杭州市冬春季大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃的粒径分布特征及细胞毒性研究

为了解杭州市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的粒径分布特征和主要来源,于2015年12月至2016年5月在杭州市某商住区采集了不同粒径的大气细颗粒物样品,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪对其中的PAHs进行分析,并进行了细胞毒性试验。结果表明,不同粒径大气细颗粒物中PAHs的总浓度冬季均明显高于春季。冬春两季的PAHs环数粒径分布基本呈现出4环5环3环6环2环。通过特征比值法判定,杭州市大气细颗粒物中的PAHs主要来源于燃烧源和机动车尾气排放。细胞毒性试验结果表明,粒径越小的大气细颗粒物对细胞的毒性作用越强,对细胞膜损伤程度越大。     

鞍山市城区夏季PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃组成特征及来源解析

通过采集鞍山市城市PM_(2.5)样品,使用气相色谱—质谱联用仪分析PM_(2.5)样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,并进行PAHs组成特征及来源研究。结果表明,鞍山市6个采样点13种PAHs质量浓度总和为10.54~14.26ng/m3,平均为12.08ng/m3,苯并[a]芘日均浓度均未超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)日均浓度限值;低分子量PAHs比例较低,5、6环PAHs呈相对优势分布,表明交通污染源对鞍山市PM_(2.5)中的PAHs贡献较大;利用比值法和主成分分析(PCA)法对PAHs来源进行解析,两种方法均表明,PAHs污染主要来自柴油、煤炭燃烧源和焦炉源,污染类型为煤烟和交通复合型。     

西安市大气中多环芳烃的季节变化及健康风险评价

对西安市2009年6月-2010年5月空气中的总悬浮颗粒（TSP）和气态样品进行了连续采样，利用GC—MS对16种PAHs进行分析。∑PAHs浓度（气相＋颗粒相）范围为39．93～1032．46ng／m^3，平均值为197．34ng／m^3；其中，冬季大气中∑PAHs浓度最大，相对浓度的范围为31．21％～72．98％，而夏季的浓度最小；检测出16种2～6环的PAHs，其中以3—4环为主。利用特征分子比值法和因子分析进行源解析，发现研究区PAHs的主要来源为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。通过苯并（a）芘（BaP）等效毒性（BEQ）和苯并（a）芘等效致癌浓度（BaPE）进行健康风险评价，结果显示，西安大气中PAHs的毒性具有明显的季节差异，特别是秋季和冬季大气中PAHs对人类的健康存在较大的潜在威胁。     

石化工业区周边土壤中多环芳烃的组成及分布特征分析

采集某石化工业区周边20个表层土壤样品,分析了其中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量与分布特征,并对其污染水平及来源进行了解析。结果表明,各采样点土样中16种PAHs的总质量浓度在268.16~3 304.60μg/kg,平均为1 032.24μg/kg,除芴、苊外,其余14种PAHs在各采样点土样中均有不同程度的检出,该研究区周边土壤已经普遍受到PAHs的影响,且污染程度主要集中在中重度污染;总的来看,各采样点PAHs的组成结构规律基本一致,所占比例以4环为主,5~6环居中,2~3环较低;根据PAHs特征比值法判断,该石化工业区周边土壤中PAHs污染主要来源于煤等生物质的高温燃烧,小部分地区受到石油燃烧源输入的影响,而机动车尾气排放也可能是PAHs的来源之一。     

南宁市城市近郊型地下河表层沉积物多环芳烃污染特征及来源解析

为研究西南岩溶地区城市近郊型地下河沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征及来源,选择南宁市清水泉地下河进行分析,沿地下河流动方向共采集8个表层沉积物样品,并检测16种PAHs的含量。结果表明,地下河表层沉积物中总PAHs为257.7～609.5ng/g(基于表层沉积物干质量计算),整体浓度处于中等污染水平;从PAHs组成来看,16种PAHs均被检出,且含量表现为4环PAHs5～6环PAHs2～3环PAHs;空间分布规律呈下游中游上游的趋势,且2～3环PAHs占比先增大后降低,而4～6环PAHs占比变化则相反;不同区域的PAHs来源各不相同,上游地区PAHs为燃烧来源,中游地区PAHs为石油来源,下游地区为混合来源,燃烧来源、石油来源与混合来源对PAHs的贡献率分别为28.4%、16.5%和55.1%。     

