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好氧颗粒污泥的特点及其研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
综述了好氧颗粒污泥的基本特征和微生物相、好氧颗粒污泥形成的主要影响因素及其颗粒化反应器等。好氧颗粒污泥是近几年发现的在好氧条件下自发形成的细胞自身固定化过程 ,是生物膜特殊的生长形式。颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性能、较高的生物量和在高容积负荷条件下降解高浓度有机废水的良好生物活性。污泥颗粒化过程是一个多阶段的过程 ,取决于废水组成及其操作条件的选择。在气提式内循环间歇反应器 (internalcirculatesequencingbatchairliftreac tor ,ICSBAR )中易于培养出性能良好的好氧颗粒污泥。 相似文献
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Louis Theodore Joseph P. Reynolds 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):777-779
This paper is directed to those individuals involved in design of electrostatic precipitators. The Deutsch-Anderson model is usually employed by industry for the design of electrostatic precipitators. The so-called process design variable in this approach is the total capture area in the precipitator. Unfortunately, little is available on the equipment design of this unit, i.e., the geometric arrangement of the plates that constitute the capture area and the external dimensions of the physical structure that houses the precipitator components. These are important economic considerations, and it is to this subject that this paper is directed. It is relatively easy to predict equipment costs for “off-the-shelf” electrostatic precipitators; it is more difficult to closely predict the cost for a custom-made unit, which is more often the case encountered in practice. Once the capture area is calculated, the total precipitator cost becomes a strong function of the outer casing and outer accessories of the physical system. In this paper, a model is presented that can help minimize precipitator cost. An illustrative example complements the development of the model. 相似文献
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Tilo Ziehn Nick S. Dixon Alison S. Tomlin 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(37):5978-5988
A combined Lagrangian stochastic model with micro-mixing and chemical sub-models is used to investigate a reactive plume of nitrogen oxides (NOx) released into a turbulent grid flow doped with ozone (O3). Sensitivities to the model input parameters are explored for different source NOx scenarios. The wind tunnel experiments of Brown and Bilger (1996) provide the simulation conditions for the first case study where photolysis reactions are not included and the main uncertainties occur in parameters defining the turbulence scales, source size and reaction rate of NO with O3. Using nominal values of the parameters from previous studies, the model gives a good representation of the radial profile of the conserved mean scalar although slightly over predicts peak mean NO2 concentrations compared to the experiments. The high dimensional model representation (HDMR) method is used to investigate the effects of uncertainties in model inputs on the simulation of chemical species concentrations. For this scenario, the Lagrangian velocity structure function coefficient has the largest impact on simulated profiles. Photolysis reactions are then included in a chemical scheme consisting of eight reactions between species NO, O, O3 and NO2. Independent and interactive effects of 22 input parameters are studied for two source NOx scenarios using HDMR, including turbulence parameters, temperature dependant rate parameters, photolysis rates, temperature, fraction of NO in total NOx at the source and background ozone concentration [O3]. For this reactive case, the variance in the predicted mean plume centre is caused by parameters describing both physical (mixing time-scale coefficient) and chemical processes (activation energy for the reaction O3+NO). The variance in predicted plume centre and root mean square NO2 concentration , is strongly influenced by the fraction of NO in the source NOx, and to a lesser extent the mixing time-scale coefficient. Adjusting the latter gives improved agreement with the Brown and Bilger experiment. Some weak parameter interactions are observed. 相似文献
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A coupled model of biological and settling phases aimed at optimal design of predenitrification systems is presented. Each unknown is obtained in explicit form, and is expressed as a function of the system's required performance. A model, taking into account both suspended and dissolved substrates, is adopted for the biological phase, while the limiting solid flux theory is assumed for the design of the settling phase. Finally, a relationship correlating the two phases is obtained expressing opportunely the sludge recycle flow and the sludge waste flow, without recourse to empirical parameters. The effect of different influent and effluent wastewater characteristics on the model's results is also analyzed. 相似文献
