适应信息时代发展搞好流域水资源保护工作

结合黄河流域实际情况 ,从法制建设、水质监测管理、水资源保护规划和监督管理以及信息技术应用等方面综合论述了流域水资源保护工作在新形势下的新思路 ,并对今后的相关工作进行展望。文中所述综合建设模式具有现实意义 ,对国内其他流域的水资源保护工作同样具有借鉴价值     

河岸缓冲带划定及影响因素研究进展

梳理了国内外河岸缓冲带划定文献,系统探讨了河岸缓冲带划定的重要影响因素。结果表明:(1)河岸缓冲带划定方法主要有经验值法、简单数学模型法、复杂机理模型法、基于地理信息系统的数学模型法等,不同划定方法适宜的流域自然地理条件、精准性各异,有各自的优缺点和适用范围。(2)河岸缓冲带净化河流水质、固岸防洪、调节流域微气候、保护生物多样性、为河流生态系统提供养分和能量等生态水文功能是河岸缓冲带划定的重要参考依据。(3)流域空间尺度越大,所需的河岸缓冲带越宽;流域空间尺度不同,其河岸缓冲带划定的适宜方法往往也不同。     

钱塘江流域生态功能区划研究

钱塘江是浙江省最大的河流和主要的水源地之一,流域内行政区域主要包括杭州市、衢州市、金华市、诸暨市(县级)和遂昌县,在浙江省可持续发展中居于重要的战略地位.系统分析了钱塘江流域生态环境现状、生态环境敏感性和生态系统服务功能重要性,结合区域经济社会发展特点,将钱塘江流域划分为20个生态功能区,指出了各功能区的保护措施和发展方向.同时,在流域生态功能区划的基础上,进一步划定了重要生态功能保护区,为明确钱塘江流域生态保护重点,统筹区域生产力布局和重大基础设施建设等提供了依据.     

汾河流域水资源承载力评估及生态敏感性分析

汾河流域是山西省重要的水资源供给区,是促进山西省区域协调发展的重要区域,汾河流域高质量发展的关键在于汾河生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展。利用DPSIR-TOPSIS模型对汾河流域水资源承载力进行分析,结果表明,2012—2021年汾河流域的水资源承载力水平实现了阶段性增长,高质量经济发展水平和高水平水资源保护的协同推进促成了水资源承载力的整体平稳上升。基于层次分析法和空间分析法的生态敏感性分析结果表明,轻、中、高敏感区占汾河流域的79.51%,极敏感区占区域的14.45%,植被覆盖度是影响区域生态敏感性的重要考量。本研究对汾河流域水资源承载力和生态敏感性的时空变化进行了综合评估,为汾河流域高质量发展路径设计提供科学依据。     

秋季艾比湖流域水质综合分析与评价

河流综合水质评价是水环境治理中的基础性工作。于2014年10月在艾比湖流域的55个采样点采集地表水样,将pH、COD、溶解氧(DO)作为评价因子,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法和综合污染指数法进行了水质评价,并探讨了艾比湖流域的总体污染状况。结果表明:(1)艾比湖流域4种水体污染程度为河流裸露湖床水库农田灌溉水;(2)艾比湖流域中部区域的水质污染最严重,西部和东部区域的水质仍处于清洁状态。本研究为干旱区流域地表水资源的治理与保护提供参考依据。     

国内外流域水环境模型法规化建设现状和对比研究

流域水环境模型是水环境保护和流域管理工作的重要支撑工具。总结了国外流域水环境模型管理体系、技术支撑方法、标准化建设实践和法规化应用的实际经验,通过梳理中国流域水环境模型的发展历程和应用现状,对比分析了影响中国流域水环境模型标准化和法规化的主要障碍和问题,提出了中国流域水环境模型法规化建设的发展建议。     

流域水源地污染成因分析与保护对策——以潭江牛湾段水源地保护为例

通过对潭江流域水污染源的分析 ,提出了保护水源地水质安全的对策 :实施污染物总量控制 ;调整产业结构 ;加快城市生活污水处理设施建设 ,提高生活污水的处理率 ;加强禽畜养殖管理 ,严格控制养殖规模     