东莞市大气PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1中多环芳烃/正构烷烃的污染特征和来源解析

2011年8月—2012年7月间于东莞市生活区(NC)点和工业区(ZT)点采集大气PM10/PM2.5/PM1样品,并检测分析了颗粒物上的多环芳烃(PAHs)和正构烷烃。粒径分布结果显示,PAHs和正构烷烃均主要富集在PM1上,而正构烷烃富集程度更高。PAHs环数分析结果显示,PM1中主导PAHs为6环,PM1~2.5和PM2.5~10中则为4环。利用特定比值法分析PAHs来源,结果表明,生活区NC点大气颗粒物中PAHs主要来自汽油车尾气、天然气燃烧、燃煤源和烹饪源,而工业区ZT点则主要来自柴油车尾气、燃煤和木材燃烧。通过主峰碳数、碳优势指数、植物蜡贡献率等方法分析正构烷烃来源,结果表明,化石燃料燃烧是东莞市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃的主要贡献源,其次是高等植物蜡排放,贡献率约为10.9%~28.9%。化石燃料燃烧源贡献率对PM1的贡献率明显较PM1~2.5和PM2.5~10高。     

四川绵阳大气多环芳烃垂直分布特征及健康风险评价

为探究四川绵阳山区与城市大气多环芳烃(PAHs)的垂直分布特征,2021年9月16日至12月31日用大气被动采样器在观雾山6个海拔高度与绵阳电视塔5个海拔高度上开展了PAHs样品采集,并对其含量与组成进行了分析。结果表明：(1)绵阳山区与城市大气中16种PAHs的平均质量浓度分别为3.38、26.59 ng/m³。大气PAHs浓度在山区基本随海拔(682～1 680 m)升高而降低,在城市则随海拔升高先降再升又再降。(2)3环PAHs质量浓度占比最高(51.1%～73.4%),占主导地位。(3)大气中PAHs的来源主要为燃煤和交通排放。(4)绵阳大气PAHs中主要毒性物质为苯并[a]蒽。城市、山区吸入导致的超额致癌风险值分别为1.55×10^-5、2.36×10^-6,且城市为山区的6.57倍。     

台州湾五种海洋生物体内多环芳烃的浓度、富集特征及环境效应

对台州湾近海5种不同生活习性的生物体内15种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析,研究不同生物体对PAHs的富集规律,探讨生物体PAHs的积累量与栖息环境的关系.结果表明,蓝圆鲹(Decapterusmaruadsi)、红点圆趾蟹(Ovalipes punctatus)、海鳗(Muraenesox cinereus)、日本沙蚕(Nereis japomixaj)和棱鲻(Liza carimatus)体内15种PAHs的总质量浓度(∑PAHs)平均值分别为74.02、127.30、128.50、150.32、224.30 ng/g,棱鲻∑PAHs是蓝圆鲹∑PAHs的3倍,5种生物体内2环PAHs占∑PAHs的17.19%～28.89%,3环占31.74%～39.17%,4环占33.47%～44.52%,5环占1.99%～4.05%,6环占0.78%～2.50%,其中3环和4环所占的比例较高,6环最低.蓝圆鲹、棱鲻、海鳗、日本沙蚕、红点圆趾蟹对PAHs的富集系数分别为20.49、54.93、0.68、0.79、0.67,对PAHs富集系数最大的是棱鲻,最小的是红点圆趾蟹.底栖生物对高毒性的PAHs具有极强的富集能力,台州湾近海生物体内PAHs的积累量不仅与生物体自身的生活习性有关,还与其栖息环境密切相关.     

