温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑颗体虫的爆发性繁殖，使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺，保持填料投配率为30％，分别在不同温度下（20，25，30℃）运行实验装置，待运行稳定后，接种红斑颗体虫，创造条件以观察红斑颗体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现，红斑颗体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖，最大种群密度分别达到383个／mL和200个／mL，同时，红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响；在温度25℃和30℃时，红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放，红斑颗体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个／mL和50个／mL可分别作为红斑颡体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志；实验也证明了红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象；用SPSS做多元线性回归分析，得出红斑颢体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

叶绿素a对活性污泥中红斑顠体虫生长特性的影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用螺旋藻和活性污泥在光照培养箱中对红斑顠体虫进行培养,通过指数拟合,得出红斑顠体虫的指数增长率和倍增时间。用螺旋藻和活性污泥单独培养,红斑顠体虫倍增时间分别可达1.44 d和2.04 d。用活性污泥和螺旋藻对红斑顠体虫进行联合培养,发现在污泥浓度为132 mg/L时,叶绿素a浓度为85.9 mg/m3时,其倍增时间为1.14 d。可见在叶绿素a、活性污泥以及两者协同影响下,都可促进红斑顠体虫的生长。     

红斑顠体虫在活性污泥中的生长特性研究

以活性污泥为研究对象,研究了污泥中红斑顠体虫的生长情况以及红斑顠体虫对污泥减量的影响.结果表明:(1)红斑顠体虫的培养温度应该保持在20℃以上.在低污泥负荷(F/M) (＜0.4 mg/(mg·d))下,红斑顠体虫均能大量出现.(2)当温度大于20℃、红斑顠体虫处于生长期的活性污泥浓度(MLSS)＞3.0 g/L时,红...     

红斑顠体虫的污泥减量效果

为了实现红斑顠体虫捕食污泥减量化,对不同条件下红斑顠体虫的污泥减量效果进行实验研究。实验结果表明：红斑顠体虫的污泥减量速率随初始MLSS及温度的增大而增大,初始MLSS越高,污泥减量速率越大。污泥减量速率随红斑顠体虫密度变化率的增大而逐渐增大,当红斑顠体虫的密度增长率出现下降时,污泥减量速率也呈下降趋势。采用间歇曝气（12 h曝气,12 h停曝）方式,红斑顠体虫的污泥减量速率会显著下降。在污泥好氧消化时,红斑顠体虫能捕食污泥中的有机碎片和细菌,达到污泥稳定化的指标要求。     

红斑体虫的污泥减量效果

为了实现红斑顠体虫捕食污泥减量化,对不同条件下红斑顠体虫的污泥减量效果进行实验研究。实验结果表明:红斑顠体虫的污泥减量速率随初始MLSS及温度的增大而增大,初始MLSS越高,污泥减量速率越大。污泥减量速率随红斑顠体虫密度变化率的增大而逐渐增大,当红斑顠体虫的密度增长率出现下降时,污泥减量速率也呈下降趋势。采用间歇曝气(12 h曝气,12 h停曝)方式,红斑顠体虫的污泥减量速率会显著下降。在污泥好氧消化时,红斑顠体虫能捕食污泥中的有机碎片和细菌,达到污泥稳定化的指标要求。     

膜生物反应器工艺中基于生物捕食作用的污泥减量效果研究

采用序批式投加剩余污泥方式,连续34d考察了膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺的污泥减量效果,研究了MBR中微型动物种类与数量的变化规律以及生物捕食作用对污泥减量效果的贡献.研究发现,MBR中出现密度较高的原生动物和后生动物共13种,其中以红斑顠体虫平均密度最高,达到了338.5个/mL；MBR在运行过程中,MBR内的微型动物呈现出“纤毛虫—轮虫—红斑顠体虫”的演替变化规律；MBR内的污泥减量效果与微型动物的种类和数量有关,在试验初始阶段,MBR内污泥质量保持相对稳定,之后随着MBR内红斑顠体虫的快速增殖,开始大量生物捕食其他原生动物和轮虫,MBR内微型动物总量降低,导致试验后期(运行约20 d后)MBR内的污泥质量迅速增加,可见保持MBR内原生动物和后生动物种类与数量的相对稳定是MBR工艺能够长期实现污泥减量的关键.整个试验期间,向MBR中投加的待处理污泥总量为126.9 g,污泥累积减少量为100.2 g,污泥总减量率为78.96％,其中生物捕食作用引起的污泥累积减少量占总的污泥累积减少量的73.9％,是MBR工艺实现污泥减量的主要贡献者.     