钱塘江水系富春江段水污染现状调查研究

通过对钱塘江水系（富春江段）水质状况的监测调查及桐庐、富阳两县（市）主要污染源的排查，分析了富春江段水环境质量现状，以及主要污染来源，为钱塘江流域水污染防治及水资源的保护提供参考依据。     

海河流域水体沉积物中多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价

截至目前,尚没有研究从流域尺度系统分析海河流域水体沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染特征及风险水平。以海河流域7大河系及典型湖库为研究对象,基于文献中PCBs的数据统计,从流域尺度探讨了不同水体沉积物中PCBs的组成和其空间分布特征,并利用潜在生态危害指数法和毒性当量法评价其生态风险。结果表明,海河流域水体沉积物总PCBs污染呈"北高南低"趋势。二氯联苯至十氯联苯在海河流域中都有不同程度的检出,主要以低氯原子数的二氯联苯至五氯联苯为主。海河流域沉积物中PCBs毒性主要取决于PCB-126和PCB-169。两种生态风险评价方法评价结果存在一定的不确定性,需将两种方法结合,进行综合判断。     

北京市妫水河流域景观生态学分析

基于GIS的空间分析平台,以景观生态学的方法建模,分析了北京市妫水河流域的景观格局特征,并与妫水河平原的景观格局特征进行了比较,发现在妫水河平原范围内,由于人为干扰程度的加剧,整体生态格局的异质性下降、碎裂化增加,景观生态格局的稳定性和安全性比之妫水河流域有所下降.分析了妫水河流域面临的问题及其原因,进而提出妫水河流域生态恢复的建议和措施.     

Copper and lead concentrations in salt marsh plants on the Suir Estuary,Ireland

Concentrations of Cu and Pb were determined in the roots and shoots of six salt marsh plant species, and in sediment taken from between the roots of the plants, sampled from the lower salt marsh zone at four sites along the Suir Estuary in autumn 1997. Cu was mainly accumulated in the roots of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Pb was mainly accumulated in the roots of monocotyledons, while dicotyledons tended to accumulate Pb in the shoots. In the case of Aster tripolium there was a clear differentiation in the partitioning of Pb within the plant, between low and high salinity sites. At the low salinity sites, Pb accumulated only in the roots while at the high salinity sites there was a marked translocation to the shoots. The increase in Pb concentrations in roots and shoots of A. tripolium was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in sediment concentrations of Pb. This inverse correlation between sediment and plant concentrations of Pb was also recorded for Spartina spp. and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani but in the case of these species the roots contained higher concentrations of Pb regardless of salinity levels. These differences in accumulation of Cu and Pb in various salt marsh species, and the influence of salinity on the translocation of Pb in A. tripolium in particular, should be taken into account when using these plants for biomonitoring purposes.     

Spatial variations in the aeolian deposition of dust – the effect of a city: a case study in Be'er-Sheva,Israel

The effect of buildings on the dry deposition of dust particles was investigated in Be'er-Sheva, a desert city with about 140,000 inhabitants in southern Israel, and at two reference points in the surrounding rural area. The mineral and chemical composition of dust sampled at all sites was similar, reflecting the composition of the local loess soil, its likely origin. However, dust deposited in the traps set up in the vicinity of buildings in the city was significantly coarser than the dust which accumulated in similar traps at exposed sites in the countryside. The amount of dust (by weight) in the urban dust traps was on an average more than twice the amount deposited in the rural area. The differences in grain-size distribution and quantity of dust are attributed to the properties of the urban wind field and to various effects of human activity in the city.     

Heavy metals in water, sediment and tissues of Leuciscus cephalus from a stream in southwestern Turkey

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) were measured in water, bottom sediment and tissues (muscle and gills) of Leuciscus cephalus from the Dipsiz stream in the Yatagan basin (southwestern Turkey), the site of a thermal power plant. Results for levels in water were compared with national and international water quality guidelines, as well as literature values were reported for streams and rivers. Comparisons were made of metal concentrations in water and sediment with those in the muscle and gills of L. cephalus caught from the Dipsiz stream. We found that there was metal accumulation in the gills compared to the muscle. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cr in the gills were higher than that in the muscle; however, Cu levels were higher in muscle than that in gills. Concentrations of heavy metals in L. cephalus muscle were below the legal limits for human consumption, although Cr, Pb and Zn levels in the gills were above the limits in the fish taken from the Dipsiz stream. On the other hand, no correlation was found between metal concentrations in water and sediment or between metal concentrations in water and muscle and gills of L. cephalus. A positive correlation was found between concentrations of Cu and Zn in the sediment and in fish tissue, whereas there was no relationship between other metal concentrations in the sediment and water, and muscle and gills of L. cephalus. As with water, Pb and Cd concentrations in particular were higher in sediment than that in background levels. The results show that the pollutants from the thermal power plant may be a source of these elements.     