北京市典型排放源PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃成分谱特征

采用稀释通道采样系统对北京市部分污染源排放的PM_(2.5)进行了采集,用气相色谱-质谱-质谱法分析了PM_(2.5)中24种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,获得典型排放源PM_(2.5)中PAHs成分谱。结果表明,不同种类污染源排放的PAHs的组分浓度差异比较大,形成的百分浓度轮廓图有各自的特征。生物质燃烧和化石燃烧排放的PM_(2.5)中PAHs含量高于其他污染源;燃煤电厂和供暖/工业锅炉排放的PM_(2.5)中低环数的PAHs比例较高,而生物质燃烧和餐饮源则是高环数的污染物比例较高。燃烧温度高,燃烧较充分,采用布袋除尘方式的污染源排放的PAHs含量要低于其他污染源。     

某焦化厂PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃的排放特征及其对周边环境影响

为了解焦化厂在装煤过程中产生的PM_(2.5)及其周边区域空气环境PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,采用微纤维石英滤膜对PM_(2.5)采样,并通过气相色谱-质谱仪分析PM_(2.5)上负载的16种毒性较大PAHs。结果表明:焦炉装煤除尘烟气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的成分主要受到炼焦配煤的影响;布袋除尘器对装煤除尘烟气中高环PAHs的处理效果显著;焦化厂周边空气环境中PM_(2.5)中的PAHs浓度呈明显空间递减趋势。采用特征比值法分析得到该区域空气环境中PAHs主要来源于煤炭燃烧,用毒性当量法分析得到焦化厂区域PM_(2.5)中PAHs的毒性为其他区域的9~90倍,高环PAHs的毒性贡献较大。     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Degradation of Carbofuran in Water by Solar Photocatalysis in Presence of Photosensitizers

The effect of the presence of photosensitizers, methylene blue (MB) and rose Bengal (RB), on the degradation of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) in water in a solar photocatalytic system was investigated. It was found that as compared to MB, RB generally showed a stronger effect on the decomposition of carbofuran under comparable conditions. Among the conditions studied, adding 2 × 10^?6 M of RB, that corresponding to 2% of the initial concentration of carbofuran solution in the system, rendered the most effective degradation of carbofuran. As a result, a carbofuran removal percentage of 69.9%, a mineralization efficiency of 28.0%, and a microtoxicity reduction of 65.0% could be achieved. The degradation and mineralization of carbofuran was found to follow the pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decomposition mechanism of carbofuran was further investigated through identification of the intermediates to elaborate the influence of dye photosensitizer on the solar photocatalysis of carbofuran in water. On the basis of the intermediates identified, including carbofuran phenol, 3-hydroxy carbofuran phenol, and substituted alcohols (3-phenoxy 1-propanol, 2-ethyl 1-hexanol, 2-butoxyl ethanol), it appears that hydrolysis and hydroxylation were the two key mechanisms for decomposing carbofuran during the process of solar photocatalysis with the aid of dye photosensitizer.     

污水源热泵机组性能的研究

利用热泵系统回收城市污水中的热能,既开发了一种清洁能源,同时又降低了城市废热的排放,保护了环境.通过对以水源热泵为中心设备的污水热能回收与利用实验装置冬季供暖工况的实验研究,考察了热泵机组在以污水(模拟)为热源时的工作性能,测得热泵机组性能系数为2.61.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Speciation of heavy metals in estuarine sediments in the northeast of Brazil

An analytical procedure involving a three-step sequential extraction was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Cr, Mn and Fe) with the major phases (exchangable, reducible and oxidizable) in samples from a fishpond of estuarine sediments. The pond is located in the Capibaribe River estuary, within the boundaries of the city of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco in the northeast of Brazil. The total metal content was determined as well. All metals were extracted from the residual fraction at a percentage greater than 50%.