环境因子对南水北调泵站调节池沉积物氮释放特征的影响研究

为考察环境因子对南水北调泵站调节池沉积物氮释放的影响，通过模拟实验分析在不同温度、pH和DO条件下沉积物总氮和氨氮释放情况，并采用连续分级提取法分析释放前后沉积物可转化态氮(TTN)中不同形态氮的变化情况。结果表明：随温度升高氮释放强度增加，30℃时氨氮和总氮释放强度分别是10℃时的2.17、1.98倍；温度为10℃时离子交换态氮(IEF-N)为氮释放的主要贡献形态，温度为20℃和30℃时弱酸可提取态氮(WAEF-N)为氮释放的主要贡献形态。中性条件(pH=7.0)沉积物氮释放强度最低，酸性条件(pH=5.0)氮释放强度高于碱性条件(pH=9.0),IEF-N为酸性、碱性、中性条件下氮释放的主要贡献形态。DO为4.0 mg/L时氨氮和总氮释放强度分别是DO为9.0 mg/L时的1.32、1.42倍；DO为4.0 mg/L时IEF-N为氮释放的主要贡献形态，DO为9.0 mg/L时WAEF-N更易释放。     

两种一体式全程自养脱氮反应器的启动与运行特征对比

针对采用一体式全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺的活性污泥反应器和移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)进行了超过400 d的考察，并对两者的运行特征进行了比较。结果显示，活性污泥CANON反应器经过长期运行，内部的污泥絮体首先聚集形成了生物膜，生物膜经刮擦脱落后可进一步形成颗粒污泥；转化形成的颗粒污泥系统对氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为97.6%和81.8%。在MBBR中，系统对氨氮和总氮的去除受曝气的制约，平均值分别为87.0%和72.9%;另外由于生物膜的保护，长期运行后亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)将难以被抑制。反应器微生物群落组成结构显示，生物膜中的氨氧化菌(AOB)、NOB和厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)相对丰度分别为5.66%、2.99%和21.10%,而颗粒污泥中这3种功能菌的相对丰度分别为7.62%、0.34%和6.85%。     

悬浮填料缺氧成膜过程及其强化TN去除效能

温度和碳源是影响污水处理厂反硝化脱氮效果的2个重要因素,通过对SPR-1型悬浮填料缺氧挂膜,并分别对活性污泥系统、悬浮填料系统和悬浮填料+活性污泥复合系统的反硝化效果及温度和碳源对脱氮的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:利用好氧预挂膜结合快速排泥法,能在30 d内完成缺氧挂膜,填料附着生物量达40.4 mg VSS/g载体;投加悬浮填料可增强复合系统在低温和低碳源条件下的反硝化能力。在填充率为20%的复合系统中,当温度为7、15、20和25℃时,反硝化速率分别提高42.9%、31.1%、21.4%和10.5%,硝酸盐去除率在7、15、20℃条件下分别提高了58.1%、9.8%和3.8%;当温度在(20±1)℃,C/N为1、2、3和6时,复合系统反硝化速率均高于活性污泥系统,硝酸盐去除率分别提高145.8%、81.5%、16.3%和6.1%。在低温和低碳源条件下利用悬浮填料强化活性污泥系统反硝化效果更为显著。     

处理畜禽废水的序批式生物膜反应器中的细菌多样性

采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理畜禽废水,在室温(9～18℃)下,采用8 h/周期、交替停曝气的模式运行,控制曝气阶段DO浓度在2 mg/L,可实现明显的亚硝酸盐积累,氨氮及总氮的去除率分别可达(95.1±0.8)%和(87.2±0.6)%。为揭示SBBR中细菌种群构成及其动态变化规律,采用PCR-DGGE技术进行了细菌多样性分析,并构建了系统发育树,结果表明:与接种污泥相比,驯化期生物膜中细菌种群丰富度未发生明显变化,运行期交替曝气、停曝模式有助于提高生物膜中细菌的多样性指数,但受运行模式及氨氮负荷变化影响,运行期氨氧化菌多样性指数略低于驯化期;生物膜内存在一些具有反硝化功能的变形菌和特殊的氨氧化细菌,在本实验条件下未发现厌氧氨氧化菌,说明主要脱氮机理为同时短程硝化反硝化。     

Effects of Mn(II) and Fe(II) on microbial removal of arsenic (III)

Goal, scope, and background  Arsenic contamination in groundwater creates severe health problems in the world. There are many physiochemical and biological methods available for remediation of arsenic from groundwater. Among them, microbial remediation could be taken as one of the least expensive methods, though it takes longer treatment time. The main objective of this research was to study the improvement on remediation by addition of some essential ion salts such as Mn and Fe. Materials and methods   Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Escherichia coli were taken as model microbes from Dhulikhel, 30 km east from Kathmandu, Nepal. Results and discussion  Microbes used in this study showed different abilities in their removal of As(III) with and without addition of Mn and Fe salts. The trend of remediation increased with time. S. aureus was found to be the best among the microbes used. It showed almost 100% removal after 48-h culture, both with and without Fe and Mn salts. Rate of removal of As increased with addition of Fe and Mn for all microbes. Removal efficiency was found to increase by about 32% on average after addition of salts in 24-h cultures of S. aureus.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Bioindicators for toxicity assesment of effluents from a wastewater treatment plant

The discharge of effluents and toxic compounds into aquatic systems represents a growing environmental problem involving an impact on water ecology and potential effect on human health. Most municipal wastewaters are complex mixtures; their complexity led as to carry out a hazard assessment using chemical analyses and biological tests.This study investigates biochemical alteratiobns in two sentinel organisms, the Anodonta cygnea mussel and the Xenopus laevis frog exposed for different lengths of time to various concentrartion of wastewater of the S. Antonino Ticino treatment plant. The results point out the long-life of toxic compounds.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸铜作用研究

