藻类打捞对水体营养循环的影响及其生态效果研究

富营养化水体中的藻华是氮磷的富集器,太湖打捞藻样中的总氮、总磷、游离磷及有机物含量分别为98.87g/kg、3.25 g/kg、0.21 g/kg和95.65%。在底泥中沉降藻类的矿质化周期随着温度的升高而缩短;且其向上覆水中释放氮、磷的强度具有随水温升高而增强的趋势。但在水层厚/底泥比不同的区域,这种营养物释放强度又存在显著的差异。实验证明,藻类的打捞是一种人工延长食物链去除氮磷等污染物的有效方法。     

底泥煤渣帽封与药剂投加联用原位稳定化技术对上覆水体及底泥pH-Eh-COD的影响

将底泥有机物原地稳定化处理技术中药剂投加法和帽封法结合，研究以煤渣为帽封材料，苏州河底泥中分别投加零价铁（Fe⁰）及硝酸钙的实验里各体系上覆水体及底泥的pH、氧化还原电位（Eh）、有机含量在60 d的变化情况。结果表明，煤渣帽封下，底泥中投加Fe⁰或硝酸钙后上覆水体pH均在8左右，Eh呈下降趋势，投加Fe⁰后对上覆水体COD的影响较硝酸钙小，但均不会对上覆水体水质产生持久、较大的影响。从底泥有机质的去除率上来看，Fe⁰-煤渣帽封体系在反应周期里有机质的去除率约55%，而硝酸钙-煤渣帽封体系底泥有机质的去除率在27%左右。以Fe⁰-煤渣帽封材料复合体系运用在底泥原地稳定化帽封技术中降解有机物更为合适。     

曝气强化微生物功能菌修复黑臭水体

从成都市三道沟黑臭底泥中分离出一株能以底泥有机质为碳源和能源生长的土著微生物功能菌HC-1,经鉴定该菌株为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)。在实验室条件下,以三道沟黑臭底泥为研究对象,采用微生物功能菌强化底泥有机质降解来修复黑臭水体的方法。研究了底泥曝气和上覆水曝气对黑臭水体修复效果的影响。研究表明,投加土著微生物功能菌并结合底泥曝气能够明显改善上覆水水质,加快底泥的修复。使用间歇曝气协同土著微生物功能菌作用时效果和连续曝气相近,且可降低运行成本。实验15 d后,上覆水COD、NH_3-N和TP去除率分别达67.6%、71.6%和92.2%,底泥有机质的降解速率提高了30%,底泥微生物活性增加5倍。     

底泥营养盐的释磷对富营养化湖泊的影响

富营养化是中国湖泊的重大环境问题。当湖泊的污染外源受到控制以后，由于沉积物（底泥）中营养盐内负荷的存在和释放，湖泊仍然可以发生富营养化。底泥营养盐就成为湖泊富营养化的主导因子，特别是溶解态的磷会逐步释放，成为水体富营养化的主导因子。沉积物中磷的循环在一定程度上决定着富营养化的进程，对水体磷含量有深刻的影响。结合国内外研究动态，对底泥磷形态、磷释放与水体水质的关系作了概述，并对底泥磷释放的研究方向以及控制湖泊富营养化发表了一些见解。     

湿地植物-沉积物微生物燃料电池产电及河流底泥修复

以受污染的城市河涌底泥为底质,湿地植物选用风车草(Clinopodium Urticifolium)或短叶茳芏(Cyperus Malaccensis),构建了湿地植物-沉积物微生物燃料电池(P-SMFC)及无植物的沉积物微生物燃料电池(SMFC)共3个电极处理组,研究了P-SMFC与SMFC的产电特性,并探讨了它们与对照组中底泥及上覆水中氮磷的迁移转化规律。结果表明,产电方面,在系统启动运行的7个月内,PSM1、SM和PSM2三个电极处理组均能维持较稳定的产电,输出电压在整个运行阶段总体稳定在0.30~0.50 V,且植物的引入提升了系统的产电性能。底泥修复方面,设置的5个处理组对底泥中有机质均有一定的降解作用,表现出PSM1、SM和PSM2处理组有机质的降解要显著高于PS1和PS2处理组,P-SMFC系统对底泥有机物的去除有显著的促进作用;系统中系统运行前2个月,2个P-SMFC处理组氨氮含量显著低于其他3个处理组,之后随着运行时间的延长,各处理组之间的变化差异性不大,5个处理组底泥中氨氮去除率均达到80%以上;电极的引入对底泥中硝氮的去除没有产生显著影响;各处理组底泥中总磷去除率不同,分别为PSM1处理组8.67%、SM处理组8.89%、PSM2处理组7.33%、PS1处理组12.45%、PS2处理组8.89%,产电过程抑制了磷的迁移,有助于底泥中磷的稳定。     

