活性染料K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在椰壳活性炭上的脱色性能

开展椰壳活性炭对活性染料K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R的吸附脱色研究。发现K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在该型活性炭上的吸附脱色率均随初始pH值的降低、温度的升高、染料初始浓度的降低、活性炭用量的增加以及NaCl盐度的增加而增加。在pH=7和T=25℃下,K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R在活性炭上的等温吸附规律符合Langmuir模型方程,最大饱和吸附量Qmax分别为263.15、256.41和250 mg/g,吸附自由能△G298 K分别为-10.632、-3.783和-2.805 kJ/mol;该条件下K-2BP、KN-B和KN-R的动力学吸附规律均符合准一级动力学吸附方程。等温吸附研究和吸附动力学研究均表明,相同条件下3种活性染料在该型活性炭上的吸附效果由高到低的顺序为:K-2BP>KN-B>KN-R。     

氨基功能化碳材料的水热制备及其对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能

以葡萄糖为前驱物,以氨水或谷氨酸为添加物,通过一步水热法制备出氨基功能化碳材料,并研究了这些碳材料对活性艳红K-2BP的吸附性能。结果表明,在葡萄糖水热过程中加入不同添加物可以得到不同形貌的碳材料(从微球到不规则形状)。当以只有葡萄糖为前驱物制备的碳微球作为K-2BP的吸附剂时,其对K-2BP的最大吸附量为6.28 mg/g。当在水热体系中加入氨水和谷氨酸作为共聚物后,两者会产生协同作用,使得到的碳材料对K-2BP的吸附性能大大提高,最大吸附量达到37.0 mg/g。单纯的葡萄糖水热体系得到的碳微球对K-2BP的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线,而氨基功能化的碳材料对K-2BP的吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程符合准一级动力学模型。低的溶液pH有利于K-2BP的吸附。     

聚醚砜/改性凹凸棒杂化微球对双酚A的吸附性能

以酸热、有机改性凹凸棒和聚醚砜为原料,利用液-液分离技术制备了聚醚砜/改性凹凸棒毫米级杂化微球。利用扫描电镜和比表面仪分析所制杂化微球表观特征。实验探讨了改性凹凸棒掺杂比和溶液pH对杂化微球吸附双酚A效果的影响,并深入研究了吸附动力学和热力学原理。实验结果表明:杂化微球对双酚A的吸附性能受pH影响较小;相比纯聚醚砜微球,掺杂后的杂化微球对双酚A吸附量从1.97μmol·g~(-1)提升到11.80μmol·g~(-1);吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型。根据Langmuir模型计算可知,25℃时杂化微球最大吸附量为116.28μmol·g~(-1)。5次乙醇再生后,杂化微球对双酚A的去除依然保持在95%以上。杂化微球作为吸附剂在水处理中具有潜在应用价值。     

鸡蛋壳废料对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特征与机理

利用鸡蛋壳废料对水中的Cr(Ⅵ)进行吸附处理,研究溶液p H、振荡时间、投加量和温度对鸡蛋壳废料吸附水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的特征和吸附机理。结果表明,在含有1 mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液的100 m L吸附体系中,鸡蛋壳废料可在30 min内完成吸附过程。溶液p H=2.5时,吸附量最大。鸡蛋壳投加量为1.0 g时,平衡吸附容量为0.0917 mg/g。利用鸡蛋壳去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳工艺参数为振荡时间30 min,初始p H为3.0,投加量2.0 g,体系温度35℃。鸡蛋壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程用Langmiur和Freundlich方程能较好拟合,其中理论饱和吸附量在20℃、30℃和40℃时分别为0.1944、0.2034和0.2096 mg/g。吸附的焓变为8.76×10-3k J/mol,熵变为-45.96 J/(mol·K),吉布斯自由能变均为正值,变化范围是4.357~9.693 k J/mol。鸡蛋壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程主要为物理性的单分子层和多分子层吸附。     

羟基氧化铝吸附去除六价铬

以水合氧化铝和氢氧化铝聚团微球作为前躯体制备羟基氧化铝,并研究自制羟基氧化铝对水中六价铬的吸附性能。实验考察了吸附过程中溶液pH、羟基氧化铝投加量、吸附时间、温度以及离子强度对吸附效果的影响。研究结果表明,在pH=7,温度25℃,吸附剂剂量为2 g/L、初始浓度为10 mg/L的六价铬最大去除率为97.6%,吸附平衡时间为60min。同时羟基氧化铝吸附六价铬的吸附符合Freundlich和Temkin吸附模型,吸附动力学适合伪二级动力学模型。     

聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸)复合磁性微球的吸附性能

以共沉淀法制备纳米Fe3O4,通过分散聚合法制备了磁性聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸)(Fe3O4@P(St-MMA))微球,采用光学显微镜、红外光谱、样品磁力振荡计和X射线衍射(XRD)对磁性微球进行了表征。考察了复合磁性微球在不同的p H、离子强度和吸附时间等条件下对其吸附性能的影响,运用吸附动力学和吸附等温线研究了磁性微球对亚甲基蓝的表面吸附机理。结果表明,制备的磁性微球粒径在100~200μm之间,表面含有羧基,饱和磁化强度为9.44 emu/g,在外加磁场的作用下能够快速分离出来。亚甲基蓝的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,在100 min内基本达到吸附平衡;25℃下,最大吸附量高达144.9 mg/g,且吸附随着p H值的升高而增加,当p H7时,吸附量基本不变;随着离子强度增加,吸附量逐渐下降;Langmuir等温线能比较好地拟合磁性微球对溶液中亚甲基蓝的吸附。     

La2O3/ZnO/TiO2光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La2O3/ZnO/TiO2复合光催化剂,以紫外灯为光源,活性艳红K-2BP为模型降解物,研究了La2O3/ZnO/TiO2的光催化性能.结果表明:当锌和镧的掺杂量w(zno)=20%,w(La2O3)=0.5%,煅烧温度为500℃时,La2O3/ZnO/TiO2复合光催化剂的光催化活件最高;当催化荆投加量4 g/L,通气量800 mL/min,初始pH值3.12时,La2O3/ZnO/TiO2对活性艳红K-2BP的降解效果最好.实验证明.La2O3/ZnO/TiO2对活性艳红K-2BP的降解遵从Lang-muir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,测得其反应速率常数k=11.5 mg/(L·min);吸附常数K=2.88×10-2L/mg.     

颗粒活性炭吸附去除尿中药活性化合物（PhACs）

研究了多组分背景下2种煤质颗粒状活性炭D1220、R08S对人尿中4种药活性化合物（PhACs）（1 mg/L）——苯扎贝特（BEZ）、卡马西平（CAR）、布洛芬（IBU）和美托洛尔（MET）——的吸附去除。结果表明,D1220（R08S）对4种PhAC的吸附均符合Freundlich等温式,均为优惠吸附;D1220（R08S）对各PhAC的吸附作用强弱顺序为BEZ〉CAR〉MET〉IBU（BEZ〉CAR〉IBU〉MET）;PhACs平衡浓度小于3.01（0.91）μg/L时,D1220（R08S）对4种PhACs中的BEZ的吸附性能最好,平衡浓度大于3.01（1.93）μg/L时,D1220（R08S）则对MET的吸附性能最好;活性炭投加量为2 g/L时,D1220（R08S）对4种PhAC的去除率均在88%以上;总体吸附性能D1220优于R08S。     

盐酸和硝酸介质中己二胺接枝壳聚糖微球吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的行为

制备并表征了氯化和氨化壳聚糖微球,考察了己二胺接枝壳聚糖微球(HDA-CS)在盐酸和硝酸介质中吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的行为及影响因素。结果表明,盐酸介质中,pH 3.0时,HDA-CS对Hg(Ⅱ)有较高的初始吸附速率,最大吸附容量为128.6 mg/g;硝酸介质中,pH 3.5时,它对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量为37.7 mg/g。前者是后者的3.4倍。以1.0 mol/L的H2SO4为解吸剂,HDA-CS复用3次无溶解和流失现象。HDA-CS对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附主要是质子化氨基与汞配阴离子以静电引力实现的。     

麦秆对水中扑草净的吸附性能研究

农业秸秆富含纤维素、木质素等组分,是良好的吸附材料。采用麦秆作为吸附剂,其对浮油及溶解油具有良好吸附效果。选用麦秆为吸附剂,探究其对扑草净的吸附效果。主要考察麦秆粒径、投加量、振荡频率、扑草净初始质量浓度4种因素对吸附的影响,研究麦秆对扑草净的吸附等温线和吸附动力学过程,并采用正交实验对影响吸附的因素进行优化。结果表明:(1)麦秆可有效降低废水中扑草净浓度,在振荡频率150r/min、麦秆粒径250~500μm、投加量0.500 0g、吸附300min时,扑草净初始质量浓度由5.20mg/L降至3.22mg/L,去除率为38.08%。(2)单因素吸附平衡实验表明,随麦秆粒径增加(150~4 000μm),其比表面积减小,平衡吸附量随之减小,麦秆粒径150~250μm时平衡吸附量为0.192 0 mg/g,显著大于1 700~4 000μm时的平衡吸附量(0.059 3mg/g);随麦秆投加量增加(0.100 0~1.000 0g),去除率随之提高,平衡吸附量与之相反,0.100 0g投加量时平衡吸附量为0.222 0mg/g;随着振荡频率加剧,麦秆在水中扩散增强,与扑草净碰撞几率增加,振荡频率250r/min时平衡吸附量为0.191 0mg/g;随扑草净初始质量浓度增加(1.03~6.18mg/L),平衡吸附量随之增加,初始质量浓度为6.18mg/L,平衡吸附量为0.226 0mg/g。(3)分别以Henry型、Langmuir型、Freundlich型吸附等温式进行拟合,资料表明,以Henry型吸附等温式较适宜描述该吸附过程。(4)采用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、Elovich经验方程、颗粒内扩散方程分析吸附动力学过程,以伪二级动力学方程较符合。(5)在振荡频率为150r/min、初始质量浓度为2.00mg/L、麦秆粒径为250~500μm、投加量为0.700 0g时,扑草净最佳去除率为47.80%。     

