常温还原铁氧体法处理含铬废水

实验探究了常温还原铁氧体法处理含铬废水的最优工艺条件,研究了不同亚铁盐及氨氮和COD对处理效果的影响,对沉淀进行了化学分析与材料表征。实验表明,在n(Fe2+)∶n(Cr6+)=6,共沉淀pH=10.0,还原时间为2 min,共沉淀时间为15 min条件下,处理含铬废水可达最好效果,总铬浓度从1 600 mg/L降至1.5 mg/L以下,符合国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)的要求,实现了常温条件下铁氧体法对含铬废水的处理。对于不同亚铁盐,氯化亚铁处理废水的性能要强于硫酸亚铁,沉降速率快且沉淀致密。一般浓度的氨氮(50 mg/L)与COD(500 mg/L)对处理效果没有明显影响。对沉淀进行酸稳定性分析和XRD表征,确定生成了稳定的含铬复合铁氧体。     

废铁屑-改性粉煤灰联用处理铬渣渗滤液

针对铬渣严重污染环境问题,以"以废治废"为研究目标,采用室内静态实验方法,进行废铁屑-改性粉煤灰联用处理铬渣渗滤液中Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬实验研究。实验结果表明,废铁屑与聚合氯化铝改性粉煤灰联用处理Cr(Ⅵ)和总铬效果优于单独采用其中一种物质;处理Cr(Ⅵ)浓度208 mg/L、总铬浓度260 mg/L的200 m L高浓度含铬废水最佳反应条件为:反应时间30 min,总投加量40 g,配比为1∶1,pH值4.1,对应Cr(Ⅵ)去除率99.93%,总铬去除率99.72%。处理后水质满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)要求。     

高浓度钻井废水的混凝-催化氧化处理

以华北油田某深井的高浓度钻井废水(COD高达14 460.0 mg/L)为研究对象,提出了酸化-混凝-催化氧化-吸附的组合处理工艺。重点研制了钻井废水催化氧化处理催化剂(镍基催化剂),通过实验确定了最佳工艺参数条件。着重考察了催化氧化处理的工艺条件,在pH值为4,次氯酸钙投加量为4.4 g/L,催化剂投加量为1.6 g/L的条件下COD降至403.5 mg/L,进一步吸附处理后COD降至139.9 mg/L、色度为30倍、石油类含量为3.8 mg/L、pH为8.0和SS浓度为52mg/L,最终出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级标准,处理成本为84.8元/m3。     

陶瓷电镀废水的三级处理工艺

以色度、浊度、悬浮物浓度、电导率及金属离子浓度为检测指标,研究进水pH、混凝剂种类与投量、沉降时间及重金属捕捉剂对陶瓷电镀废水的处理效果,探讨陶瓷电镀废水处理的适宜操作条件及工艺组合。实验表明,陶瓷电镀废水的组合处理工艺:调整废水pH为一级处理,投加PAC的混凝沉降法为二级处理,投加重金属捕捉剂为三级处理;先调节废水pH至9,投加50 mg/L的PAC,再投加20 mg/L重金属捕捉剂,此时废水的色度降至10倍,浊度降至16 NTU,悬浮物浓度降至210 mg/L去除率达到95.1%,各金属离子浓度也明显降低,处理出水的悬浮物达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的三级标准,其他各指标均达到《电镀污染物排放标准》(GB21900-2008)。     

淀粉基黄原酸盐处理重金属废水的条件优化研究

采用淀粉基黄原酸盐处理含重金属的电镀废水 ,对淀粉基黄原酸盐的用量、pH值和反应时间等条件进行了研究。结果发现 ,1L含氰电镀废水 (含Cr3+15mg/L、Cu2 +3mg/L、Ni2 +9.2mg/L和Zn2 +6mg/L) ,加入 1g淀粉基黄原酸盐 ,调节 pH为 8,搅拌 1h ,过滤 ,处理后的废水中Cr3+、Cu2 +、Zn2 +和Ni2 +残余浓度分别为 0 .0 8mg/L、0 .0 1mg/L、0 .1mg/L和 0 .0 8mg/L。含有重金属盐的残渣 ,可用硝酸处理 ,以回收重金属     

