达到NY525—2012的标准值。二次厌氧发酵沼渣实验证明,其含水率和有机质已基本稳定。因此,剩余污泥发酵沼渣不能直接用作有机肥料,但可以作为有机肥料的原料。当聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量分别为2、5g/L时,剩余污泥发酵沼渣离心后含固率可分别提高到30.24%、30.34%,可显著改善其脱水性能。     

不同碱剂对污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷的影响

为了使污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷后的沼渣得到有效利用,研究了以Ca(OH)_2代替NaOH作为碱剂调节产氢余物与污泥混合物初始pH进行厌氧发酵产甲烷情况。结果表明,以NaOH和Ca(OH)_2作为碱剂的消化系统厌氧发酵产甲烷的最佳接种量均为50%,且产甲烷率和比产甲烷速率相差不大,分别为60.48mL/(g·DS)、2.16mL/(g·DS·d)和58.68mL/(g·DS)、2.35mL/(g·DS·d),两种消化系统的COD、总糖和总蛋白质的降解率分别为63.0%、25.7%、47.1%和56.7%、23.6%、45.7%。以Ca(OH)_2代替NaOH作为碱剂调节反应物初始pH进行厌氧发酵产甲烷是可行的。     

碱性条件促进太湖蓝藻厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸

采用批式研究实验,考察了酸性(pH 5)、中性(pH 7)和碱性(pH 9)条件下,太湖蓝藻厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFAs)过程中的产酸指标,酸分布及蓝藻有机成分降解的效果。结果表明,pH为9时VFAs产率最高,为0.274 g VFAs/g VS,VS降解率达到51.91%。蓝藻有机成分中蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂类降解率也在pH为9时达到最高,分别为53.2%、30%和40.6%。实验对蓝藻产酸效果与其他固废产酸效果进行了比较,比较结果说明,太湖蓝藻作为厌氧发酵原料生产挥发性脂肪酸具有可行性。     

NaOH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

研究了Na OH预处理对杂交狼尾草厌氧消化制沼气的影响。采用质量分数分别为0%、2%、4%、6%和8%的Na OH溶液对杂交狼尾草进行碱预处理,在中温(35℃)、TS质量分数6%、接种率20%及初始p H为7.0条件下,进行厌氧发酵实验。对比了处理前后原料木质纤维素含量,探讨了不同浓度预处理对发酵过程沼气产量、甲烷浓度、p H以及产气速率的影响。结果表明,Na OH预处理有助于提高杂交狼尾草厌氧发酵的产气量和产气速率,其中4%Na OH预处理为较优条件。经4%Na OH溶液常温浸润24 h后,杂交狼尾草木质素降解率最大,比未处理实验组提高了31.2%;厌氧发酵总产气量比未处理实验组提高了31.6%。     

热化学清洗法洗涤油泥-回收石油的工艺条件研究

以辽河油田落地油泥为样品,采用热化学清洗法洗涤油泥,净化土壤,回收石油,并获取工程所需的必要参数.通过筛选、复配,确定十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS):NazSiO3=1:2(质量比)为最佳清洗剂配比.考察了清洗温度、清洗液pH、液固比(即清洗剂与落地油泥的质量比)和清洗剂投加量等因素对清洗效率的影响,通过正交实验优化工艺参数,实验表明,当清洗时间为30min、清洗温度为75℃、搅拌器转速为200 r/min、液固比为8:1、清洗液pH为11、LAS Na2SiO3投加量为2.8 g/L时,含油率为21.2%(质量分数)的落地油泥样品经一级清洗,油泥残油率降为0.8%(质量分数,下同);经二级清洗,油泥残油率降为0.3%.清洗后,石油浮于水面,无明显乳化,易于分离.     

不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.