混凝-活性炭-膜工艺处理黄磷化工渗滤液的研究

采用混凝-活性炭-膜工艺对黄磷化工渗滤液进行处理,重点考察了该工艺对有机物的去除机制.实验结果表明,混凝剂硫酸铝的投加量为0.2g/L时,渗滤液中各污染物去除率较好;颗粒活性炭对渗滤液中有机物的吸附容量几乎不受渗滤液pH的影响,吸附等温线更符合修正的Freundlich模型,拟二级动力学模型能更好地定量描述有机物在颗粒活性炭上的吸附过程;膜处理进一步提高了剩余有机物和其他污染物的去除率.     

吸附-电化学氧化耦合处理对氯苯酚废水及动力学

以毡状活性炭纤维为阳极,不锈钢为阴极,吸附-电化学氧化耦合降解对氯苯酚废水进行了研究。考察了吸附或耦合电化学氧化过程、电流密度、支持电解质硫酸钠浓度和活性炭纤维重复使用对废水COD去除率的影响,结果表明,采用吸附-电化学氧化耦合方法,当电流密度7.6 mA/cm2支持电解质（硫酸钠）浓度为1 g/L,处理时间为180 min,4-CP废水COD去除率可达97.09%。毡状活性炭纤维对4-CP的静态吸附过程符合Langmiu吸附等温方程。建立了吸附-电化学氧化COD去除动力学模型,动力学模型参数表明,对于COD的去除,电化学氧化作用比吸附作用大。     

混凝和活性炭吸附深度处理制药废水中有机物去除特征

研究了混凝、活性炭吸附及其组合工艺对内蒙古某制药废水二级生化出水中有机物的去除效率,同时采用荧光光谱和凝胶色谱分析了不同技术对废水中有机物的影响。研究显示,污水中主要的有机物为微生物代谢产物、腐殖酸和富里酸,分子量在800~1 250。混凝与吸附对污水中的有机物表现出不同的去除特征,混凝无法有效去除溶解性有机物,而活性炭吸附对3种物质的去除率均达到90%以上。采用混凝和吸附组合处理后,总COD去除率达到76%,满足污水综合排放标准。     

颗粒活性炭深度处理抗生素废水

通过静态吸附实验,比较了13种不同材质、粒径的颗粒活性炭(granular activated carbon,GAC)对抗生素废水生化出水的吸附效果,选择KC16活性炭作为处理该废水的活性炭。KC16活性炭的进一步静态实验结果表明,当KC16活性炭投加量为30 g/L,吸附时间为6 h时,处理效果较好,TOC、COD、UV254、色度的去除率分别达到了86.99%、88.43%、89.69%和94.08%,并且污染物质(COD、TOC)的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学模型(R2>0.99)。动态吸附结果表明,在滤速为1.0 m/h,柱高为1 200 mm时,出水可以达到GB21903-2008《发酵类工业废水污染物排放标准》,处理每吨抗生素废水的活性炭用量为2.45 kg。     

镧改性活性炭纤维高效吸附去除对苯醌

水处理中稀土元素一般用于砷、磷等无机污染物的吸附去除,将稀土元素镧负载在活性炭纤维上,首次用于吸附去除水中的有机污染物对苯醌。研究发现,经0.01 mol/L的La(OH)3和超声处理的活性炭纤维吸附去除对苯醌的效率最高。改性活性炭纤维对对苯醌的吸附去除受p H的影响较大,在酸性和中性条件下的吸附效果较好。对吸附动力学数据进行线性和非线性模拟,结果表明,准二级动力学模型更适合描述吸附动力学过程。热力学研究表明,对苯醌在改性活性炭纤维(ACF-2)表面以单分子层吸附为主,经Langmuir吸附等温方程模拟,298 K时对苯醌在ACF-2上的最大吸附量为149.4 mg/g。同时,降低反应温度利于吸附去除对苯醌,表明该吸附过程为自发放热的反应过程。     