为研究氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f)对铜浸出的作用,从某煤堆积水中分离得到A.f菌,利用该菌对铜进行浸出实验,设置3个处理,3个处理的浸出液分别为9 K培养基(简称S),成熟菌液(简称MS)和过滤除菌液(简称FS)。结果表明,3个处理中铜都得到了浸出,浸出铜浓度按S、FS和MS依次递增分别为4 433、5 377和6 296 mg/L;浸出初期,MS中的铜,浸出速度最快,过滤除菌液中次之,而培养基中的速度比较稳定,比前两者均慢,24 h后三者浸铜速度趋近一致;三者中pH、Eh变化相似,pH均先升高至3.4左右保持相对稳定,Eh均先迅速下降至280 mV后保持稳定。由实验可知,氧化亚铁硫杆菌主要在浸出初期促进了铜的浸出,且菌液中溶解氧氧化Fe2+以及酸性条件下氧化Cu0对铜的浸出作用不容忽视。     

利用发光菌和大型蚤对北方某城市再生水急性毒性的调查

利用发光菌和大型蚤作为受试生物测定了北方某城市5个再生水原水(城市污水厂二级出水)和2个再生水处理系统的各工艺出水的急性毒性.结果表明,各再生水原水对大型蚤和发光菌具有不同程度的毒性效应,其中工业废水占较大比例的K和B厂再生水原水的大型蚤48 h总抑制率分别高达90%和100%,发光菌发光抑制率分别达到74.2%和46...     

不同质量浓度黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用简

分别采用黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法研究了不同质量浓度黄菖蒲、狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用。结果表明，黄菖蒲在质量浓度大于10 g/L时对初始密度为1.0×10⁷ ind/mL的铜绿微囊藻具有较好的抑制作用，表现为黄菖蒲质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时，第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为30.1%、51.8%和84.0%；狭叶香蒲在质量浓度大于20 g/L时对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用，表现为狭叶香蒲质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L时，第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为34.2%和77.7%，实验过程中，铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含量逐渐减少，而藻密度、SOD活性及MDA含量先增加后逐渐降低，表明经过一段时间持续地化感胁迫，黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲可以诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫，导致细胞结构严重损伤和叶绿素大量分解，从而强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。     

隐孢子虫3种检测方法比较

为建立一套行之有效的隐孢子虫灭活效果评价方法，在构建鸡源隐孢子虫C. baileyi动物模型的基础上，选用3种检测方法（抗酸染色、饱和蔗糖悬浮镜检和荧光检测），对鸡源隐孢子虫进行镜检、数量统计，并比较3种方法的优劣及适用范围。结果显示：荧光染色法具有最佳的检测效率（检出数量为改良抗酸染色法，饱和蔗糖悬浮镜检法的2.1和2.6倍；检测时间为120 min），并能够进行隐孢子虫的活性鉴定，可以作为饮用水消毒剂灭活隐孢子虫的评定方法，是一种高效、简便、较为廉价，并具有较大发展前景的检测方法。     

Inductive potency of TCDD, TBDD and three 2,3,7,8-mixed-halogenated dioxins in liver microsomes of male rats. Enzyme kinetic considerations

The enzyme inducing potency of single doses of three 2,3,7,8-substituted mixed halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins was investigated and compared with 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TBDD. All substances showed a quite similar potency for EROD induction. The use of a substrate concentration of 0.5 μM ethoxyresorufin is strongly recommended.     

Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore

In order to evaluate the effects on the marine ecosystem caused by an eventual discharge into sea of water based drilling fluids, as current legislation allows, chemical and ecotoxicological analyses were performed on the most common drilling muds and products used in Italian off-shore activities. The chemical analysis on drilling fluids involved the leaching test and the measurement of total content of heavy metals, whereas biodegradation tests were performed on the products used in mud's formulations. As for ecotoxicological evaluation, two marine organisms, the crustacean Artemia salina and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, were selected to determine the LC₅₀ and the EC₅₀ respectively.     

不同水温下鲴鱼对铜绿微囊藻的控制作用及对水质的影响

在室内受控模拟条件下开展实验,研究了在19、23、27、31、35℃5个水温梯度下鲴鱼对铜绿微囊藻和水质的影响。研究结果表明,在不同水温下,鲴鱼对铜绿微囊藻具有较强的控制作用,实验结束时铜绿微囊藻密度减少至初始密度的18%~30%,摄食率和消化率分别为6.83×104~8.32×104cells/(g·d)、93%~98%;叶绿素a的去除率为68%~88%;实验组TP、TN去除率分别为22%~25%、20%~38%,对照组的分别为80%~94%、28%~40%。对照组NH+4-N浓度变化很小(0.071~0.073 mg/L),而实验组氨氮浓度显著增大(2.222~3.645 mg/L),分别为初始值的31、34、42、51和46倍。