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Ronald D. Snee John M. Pierrard 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):131-133
It is common practice to use the second highest value both in determining compliance with the once-per-year air quality standards (AQS) and as a measure of air quality in pollutant trend studies and rollback calculations. A study of the variation in the second highest 8 hr carbon monoxide concentration observed at the CAMP stations 1962-72 is presented. It is shown that, for a given annual average, the second highest value can differ by a factor of 2 due to random variation. The annual average is linearly related to the observed average of the second highest value and is shown to be a good predictor of the percent of time the carbon monoxide AQS is exceeded. It is concluded that the annual average, which is less variable and not as greatly influenced by erroneous measurements, is the preferred measure of air quality for trend studies and air quality projections. 相似文献
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The photochemical behaviour of chlorophenols is different to that of non-halogenated phenols. In the former, the first step is a C-Cl bond scission, which is not influenced by oxygen. Chlorine is converted into hydrochloric acid. For monochlorophenols, the position of the chlorine on the ring strongly influences the transformation. In the molecular form, 2-chlorophenol is converted into pyrocatechol. In the anionic form however, it is reduced in a cyclopentadienic acid which dimerizes according to a Diels-Alder reaction. The irradiation of 3-chlorophenol leads to resorcinol whatever the pH. This would appear to suggest a photohydrolysis mechanism. With 4-chlorophenol, the photochemical conversion is not so specific. Hydroquinone is formed (mainly in aerated solution), along with polyphenolic oligomers. A radical mechanism is proposed. 相似文献
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《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(10):2111-2124
Semi-continuous measurements of atmospheric molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide (CO) were performed at a suburban sampling site in Switzerland from November 2002 to February 2005. The presented data provide information about time series, seasonal and diurnal cycles as well as sources and sinks in a suburban environment. Such records become increasingly important for the assessment of the effects of a possible future hydrogen economy on the environment. No significant trend of background concentrations could be observed for the considered period. Seasonal cycles show the expected pattern with maxima in winter and minima in summer and autumn. When extracting the background mixing ratios, the absolute levels as well as the seasonal amplitude agree well with literature data from semi-rural and remote sites. The dry deposition velocity for summer days with low winds is estimated to be between to . Diurnal cycles are dominated by emissions from nearby traffic. The influence of traffic-related emissions is also corroborated by a high to CO correlation. Typical molar to CO ratios from traffic were found to be 0.33 on a molar basis (ppb/ppb). A reduction of 37–62% in European anthropogenic emissions is estimated for a period covering the last 25 years. Since the ambient concentration did not decline during the same period, other simultaneous changes of sinks or sources of must have compensated this reduction. 相似文献
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为解决我国很多城镇污水厂活性污泥的MLVSS/MLSS普遍偏低,污泥中泥沙淤积严重的问题,根据水力旋流器的分离原理,开发了污泥淤砂分离器,实现污泥中生物基质和淤砂的分离分流,研究污泥淤砂分离器主要结构参数排口比(底流口直径/溢流管直径)对分离分流污泥性质的影响。实验结果表明,排口比为0.4时,污泥经过污泥淤砂分离器后,得到的底流污泥MLVSS/MLSS比原污泥减小了34%,溢流污泥MLVSS/MLSS增大了16.8%,污泥中的生物基质富集在溢流污泥中,淤砂富集在底流污泥中;底流污泥浓度MLSS比原污泥增加了2.6倍,底流污泥SVI和CST分别减小了68%和70%,底流污泥浓缩效果明显,沉降性能和脱水性能大幅提高,有利于底流污泥的处理处置;进一步减小排口比,底流污泥浓缩效果、沉降性能和脱水性能均进一步提高。 相似文献
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Charles H. Worsham Robert B. Long John P. Longwell 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):135-140