改性核桃果皮基活性炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附

以核桃外果皮制备活性炭及改性活性炭,对制得的活性炭进行表征,研究了5种活性炭对重金属Cu~(2+)的吸附性能。研究表明,以氯化锌为活化剂制得的活性炭,其碘吸附值及表面酸性基团含量均高于磷酸活化制备的活性炭,改性后的活性炭吸附性能明显增强,碘吸附值最高达到678.53 mg·g~(-1),对Cu~(2+)的最高去除率达到91.43%。吸附量和Cu~(2+)去除率随时间、温度和p H的升高而增大,5种活性炭投加量增加,导致吸附量减小,但Cu~(2+)去除率增大,吸附平衡时间为3 h。5种活性炭对Cu~(2+)的吸附均符合准二级动力学模型。磷酸和氯化锌活化的活性炭吸附等温线符合Tempkin模型,而3种改性活性炭的吸附等温线则较好地符合Langmuir模型。     

废旧布袋活性炭深度处理印染废水尾水

以废旧除尘布袋为原料制备的活性炭(WFBAC),与商业活性炭(CAC)进行对比研究,考察了吸附时间、活性炭用量和吸附温度对WFBAC去除印染废水尾水COD和TOC的影响;同时对印染废水中COD的吸附动力学进行研究。当吸附时间2 h、活性炭用量1.0 g·L~(-1)、吸附温度为30℃时,COD和TOC的去除率分别达到77%和74%,比同等条件下CAC对印染废水尾水COD去除率高24.19%。WFBAC对COD的吸附符合准二级动力学方程(R20.99),吸附速率在前30 min由颗粒内扩散主导,30 min之后由膜扩散和粒内扩散控制且以膜扩散为主。     

臭氧光催化降解地下水中天然有机物的研究

在现场开展了中试规模的臭氧光催化降解天然有机物的研究.研究表明,对大分子天然有机物占很大比例且重碳酸盐含量较高的地下水,臭氧投加量10 mg/L和反应时间10 min条件下,TOC的去除率不到20%,但UV254和三卤甲烷生成潜力(THMFP)去除率分别达到近60%和33.5%.臭氧光催化与活性炭吸附相连,能显著提高UV254的THMFP的去除率,但TOC去除率并不明显高于单独活性炭吸附.臭氧光催化使大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物,后者在活性炭上的吸附性提高且生化性改善,可望在生物活性炭上更有效地去除.     

K+、Na+、Ca2+共存离子对活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

以含有重金属离子Cr(Ⅵ)以及共存轻金属离子K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)的模拟废水为研究对象,采用活性炭进行吸附处理,探讨了3种共存轻金属离子对活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:(1)共存的K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)与Cr(Ⅵ)之间存在竞争吸附,其影响活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的大小顺序为Ca~(2+)Na~+K~+,其中Ca~(2+)导致Cr(Ⅵ)去除率下降44.16百分点。(2)吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的活性炭在2 170cm~(-1)处出现新的红外振动峰,表明Cr(Ⅵ)与活性炭之间的吸附属于化学吸附。在同时吸附Cr(Ⅵ)与共存离子的样品中,未出现新的红外振动峰,表明K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)与活性炭间的吸附属于物理吸附。(3)活性炭吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的过程符合Langmuir模型,属于单分子层化学吸附;其动力学曲线符合伪二级动力学模型。     

臭氧-活性炭组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水

以垃圾渗滤液MBR出水为研究对象,采用臭氧-活性炭组合工艺对其进行深度处理。相比单一臭氧处理和单一活性炭吸附,臭氧-活性炭组合工艺能提高COD及NH_3-N的去除率,并且显示出良好的协同作用。实验中利用三维荧光光谱和凝胶色谱对水质进行分析,同时考察了活性炭种类及预处理方式、活性炭用量、pH及臭氧浓度对COD及NH_3-N去除率的影响。结果表明:pH=4.54、臭氧浓度为1.34 mg·min~(-1)、活性炭投加量为10 g·L~(-1)、臭氧处理时间为30 min、活性炭吸附时间为180 min,当垃圾渗滤液MBR出水COD为1 550 mg·L~(-1),NH_3-N为75 mg·L~(-1)时,经处理后,COD浓度为93 mg·L~(-1),NH_3-N浓度为12 mg·L~(-1),COD的去除率达到94%,NH_3-N的去除率达到84%,实现了垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的达标排放。pH对污染物的去除有较为明显的影响,高pH有利于NH_3-N的去除,但是过高的pH不利于COD的去除。同时,提高臭氧和活性炭的投加量能明显提高COD及NH_3-N的去除率。     