离子浮选法处理电镀废水实验研究

进行离子浮选法处理电镀废水的研究,对影响因素pH、CA∶CMe(摩尔比)、离子强度、浮选时间和通气量等进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:离子分离选择性递减顺序为:Cd2+Zn2+Fe2+Cu2+Ni2+。当CA∶CMe为2.5～3∶1,pH为8.5～9,离子强度不高于0.0001 mol/L时,离子浮选对镉、锌、铜、镍等金属离子均有很高的去除率,Cd2+、Zn2+、Fe2+、Ni2+、Cu2+残余浓度最低分别可达0.05、0.20、0.22、0.28和0.33 mg/L,处理后的电镀废水各污染物浓度均达到排放标准。泡沫产品中镉、锌、铜、镍品位分别达到3.2%、9.3%、18.1%和13.2%,具有极高的资源回收价值。     

BM二代菌去除电镀废水中重金属离子的效果研究

BM菌是一种能够高效去除电镀废水中重金属离子的新型功能菌群,实验研究了BM二代菌对Cr6+、Ni2+的最佳去除条件,结果表明:当水温为10~30℃,pH=2,Cr6+浓度为100 mg/L,反应10 min,菌废比为1∶200时废水中Cr6+的去除率达到98%以上;当水温为10~30℃,pH=8.5,Ni2+浓度为100 mg/L,反应10 min,菌废比为1∶200时废水中Ni2+的去除率达到96%以上;在相同条件下实际电镀废水中Cr6+和Ni2+的去除率均高于99%。     

微电解-生物法处理含铬电镀废水的研究

采用微电解生物法组合工艺处理含铬电镀废水,在实验过程中,电镀废水中的重金属离子通过微电解法预处理可去除90%以上,剩余部分被后续工艺的微生物功能菌去除。实验结果表明对Cr6+含量为50mg/L,Cu2+含量为15mg/L,Ni2+含量为10mg/L的废水,经处理后,重金属离子的净化率达999%,且无二次污染。     

镁铝类水滑石原位共沉淀法处理含镍模拟废水的研究

通过原位共沉淀法处理含镍模拟废水,探讨了反应时间、体系pH、镍与镁的摩尔比(Ni/Mg)、二价离子与三价离子的摩尔比((Ni+Mg)/Al)和Ni 2+初始浓度对Ni 2+去除效果的影响。实验结果表明,Ni 2+能通过镁铝类水滑石原位共沉淀法被除去。体系pH、Ni/Mg、(Ni+Mg)/Al和Ni 2+初始浓度均对Ni 2+去除率影响较大,而反应时间对其影响不大。在反应时间为1～2h、pH=8.5、Ni/Mg=0.25、(Ni+Mg)/Al=2.0时,可获得最高的Ni 2+去除率(99.84%),产物经X射线衍射(XRD)分析确定具有层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)结构。     

O_3氧化法处理四氰基镍(Ⅱ)酸钾废水的研究

为有效去除电镀废水中产生的四氰基镍(Ⅱ)酸钾,使总氰和镍同时达到《电镀污染物排放标准》(GB 21900—2008)中表3总氰质量浓度小于等于0.2mg/L、镍质量浓度小于等于0.1mg/L的要求,采用O_3氧化法对50mg/L左右的四氰基镍(Ⅱ)酸钾废水进行处理,分别考察了反应时间、初始pH、O_3浓度、FeCl_3以及有机物的存在对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,当O_3质量浓度为2.0mg/L时,反应进行至10.0min,总氰和镍均可达标。初始pH对废水中总氰和镍的去除有一定的影响,随着初始pH增加,去除效果变好。O_3浓度对污染物去除效果影响很大,随着浓度的提高,去除速率明显加快。O_3浓度过低会导致镍无法达标。FeCl_3的存在对污染物的去除有着一定的促进作用,可以使总氰和镍在8.0min时同时达标。有机物的存在对镍的去除影响较大,部分情况下无法达标。     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.