曝气对黑臭河道污染物释放的影响

利用黑臭河道模拟装置,对比研究了在静置和人工曝气2种方式下底泥污染释放特征及对上覆水水质的影响。结果表明,与静置释放相比,人工曝气促使实验前期底泥污染物快速释放,使得上覆水体中的各项污染物指标上升;随着水体中DO浓度的增加,硝化细菌、嗜磷菌等好氧细菌的活性增强,水体中的COD、氨氮、TN和TP得到降解或转化,浓度快速下降。实验期内,人工曝气底泥中TN、TP的平均释放速率分别为:-0.11 g/(m2·d)和-0.02 g/(m2·d),并且TP由最初的0.96 mg/L降到最终的0.48 mg/L,去除率达到50.00%。人工曝气在前期对水体中各污染指标有升高的影响,但增加了水体中的DO浓度,可以有效地抑制底泥中氮和磷的释放,对水体有机污染物、TN及TP有一定的削减作用,因此,该技术适合黑臭河道的水体修复。     

底泥修复对城市污染河道水体污染修复的影响研究

为开发城市黑臭河道的有效治理方法，利用人工模拟河道就河道底泥对上覆水体的二次污染、底泥污染生物修复对其氮磷营养盐释放及河道水体污染生物修复的影响进行了研究，并对实验结果进行了工程现场应证。研究结果表明：河道污染底泥生物修复状况对上覆水体水质产生大的影响，在底泥不加修复时，底泥污染物释放使水体COD、TP、NH₃-N浓度分别达到30～35 mg/L、0.4～0.5 mg/L和3.0 mg/L，底泥修复后分别为15～20 mg/L、0.1 mg/L和2.5 mg/L；底泥G值（y）与底泥氮、磷污染物释放量（x）呈负相关关系，关系式分别为：y=0.5124x-0.1394（R₂=0.9222），y=0.17772x-0.4781（R₂=0.8701）；结合底泥的生物修复，采用曝气增氧投加生物制剂措施对水体进行生物修复时COD、NH₃-N和PO^3-₄的去除率分别提高13.6%、25.0%和15.7%；对古廖涌的现场治理工程表明，在未对河道底泥进行生物修复的情况下，经过氧化塘预处理河道水体增氧-水体原位强化生物修复等措施的治理，河道中、下游水体又逐渐恢复黑臭，在对河道底泥进行修复后，河道污染水体水质得到显著的改善和提高。     

土壤原位覆盖对底泥的修复作用研究

在高度厌氧底泥和富营养化水体构成的模拟生态系统中，采用土壤和硅藻土进行原位覆盖，研究了覆盖技术对水．沉积物界面微环境的改善作用和不同覆盖材料对苦草生长的影响。这2种底质覆盖后，表层底泥氧化还原电位（Eh）分别提高了48．37％和46．77％，底层水体的溶解氧消耗降低，水体中的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量降低；与对照箱体的苦草死亡相比，经过土壤和硅藻土覆盖的箱体中苦草正常萌发、定植和生长；硅藻土箱体苦草的生物量、叶绿素和根茎比均高于土壤覆盖箱体。因此，原位覆盖能有效改善底层水体和表层底泥的氧化还原环境，隔绝污染底泥和延缓营养盐释放，为沉水植物种子萌发和幼苗生长提供有利的生境条件。     