苯酚分子印迹聚合物的合成、表征及吸附性能研究

以苯酚为模板,2-Vpy为功能单体,EGDMA为交联剂,采用本体聚合方式在氯仿溶剂中合成了一系列分子印迹聚合物,并通过静态吸附实验对聚合物的选择吸附性进行评价.结果显示,以氯仿作为致孔剂,模板分子与功能单体的摩尔比为1∶2时,聚合物对模板分子的印迹因子为3.96,最大表现结合量(Qmax)为120.7 mmol/g,具...     

Monitoring Deposition of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in a High-Elevation Forest Canopy

Measurements of airborne (gaseous and aerosol), cloud water, and precipitation concentrations of nitrogen compounds were made at Mt. Mitchell State Park (Mt. Gibbs, ~2006 m MSL), North Carolina, during May through September of 1988 and 1989, An annular denuder system was used to ascertain gaseous (nitric acid, nitrous acid, and ammonia) and particulate (nitrate and ammonium) nitrogen species, and a chemiluminescence nitrogen oxides analyzer was used to measure nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide. Measurements of NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ ions in cloud and rain water samples were made during the same time period. Mean concentrations of gaseous nitric acid, nitrous acid, and ammonia were 1.14 μg/m³, 0.3 μg/m³, and 0.62 μg/m³ for 1988, and 1.40 μg/m³,0.3 μg/m³, and 1.47 μg/m³ for 1989, respectively. Fine particulate nitrate and ammonium ranged from 0.02 to 0.21 μg/m³ and 0.01 to 4.72 μg/m³ for 1988, and 0.1 to 0.78 μg/m³ and 0.24 to 2.32 μg/m³ for 1989, respectively. The fine aerosol fraction was dominated by ammonium sulfate particles. Mean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium ions in cloud water samples were 238 and 214 μmol/l in 1988, and 135 and 147 μmol/l in 1989, respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of NO₃ and NH₄ ⁺ in precipitation were 26.4 and 14.0 μmol/l in 1988, and 16.6 and 15.2 μmol/l in 1989, respectively. The mean total nitrogen deposition due to wet, dry, and cloud deposition processes was estimated as ~30 and ~40 kg N/ha/year (i.e., ~10 and ~13 kg N/ha/growing season) for 1988 and 1989. Based on an analytical analysis, deposition to the forest canopy due to cloud interception, precipitation, and dry deposition processes was found to contribute ~60, ~20, and ~20 percent, respectively, of the total nitrogen deposition.     

Treatment of wastewater from red and tropical fruit wine production by zeolite anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A study of the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters derived from red (RWWW) and tropical fruit wine (TFWWW) production was carried out in four laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors with natural zeolite as bacterial support. These reactors operated at mesophilic temperature (35 degrees C). Reactors R1 and R2 contained Chilean natural zeolite, while reactors R3 and R4 used Cuban natural zeolite as microorganism support. In addition, reactors R1 and R3 processed RWWW, while reactors R2 and R4 used TFWWW as substrate. The biomass concentration attached to zeolites in the four reactors studied was found to be in the range of 44-46 g volatile solids (VS)/L after 90 days of operation time. Both types of zeolites can be used indistinctly in the fluidized bed reactors achieving more than 80%-86% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals for organic loading rates (OLR) of up to at least 20 g COD/L d. pH values remained within the optimal range for anaerobic microorganisms for OLR values of up to 20 and 22 g COD/L d for RWWW and TFWWW, respectively. Toxicity and inhibition levels were observed at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d in reactors R1 and R3 while processing RWWW, whereas the aforementioned inhibitory phenomena were not observed at an OLR of 24 g COD/L d in R2 and R4, treating TFWWW as a consequence of the lower phenolic compound content present in this substrate. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels were always lower in reactors processing TFWWW (R2 and R4) and these values (< 400 mg/L, as acetic acid) were lower than the suggested limits for digester failure. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was twice as high in reactors R2 and R4 than in R1 and R3 after 120 days of operation when all reactors operated at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d.     