酸化法提取木素在造纸黑液治理中的应用探析

提出了采用酸化法从造纸黑液中提取木素的最佳工艺条件，并结合生产实际进行了分析。黑液经酸化后，能大除大量有机物，对减轻黑液污染具有明显的效果，同时回收木素创造了较好的经济效益，实践证明，酸化法提取木素是中小型造氏厂草浆黑液治理的一条可行途径。     

Contaminated site remedial investigation and feasibility removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds from groundwater by activated carbon fiber adsorption

Groundwater contaminated by dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) such as chlorinated solvents has become a serious problem in some regions of Taiwan. The sources of these contaminants are due to industrial discharges. These chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been proven to be carcinogenic to humans. The groundwater is used for domestic drinking water supply in some cities of Taiwan and the severely contaminated groundwater has to be treated in order to meet the requirement of drinking water standards. This study covers two areas of work. In the first part, polluted groundwater samples were collected from the contaminated site and analytical results indicated measurable concentrations of 12 representative chlorinated VOCs in water samples. The primary VOCs detected included trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA), and 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE). Second, to remove VOCs groundwater was treated using adsorption on activated carbon fiber (ACF). This involved pumping groundwater through vessels containing ACF. Most VOCs, including TCE, PCE, 1,1,2-TCA, and DCE, were readily adsorbed onto ACF and are removed from the water stream. Our study showed that the technology was able to significantly reduce chlorinated VOCs concentrations in groundwater.     

Evaluation of removal efficiency for acute toxicity and genotoxicity on zebrafish in anoxic–oxic process from selected municipal wastewater treatment plants

The anoxic–oxic (A/O) process has been extensively applied for simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and nitrogen in wastewater treatment. However, very little is known about its ability to remove toxic materials. Municipal wastewater contains various kinds of pollutants, some of which have recalcitrant genotoxicity and may cause potential threat to environment, and even can lead to extinction of many species. In this study, we have selected three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employing anoxic–oxic (A/O) process to evaluate their ability to remove acute toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater. Mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used to evaluate acute toxicity, while micronucleus (MN) and comet assays were used to detect genotoxicity. Results showed that in this process the acute toxicity was completely removed as the treatment proceeded along with decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (<50 mg L^?1) in the effluent. However, in these treatment processes the genotoxicity was not significantly reduced, but an increase in genotoxicity was observed. Both MN and comet assays showed similar results. The eliminated effluent may pose genotoxic threaten although its COD level has met the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. This study suggests that further treatment of the wastewater is required after the A/O process to remove the genotoxicity and minimize the ecotoxicological risk.     

造纸黑液酸析法回收木质素

研究了加酸沉淀回收碱法草浆黑液中木质素的工艺,探讨了酸浓度,温度,ｐＨ值及加酸速度对木质素回收量的影响,得出的最佳条件是：硫酸浓度为５０％,温度为４０℃￣５０℃,ｐＨ值为３．０左右,加酸速度以控制不使产生大量泡沫为准。在上述条件下,木质素的回收效果最佳。     

造纸黑液木质素利用研究进展

本文对造纸黑液木质素利用研究现状进行了综述。内容包括木质素在肥料、混凝土减水剂、燃煤、水处理、石油开采、木材胶粘剂、橡胶补强剂和香兰素合成等方面的应用概况。这些技术成果是木质素工业化利用的重要基础。木质素来源丰富 ,具有优良的理化特性和广阔的应用前景 ,加强研究与应用开发对促进资源充分利用、环境保护与制浆造纸协调持续发展意义重大。     

Foam Fractionation of Black Liquor From Sulfate Pulping

The principal deterrent of general acceptance of weak black liquor oxidation by mills pulping southern pine is the extensive foam produced during the oxidation of the liquor. The foam results from relatively high concentrations of fatty and rosin acid soaps remaining in the black liquor after roughly 75% of these compounds have been removed by skimming as marketable by-products. The foaming propensity of black liquor can be used to advantage to provide additional by-product recovery while the black liquor is being oxidized. This paper will report the results of foam fractionation studies on such black liquors conducted in this laboratory.     