风浪扰动对太湖梅梁湾水体总磷变化的驱动模式研究

风浪扰动下的底泥再悬浮是浅水湖泊水体底泥内源性磷向水体释放的关键驱动因子。水体总磷(TP)受底泥内源磷释放过程影响频繁波动。基于风浪扰动强度与底泥悬浮物(SS)浓度定量关系模型,采用太湖原位未扰动柱状底泥开展水体底泥再悬浮过程模拟研究,分别模拟在小风(搅拌强度100～125 r/min)、大风(搅拌强度200～220 r/min)模式下底泥内源释放过程,探究风浪扰动对太湖梅梁湾水域TP浓度波动的贡献。结果表明,风浪扰动显著增加(P<0.01)了水体SS,小风与大风下水体SS均值分别增加了80.9%与360.8%,但随着扰动周期的延长,风浪扰动的效果会削弱。不同风浪扰动强度下水体TP均呈先上升后下降趋势。小风下水体TP为0.08～0.20 mg/L;大风下水体TP为0.09～0.34 mg/L。与对照组相比,小风组水体TP浓度呈现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05),而大风组水体TP浓度则表现为显著上升的趋势(P<0.01)。此外,大风持续扰动增加了水体TP浓度,但效果不显著(P>0.05)。风浪扰动致使0～3 cm底泥内的TP含量有所提高,底泥表面氧化还原条件的改变是...     

钝顶螺旋藻和小球衣藻富集Cd~(2+)

为了探究我国北方水体中藻类对Cd~(2+)的富集行为,选取常见的蓝藻(钝顶螺旋藻)和绿藻(小球衣藻),模拟天然藻类对Cd~(2+)的吸附和吸收,研究藻液浓度、时间、pH值、温度、共存阳离子类型对富集过程的影响。结果发现:2种藻对Cd~(2+)的富集性能优于活性炭,富集量高出2~17倍左右。藻对Cd~(2+)的富集率随着藻液浓度的增加而升高,而单位富集量则呈现下降趋势;8 h后富集达到饱和;当pH值在3.0~9.0范围内,富集量随着pH值的升高而增加;在室温25℃时富集量最高,低温或高温时富集量都有明显下降;Fe3+对钝顶螺旋藻富集Cd~(2+)几乎没有影响,但对小球衣藻有拮抗作用,Na+、Ca~(2+)对2种藻类富集Cd~(2+)均表现为拮抗作用,且价态越高,拮抗作用越明显。因此,在适宜的环境中,钝顶螺旋藻和小球衣藻对Cd~(2+)具有良好的富集效果。     

Occurrence of tributyltin (TBT)-resistant bacteria is not related to TBT pollution in Mekong River and coastal sediment: with a hypothesis of selective pressure from suspended solid

Tributyltin (TBT) is organotin compound that is toxic to aquatic life ranging from bacteria to mammals. This study examined the concentration of TBT in sediment from and near the Mekong River and the distribution of TBT-resistant bacteria. TBT concentrations ranged from <2.4 to 2.4 ng/g (dry wt) in river sediment and <2.4-15 ng g(-1) (dry wt) in harbor sediment. Viable count of total bacteria ranged from 2.0 x 10(4) to 1.4 x 10(7)cfu/g, and counts of TBT-resistant bacteria ranged <1.0 x 10(2) to 2.5 x 10(4)cfu/g. The estimated occurrence rate of TBT-resistant bacteria ranged from <0.01 to 34% and was highest in upstream sites in Cambodia. The occurrences of TBT in the sediment and of TBT-resistant bacteria were unrelated, and chemicals other than TBT might induce TBT resistance. TBT-resistant bacteria were more abundant in the dry season than in the rainy season. Differences in the selection process of TBT-resistant bacteria between dry and rainy seasons were examined using an advection-diffusion model of a suspended solid (SS) that conveys chemicals. The estimated dilution-diffusion time over a distance of 120 km downstream from a release site was 20 days during dry season and 5 days during rainy season, suggesting that bacteria at the sediment surface could be exposed to SS for longer periods during dry season.     