Present methods for the determination of carbon monoxide are discussed including indicator tubes, the iodine pentoxide reaction and measurement by gas chromatography. In the gas chromatographic method an air sample is separated on a gas-solid chromatogra-phic column and the separated CO is converted to methane by hydrogenation at elevated temperature. The separated CO, in the form of methane, is passed into a hydrogen flame detector and measured. The conversion from CO to methane allows the use of a sensitive ionization detector in place of the thermal conductivity cell which is insufficiently sensitive for the measurement of trace amounts of CO. The optimum operating conditions are discussed. It is possible to determine one ppm CO in air. The iodine pentoxide reaction with CO has been combined with electrometric measurement. The iodine liberated is passed into a Ditte cell and the current generated is measured by an electrometerrecorder combination. This method is continuously direct reading with a permanent record. It is suitable for the continuous routine analysis of one ppm CO. 相似文献
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A novel experimental system, electrodynamic levitation, is used to measure the evaporation of liquids from microparticles of sand. The levitator is used to measure the evaporation rate of diethylphthalate (DEP) from microparticles of Saudi Arabian sand at 1 atm pressure and 25 degrees C. Evaporation experiments were conducted for both inland- and coastal-sand microparticles, the diameter of which is 50 microm. The DEP-evaporation rate is determined from gravimetric changes in the DEP-sand-mixture particle, the weight of which is directly proportional to the levitating electric-field intensity. From telemicroscopical observations, it is found that, when the sand particle is enclosed in DEP liquid, the sand-DEP-mixture particle evaporates like a pure DEP droplet. However, when sufficient DEP liquid has evaporated and the DEP is adsorbed into the sand microparticle, the DEP evaporation rate is reduced by a factor of 3-5 as compared with a pure DP droplet. 相似文献
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污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
通过研究分析污泥龄(SRT)对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4%;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值928%;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足(DO=0.8~1.5 mg/L)条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。 相似文献
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《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(10):2240-2254
Chloride derived from the atmosphere can be a valuable tracer in ecosystem and watershed processes. For these purposes and other environmental studies, it is important to establish temporal patterns and sources for in wet deposition. Weekly composite precipitation samples have been analyzed by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) at West Point, NY during 1981–2003, although systematic contamination of precipitation significantly perturbed data for prior to 1998. Chloride and sodium ion seasonal wet deposition were highest in winter and lowest in summer through most of the record, probably as a result of more frequent marine-trajectory storms in winter. During 1998–2003, the period of highest quality data, the ratio of was significantly higher than average in summer and lower in winter. Higher summer occurred consistently throughout the record, often reaching values four times the seawater ratio. Based on the ratio of in seawater of annual wet deposition of during 1998–2003 was in excess of that for surface seawater. Additionally, a minor terrestrial dust component was approximated, which had the net effect of increasing annual excess wet deposition to ( or ) of the mean annual wet deposition at West Point ( or ). Consistent with plausible sources of non-seawater , we attribute excess wet deposition to HCl emission from coal fired generating stations, HCl emissions from domestic and industrial waste incineration and to HCl formation in the regional atmosphere from reactions of sea-salt aerosols with S and N acidic gases. 相似文献
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磁流体处理印染废水初探 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
探讨了Fe3O4磁流体在不同条件下对降低印染废水的COD和色度两个方面的影响,实验表明,当pH=11,十二烷基叔胺的量是亚铁量的0.16倍时,COD降低最多,脱色效果最好,且磁场强度在160mT左右时,磁流体沉降最快。 相似文献
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微波法处理含铬废渣的可行性分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
微波辐照解毒铬渣是一项新技术,为考察该技术应用的可行性,本文对铬渣解毒前后性状的变化进行了讨论。结果表明,该技术能较完全地使高价铬转化为低价铬,解毒渣中铬主要以三价形态存在,铬渣毒性得到消除;解毒渣浸出液中Cr6+浓度远低于国家危险废物鉴别标准,解毒渣已不属于危险固体废弃物,其在环境条件下可安全存放。说明该技术具有应用前景。 相似文献