Toxaphene residues from cotton fields in soils and in the coastal environment of Nicaragua

Toxaphene (camphechlor) was intensively used in the cotton growing fields of Nicaragua for decades with application rates as high as 31 kg ha(-1) in 1985. Although the use of this compound has recently been discontinued in the country, its intensive use in the past and its long persistence in soil allowed for the build up of large reservoirs of toxaphene in agriculture soils and a wide dispersal of residues in the environment. Measurements of toxaphene in coastal areas on the coast of the Pacific Ocean show that environmental concentrations are particularly high in the district of Chinandega, the traditional cotton growing region. Toxaphene residues measured in soils attained 44 microg g(-1) (dry weight) while concentrations in lagoon sediments attained 6.9 microg g(-1) (dry weight) near the mouth of the rivers flowing across the agricultural region. Measurements in aquatic biota showed concentrations as high as 1.6 microg g(-1) (dry weight) in the soft tissues of clams. The toxaphene reservoir in soils combined with the obvious persistence of this compound in soils and lagoon sediments allows predicting that toxaphene will remain in the coastal ecosystem at relatively high concentrations for many years. Toxic effects in lagoon fauna are likely to be observed especially in benthic species that may recycle this compound from sediments. Consumption of seafood, in particular of clams (Anadara spp.) from the more contaminated areas, may expose the population to unacceptably high intake of toxaphene, 30 microg d(-1) per person, with the diet.     

Persistent organic pollutants in atmospheric deposition and biomonitoring with Tillandsia Usneoides (L.) in an industrialized area in Rio de Janeiro state, south east Brazil--Part I: PCDD and PCDF

Monitoring of immission of persistent organic pollutants in the industrialized area of Volta Redonda (V.R.) and in the National Park of Itatiaia (PNI) in southeast Brazil was performed using an endemic Bromeliad species as biomonitor and measuring total deposition rates on funnels covered with polyurethane foams. Samples were collected during 78 days in V.R. and 95 days in PNI in winter (dry season, June-August 2003) and during 114 days in both areas in summer (rainy season, December 2003-February 2004). The PCDD/PCDF deposition rates ranged from 0.10 to 1.9 pg WHO-TEQ/(m2 day) in winter and from 0.11 to 2.2 pg WHO-TEQ/(m2 day) in summer. Deposition rates found in V.R. in summer were four- to ninefold higher than those measured in PNI, while in winter deposition rates in both regions were in the same range. Deposition rates in V.R. in summer were about five fold lower than those measured in 1996. PCDD/PCDF levels in biomonitor samples were between 0.95 and 14.6 ng WHO-TEQ/kg d.m. in winter and between 2.2 and 5.2 ng WHO-TEQ/kg d.m. in summer. In winter, concentrations found in V.R. were up to 11 times higher than those found in PNI, while in summer the levels measured in both areas were comparable. The homologue and isomer profiles found in the deposition as well as in the biomonitor samples from V.R. indicate that steel production is the main source of contamination in the region, whereas in PNI, the long range transport of these pollutants is the predominant contamination pathway.     

High nitrogen deposition causes changes in amino acid concentrations and protein spectra in needles of the scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)

Growth of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) suffered considerably in forests close to fur farms in western Finland, with the occurrence of winter time dieback in the youngest shoots and leading to a bush-like, flat crown canopy. One reason for this growth disturbance may be a serious imbalance in nitrogen metabolism caused by the extra N supply, emitted as NH3 from the dung of the animals. Total N and NH4+ concentrations in the needles and soluble nitrogen concentration in the soil increased considerably in the vicinity of the fur farms. The extra N in the needles was bound in the first place in arginine, the concentration of which increased 10(2)-10(3) fold compared with control trees, and to a lesser extent in glutamine and other amino acids. Alterations in the quantitative and qualitative protein patterns of the needles were obtained. The extra N increased the concentration of total soluble proteins, although it inhibited the formation of certain polypeptides (particularly in the areas of 30, 38, 50 and 65-90 kDa) which were possibly essential for the normal wintering processes. One reason for the winter time dieback in the high N area could thus be found in the altered protein profiles.     