造纸黑液常压制备木素磺酸盐的试验研究

实验在常压下将黑液酸化、过滤后直接用于制备木素磺酸盐,旨在为中小型企业提供一种经济可行的黑液资源化途径。该工艺取消了木素的纯化过程,流程短而且设备简单、成本低,但磺化产率偏低。本文主要讨论了反应时间、温度、磺化剂加入量和pH对磺化产率的影响。     

气相沿面放电—活性炭纤维吸附联合降解双酚A废水研究

利用气相沿面放电—活性炭纤维(ACF)吸附(简称放电—吸附)联合处理含双酚A(BPA)废水,探讨了联合处理对BPA的降解效果,并通过处理过程中O3利用率变化以及处理前后ACF的表观状态变化分析了反应的作用机制。结果表明,放电—吸附联合处理相比单独放电和单独ACF吸附能显著提高BPA的降解率;在一定范围内,加大放电电压能提高放电—吸附联合处理的BPA降解效果,但放电电压超过一定值后,放电产生的O3量进一步增多,对ACF表面的结构破坏作用增加,反而导致BPA的降解效果降低,本研究较佳的放电电压为8.5kV;扫描电镜分析结果表明,经放电—吸附联合处理后,ACF表面出现大量的孔道,提高了表面的BPA富集浓度,同时也增加反应的活性位点;傅里叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,联合处理后ACF表面的C—O、C=C、O—H等官能团都有所减少,可能是联合处理过程中O3等活性物质与ACF表面的这些还原性官能团发生了反应,诱导O3分解出了更多的自由基,从而促进了BPA的降解。     

电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的效果与影响因素

以含氟地下水为研究对象,采用自制电促吸附除氟反应器,开展电增强载铝活性炭纤维吸附除氟的动态实验,研究了不同电压、极板间距、地下水碱度和流速对吸附除氟效果的影响。实验结果表明,在负载炭纤维毡的电极一端加正电,可以提高除氟效果。当电压为1.6 V时除氟效果较好,单位面积炭毡处理达标水量为56.7 L/m2;极板间距设置为4mm时电吸附反应器除氟效果最佳;通过调节pH改变地下水碱度,当地下水pH调节为5.5时,电吸附反应器除氟效果较未调节前提高50%;当采用3对电极板,流速为1.88 m/h时,达到最高表面处理负荷2 073.6 L/(m2.d);探究了反应器的反洗再生方式,并连续进行了吸附再生的动态实验;穿透的反应器以Al2(SO4)3溶液为再生液并采用反向加电1.6 V的方式,可以达到较好的再生效果,实现连续动态运行。     

Treatment of landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation and anaerobic process.

The removal performance of typical refractory organic compounds in landfill leachate was investigated during the electrochemical (EC) oxidation and anaerobic process combined treatment system in this paper. The results indicated that the treatment of landfill leachate by the combined system was highly effective. The toxicity of leachate was notably decreased after the electrochemical oxidation process and the biodegradability was improved. The concentration of the organic acid with low molecular weight in the leachate increased from 28% to 90% based on the biodegradability assays after the EC oxidation process. The anaerobic digestion could further remove the residual organic compounds. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 hours and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 8 kg COD/m3 d, the concentration of COD, SS, ALK, VA, N-TKN, N-NH4+ and P-PO4(3)- [corrected] in UASB effluent were 532, 12, 6744, 400, 540, 455 and 11.6 mg/L, respectively, with approximately 90% removal efficiency of COD. The organic compounds in the landfill leachate revealed different degradation characteristics in the combined system. p-chloroaniline, bisphenol A, 6-methyl-2-phenyl-quinoline, dimethylnaphthaline and N'-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyformamidine, classified into the first group in this paper, were completely removed by the EC oxidation and did not reappear in the effluent of the UASB reactor. Phenylacetic acid, 3-methyl-indole and N-cyclohexyl-acetamide, called the second group, were completely removed, but reappeared in the UASB reactor. 4-methyl-phenol, 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone, exo-2-hydroxycineole and benzothiazole, the third group, were degraded little in the EC oxidation process, but extensively removed by the anaerobic process. Benzoic acid, benzenepropanoic acid and 2-cyano-3,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxypyrrole, the fourth group, concentration obviously increased in the EC process, but was completely removed in the UASB reactor. The content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) markedly increased from 0.68% in the leachate to 16.18% in the effluent from the electrochemical oxidation process (EC(effl)). In addition, the degradation rate of organic compounds from the landfill leachate was different in the EC oxidation and anaerobic process.