Butyltins in water, biofilm, animals and sediments of the west coast of India

Biofilm, fish, oyster, mussel, clam, surface seawater, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples were collected from marine and/or estuarine waters of the west coast of India. These samples were analysed for butyltin derivatives such as dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT). The concentrations DBT plus TBT varied between 2.4 and 8.3, 163 and 363 ng/l, 5 and 2853 ng/g dry wt in the SPM, seawater and sediment samples, respectively, of the Marmugao harbour. The values of DBT plus TBT ranged between 0.60 and 29, 123 and 242 ng/l and 1.4 and 65 ng/g dry wt in SPM, water and sediment samples, respectively, collected from the Mandovi estuary. In the Dona Paula Bay the DBT plus TBT varied from 10 to 89 ng/l in surface seawater, and TBT from 10 to 513 ng/g in biofilm samples. For the coastal sediment samples the concentration of DBT plus TBT ranged between 36 and 133 ng/g dry wt of sediment. For the animal samples the DBT plus TBT ranged between 58 and 825 ng/g dry wt of the tissue. Mussel tissues contained the highest amount of DBT plus TBT (825 ng/g dry wt tissue), whereas highest TBT concentration was recorded in the oyster (732 ng/g dry wt). TBT was generally the most abundant butyltin compound in most of the samples suggesting fresh inputs and/or less degradation of TBT. A wide range of the observed butyltin concentrations suggests the presence of localized areas of contamination. Leaching of tributyltin-containing antifouling paints from the ocean going ships, fishing and recreational boats, barges, and the inputs of TBT from the Goa shipyard and dry dock facility situated in the harbour are the probable sources of the DBT and TBT in the samples of the west coast of India. Higher levels of TBT were observed in biofilm relative to that in the surrounding seawater. When fed on TBT contaminated biofilm of the diatom Navicula subinflata, butyltin concentrations in the clam Paphia malabarica increased over the period of feeding suggesting the importance of biofilm in the transfer of butyltins to higher group of organisms.     

Sources and fate of butyltins in the St. Lawrence Estuary ecosystem

Butyltins (BTs) were determined in sediment, zooplankton, benthic fish and invertebrates in the St. Lawrence Estuary and its mixing zone with the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada) in an attempt to assess sources and fate of these compounds in a large ecosystem before the enforcement of the world-wide ban of TBT-based antifouling paints. All BTs (MBT, DBT and TBT) were found along the studied area (450 km) where the traffic of large vessels occurs around the year. Concentrations of total butyltins (BTs) in surface sediment were below 6 ng Sn g(-1) d.w. Total BTs concentrations found in zooplankton samples at the mouth of the Saguenay Fjord were the highest (793 ng Sn g(-1) d.w.), indicating the influence of the Fjord on the St. Lawrence contamination. Although a relatively low contamination level was measured in sediment, total BTs concentrations ranged from 9 to 489 ng Sn g(-1) d.w. for benthic organisms. Biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs), calculated on the basis of the organic carbon content in the sediment (concentrations normalized to 1% Corg), ranged from 0.9 to 98.3, and are an indicator of an important source of BTs from the Saguenay Fjord particulate matter. This may be explained by the fact that when TBT is released in a large and deep well stratified coastal environment, it could bind to the suspended particulate matter and then be taken in charge by water column organisms and may be mostly metabolised before it reaches bottom sediment. Sediment is not considered as the main contributor to the contamination of fish and invertebrates. It is expected that any reduction of direct inputs of TBT from ship hulls in a near future should result in a rapid reduction of butyltins in the St. Lawrence ecosystem.     

The stability of butyltin compounds in a dredged heavily-contaminated sediment

A treatment process for marine sediment heavily contaminated with tributyltin (TBT) was designed that included dehydrating, sunlight drying and dumping processes. The time course in butyltin (BTs) compounds, TBT, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin concentrations were investigated in the sediment treated under various conditions (light (UV, sunlight and light exclusion), moisture (air-drying and water saturation) and wetting and drying cycles). Significant changes in all the BT compound concentrations with time were not found regardless of the sediment conditions for light and moisture. The results indicated the high stabilities of TBT and DBT in the sediments versus light and moisture condition changes, probably taking place in the treatment process. It is also estimated that the BTs in the sediment are resistant to photo-degradation and biochemical degradation and their half lives are relatively long. In contrast, the decreases in the TBT and DBT were observed during the wetting and drying cycle treatment for the water saturated sediment both during exposure to sunlight and under a dark condition. This result suggested the hypothesis that the TBT degradation could be accelerated by the high microbial activity induced by the moisture changing treatments.     