Mercury emission from coal-fired power plants in Poland

The paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding sources of mercury emission in Poland. Due to the large quantities of coal burned at present, as well as taking into account existing reserves, coal remains the main energy source of energy in Poland. The data on coal consumption in Poland in the past, at present and in the future are discussed in the paper. Information on the content of mercury in Polish coals is presented.Coal combustion processes for electricity and heat production are the main source of anthropogenic mercury emission in Poland. It is expected that the current emissions will decrease in the future due to implementation of efficient control measures. These measures for emission reduction are described in the paper. Results of estimated mercury emission from coal-fired power station situated in the Upper Silesia Region, Poland are investigated. A relationship between mercury emission to the air and the mercury content in the consumed coal in power station equipped with the electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) is discussed.     

Microfibril angle in wood of Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris) after irradiation from the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident

The secondary cell wall structure of tracheids of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), especially the angle of microfibrils in the S(2) layer, was examined in wood deposited prior to and after the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Microscopic analysis was carried out on wood samples collected in October 1997 from breast height of three pine trees 16, 30 and 42 years old. The polluted site was located in a distance of 5 km south from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant where radioactive contamination in 1997 was 3.7 x 10(5) kBq m(-2). Anatomical analysis showed that the structure of the secondary cell wall in tracheids formed after the Chernobyl accident was changed. Changes occurred both in S(2) and S(3) layers. The angle of microfibrils in S(2) layer in wood deposited after the Chernobyl accident was different in comparison to this measured in wood formed prior to the disaster. The intensity of the changes, i.e. alteration of the microfibrils angle in S(2) layer and unusual pattern of the S(3) layer, depended on the age of the tree and was most intensive in a young tree.     

Changes in Diurnal Patterns Related to Changes in Ozone Levels

Ozone is an ubiquitous air pollutant that affects both human health and vegetation. There is concern about the number of hours human populations in nonattainment areas in the United States are exposed to levels of 03 at which effects have been observed. As improvement in air quality is achieved, it is possible that 03 control strategies may produce distributions of 1-h 03 concentrations that result in different diurnal profiles that produce greater potential exposures to 03 at known effects levels for multiple hours of the day. These concerns have prompted new analysis of aerometric data. In this analysis, the change in the seasonally averaged diurnal pattern was investigated as changes in 03 levels occurred. For the data used in this analysis, 25 of the 36 sites that changed compliance status across years showed no statistically significant change in the shape of the average diurnal profile (averaged by 03 season). For 71 percent (10 out of 14) of the sites in southern California and Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, that showed improvement in O3 levels (i.e., reductions in the number of exceedances over the years), but still remained in nonattainment, a statistically significant change in the shape of the seasonally averaged diurnal profile occurred. Based on the results obtained in this study, the evaluation of diurnal patterns may be useful for identifying the influence of changes in emission levels versus meteorological variation on attainment status. Using data from the southern California and Dallas-Fort Worth sites, which showed improvements in 03 levels, changes were observed in the seasonally averaged diurnal profiles. On the other hand, for the sites moving between attainment and nonattainment status, such a change in shape was generally not observed and it was possible that meteorology played a more important role than changes in emission levels relative to attainment status.     

Effects of sludge-amendment on mineralization of pyrene and microorganisms in sludge and soil.

Hydrophobic contaminants sorb to sludge in wastewater treatment plants and enter the soil environment when the sludge is applied to agricultural fields. The mineralization of pyrene was examined in soil, in sludge mixed homogeneously into soil, and in sludge-soil systems containing a lump of sludge. Sludge-amendment enhanced the mineralization of pyrene in the soil compared to soil without sludge, and the most extensive mineralization was observed when the sludge was kept in a lump. The number of protozoa, heterotrophic bacteria and pyrene-mineralizing bacteria was much higher in the sludge compared to the soil. The amendment of sludge did not affect the number of protozoa and bacteria in the surrounding soil, which indicated that organic contaminants in the sludge had a little effect on the number of protozoa and bacteria in the surrounding soil.