Sorption and mobility of dithiopyr in golf course greens rooting medium

Sorption and mobility of dithiopyr in golf course greens rooting medium (RM) were studied. The sorption increased from 20 to 27 degrees C at 24 h after treatment (HAT) and reached equilibrium in 48 HAT at 20 degrees C. The sorption isotherms had Freundlich values (KF) of 1122, 27.44 to 35.16, and 0.053 to 0.168 for peat moss, the RM, and quartz sand, respectively, and solid to aqueous phase partition coefficients (Kd) of 470 to 1706 L/kg, 14.61 to 84.4 L/kg, and 0.07 to 0.29 L/kg for peat moss, RM, and quartz sand, respectively. Generally, higher dithiopyr concentration in the aqueous solution and the reduced pH of the solution corresponded to the higher Kd values. The average values for dispersion (D, cm2/min), retardation coefficient (R), beta, and omega parameters for solute transport in the RM lysimeter; obtained from CXTFIT curve fitting of Br- breakthrough curves; were 0.95, 1.01, 1, and 93.89, respectively. After elutriation by 18 L of aqueous KNO3 (10 mM), greater than 90% of the added dithiopyr remained in the top 10 cm of the RM lysimeter and no detectable dithiopyr was present at depths beyond 35 cm. The lysimeter effluent contained dithiopyr at concentrations less than 3.5 microg/L. The R value obtained from CXFIT curve fitting is 38.5. Results from both sorption and mobility experiments indicated that dithiopyr is quite immobile in golf course greens RM and has minimal potential for movement into surface water drainage or ground water.     

Treatment of wastewater from red and tropical fruit wine production by zeolite anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A study of the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters derived from red (RWWW) and tropical fruit wine (TFWWW) production was carried out in four laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors with natural zeolite as bacterial support. These reactors operated at mesophilic temperature (35°C). Reactors R1 and R2 contained Chilean natural zeolite, while reactors R3 and R4 used Cuban natural zeolite as microorganism support. In addition, reactors R1 and R3 processed RWWW, while reactors R2 and R4 used TFWWW as substrate. The biomass concentration attached to zeolites in the four reactors studied was found to be in the range of 44–46 g volatile solids (VS)/L after 90 days of operation time. Both types of zeolites can be used indistinctly in the fluidized bed reactors achieving more than 80%–86% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals for organic loading rates (OLR) of up to at least 20 g COD/L d. pH values remained within the optimal range for anaerobic microorganisms for OLR values of up to 20 and 22 g COD/L d for RWWW and TFWWW, respectively. Toxicity and inhibition levels were observed at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d in reactors R1 and R3 while processing RWWW, whereas the aforementioned inhibitory phenomena were not observed at an OLR of 24 g COD/L d in R2 and R4, treating TFWWW as a consequence of the lower phenolic compound content present in this substrate. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels were always lower in reactors processing TFWWW (R2 and R4) and these values (< 400 mg/L, as acetic acid) were lower than the suggested limits for digester failure. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was twice as high in reactors R2 and R4 than in R1 and R3 after 120 days of operation when all reactors operated at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d.     

Highly effective removal of 2,4-dinitrophenolic from surface water and wastewater samples using hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers

Novel hydrophilic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high adsorption capacity were used as the sorbents to remove 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) from surface water and wastewater samples. Kinetic studies, dynamic adsorption and selectivity experiments of hydrophilic MIPs were investigated in this study. The results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity of 2,4-DNP on hydrophilic MIPs was 138.9 mg g^?1 and kinetic experimental data were described by the pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, the effects of flow rate, initial concentration, pH value, and humic acid on the removal efficiency of 2,4-DNP were optimized. Compared with the active carbon, carbon nanotube, C18 sorbents and common MIPs, the removal efficiency of hydrophilic MIPs (100 mg) was very high with all above 92 % even though the sampling volume was more than 1 L. Investigated results of five times adsorption–desorption cycles indicated hydrophilic MIPs were high stability. In a word, the obtained results demonstrated that hydrophilic MIPs could be used as the effective sorbents for 2,4-DNP removal in practical application.     

组合工艺去除垃圾渗滤液中的DBP和DEHP

探讨了采用实验室规模的生物处理组合工艺(上流式厌氧污泥床+曝气生物滤池+缺氧反应器+膜生物反应器,UASB+BAF+ANO+MBR)处理垃圾渗滤液过程中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DE-HP)两种内分泌干扰物在各工艺段的去除效率和机理。测定结果表明,对于DBP和DEHP浓度分别为164.4μg/L和215.0μg/L的原水,总出水浓度分别降至11.8μg/L和10.4μg/L,去除率分别达到92.9%和95.2%,处理效果良好。其中DBP在处理工艺中逐级降解,主要是微生物的降解作用。MBR是DEHP的主要去除工艺段,去除比例达到56.6%,膜截留效果明显。采用生物处理组合工艺可实现对垃圾渗滤液中DBP和DEHP的同时高效去除。