The assimilation of contaminants from suspended sediment and algae by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha

Since their invasion into the Great Lakes, zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, have increased the water clarity in Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie due to their extensive particle filtration. Because these particles contain sorbed contaminants, the potential for contaminant accumulation from both suspended sediment and algae were examined. Sediment or algae were dosed with selected radiolabeled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon congeners and/or hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP). Assimilation efficiencies were measured and depended on food quality. Zebra mussels, 17 ± 2 mm long, assimilated 58.3 ± 13.5% of the pyrene and 44.7 ± 5.8% of the benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) from sediment particles with a particle clearance rate of 493 – 897 ml/g tissue/h. However, assimilation efficiencies were 91.7 ± 3.7% for pyrene, 91.9 ± 1.4% for BaP, 96.6 ± 1.4% for chrysene, and 97.7 ± 0.5% for HCBP from suspended algae. Algal particle clearance rates for the mussels ranged from 47 – 143 ml/g tissue/h. Thus, zebra mussels efficiently accumulated non-polar contaminants sorbed to algae, while a smaller fraction of the sediment-associated contaminant was bioavailable. Furthermore, the contaminants sorbed onto suspended sediment particles were quickly removed from the water and deposited as pseudofeces. The pseudofeces production was positively correlated with filtration rate and suspended particle concentrations.     

Concentration of butyltin species in sediments associated with shipyard activity

Tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) were analyzed in sediment samples collected from intertidal locations in Portland and Boothbay Harbor, Maine (USA) in 1990 and 1992. Surface sediment TBT concentrations ranged from 24 to 12 400 ng gm(-1) (dry wt basis). Sediments with the highest TBT concentrations were associated with shipyard hull washing/refinishing activities. Analysis of different layers in core samples found that butyltin concentrations decreased with depth at the Boothbay site and remained relatively constant with depth at the Portland site. Elutriate analysis showed that soluble TBT was released from a heavily contaminated sediment. The resulting TBT seawater concentration 1400 ng liter(-1) was < 0.03% of reported seawater solubilities of TBT and was only 0.14% of the total TBT in the sediment sample. This suggests that the TBT in the sediments analyzed is in a bound matrix form, such as paint particles, that releases the biocide slowly. The results indicate that there is a potential for future release of TBT from the resuspension of fine sediments at certain locations in Maine.     

Resistant sorption of in situ chlorobenzenes and a polychlorinated biphenyl in river Rhine suspended matter

The desorption kinetics of in situ chlorobenzenes (dichlorobenzenes, pentachlorobenzene and hexachlorobenzene) and 2,4,4^′-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-28) were measured with a gas-purge technique for river Rhine suspended matter sampled in Lobith, The Netherlands. This suspended matter is the main source of sediment accumulation in lake Ketelmeer. In lake Ketelmeer sediment earlier observations showed that slow and very slow fractions dominate the desorption profile.

For the river Rhine suspended matter, only for PCB-28 a fast desorbing fraction of around 1.6% could be detected. The observed rate constants were on the average 0.2 h⁻¹ for fast desorption, 0.004 h⁻¹ for slow desorption, and 0.00022 h⁻¹ for very slow desorption. These values are in agreement with previous findings for the sediment from lake Ketelmeer and with available literature data on fast, slow, and very slow desorption kinetics.

The results from this study show the similarity of desorption profiles between river Rhine suspended matter, and the top layer sediment from lake Ketelmeer. This indicates that slow and very slow fractions are already present in material forming the top layer of lake Ketelmeer, and were not formed after deposition of this material in the lake. The absence of detectable fast fractions for most compounds could be caused by the absence of recent pollution of the suspended matter. But, the observations may also be explained by a rapid disappearance of compounds from the fast fraction due to a combination of a high affinity of very slow sites for these compounds, and their relatively high volatility.     

Accumulation of organotin in Littorina littorea and Mya arenaria from Danish coastal waters

Organotin concentrations were determined in seawater, sediment and selected molluscs collected from the vicinity of the island of Fyn, Denmark. The extent of organotin contamination varied with the proximity of sampling sites to marinas and commercial shipping activities. Seasonal reductions in environmental TBT concentrations coincided with removal of pleasure craft from marinas during the winter season. At marina sites, concentration factors for TBT were 150-1500 for sediment and 500-10,000 for Littorina littorea (compared with seawater concentrations). Away from marina sites, Mya arenaria concentrated TBT by a factor of 57,000 to 220,000. The concentrations of TBT in M. arenaria from relatively clean sites were more than 10 times higher than found in L. littorea from heavily polluted marinas. M. arenaria were absent from marina sites and their immediate surroundings. Of the total organotin found in M. arenaria throughout the year, 80-90% was in the form of TBT. In contrast, in L. littorea approximately 60-70% of the total organotin was present as TBT in spring, but this proportion fell to 20-40% during autumn and winter. M. arenaria shows potential as a bioindicator organism of TBT pollution as it appears to have a very limited ability to metabolise and eliminate TBT, yet can tolerate quite high levels of TBT exposure. L. littorea might be used as a bioindicator of short-term fluctuations in TBT concentrations at heavily polluted sites. It is concluded that continued presence of TBT in the Danish coastal ecosystem may still pose an ecotoxicological threat.     

Tributyltin in environmental samples from the Former Derecktor Shipyard, Coddington Cove, Newport RI

Tributyltin (TBT) was detected in all 24 surface sediment (top 2 cm) samples collected from Coddington Cove, Newport, RI. TBT surface sediment concentrations ranged from 32 to 372 ng Sn/g with a mean concentration of 146 ng Sn/g. Analyses of selected core sections detected TBT in at least the top 18 cm at all 7 stations where cores were collected. No consistent TBT concentration trends with depth for these cores suggest mixing is an important process in the sediment column. In one core (station 28), TBT was found in the 76-86 cm section at a concentration of 141 ng Sn/g; thus sediments are a significant sink for TBT. However, sediment mixing processes can enhance releases of bioavailable TBT. Mussels, clams and fish from Coddington Cove contain TBT at concentrations ranging from 9.2 to 977 ng Sn/g. TBT concentrations in lobsters were below the detection limit (<6 ng Sn/g). Based on available screening criteria, TBT concentrations in Coddington Cove sediment is likely to be having an adverse effect on the biota at some locations.     

Bioremediation of tributyltin contaminated sediment: degradation enhancement and improvement of bioavailability to promote treatment processes

Bioremediation of tributyltin (TBT) contaminated sediment was studied and degradation enhancement and improvement of bioavailability were also investigated. In TBT spiked sediment, the half-life of TBT in the control sample, representing natural attenuation, was 578 d indicating its persistence. In the stimulated sample (pH 7.5, aeration and incubated at 28 °C), the half-life was significantly reduced to 11 d. Further stimulation by nutrient addition (succinate, glycerol and l-arginine) or inoculation with Enterobacter cloacae (∼10⁷ viable cells g⁻¹ of sediment) resulted in half-life reduction to 9 and 10 d, respectively. In non-spiked sediment, the indigenous microorganisms were able to degrade aged TBT, but the extended period of contamination decreased the degradation efficiency. To improve bioavailability, addition of surfactant, adjustment of salinity and sonication were studied. The highest percentage solubilisation of TBT in water was obtained by adjusting salinity to 20 psu, which increased the solubility of TBT from 13% to 33%. Half-lives after bioavailability was improved were 5, 4 and 4 d for stimulation, stimulation w/nutrient addition and stimulation w/inoculation, respectively. However, natural attenuation in the control sample was not enhanced. The results show that providing suitable conditions is important in enhancing TBT biodegradation, and bioavailability improvement additionally increased the rate and degraded amount of TBT. Unfortunately, nutrient addition and inoculation of the degrader did not enhance the degradation appreciably.