超声波/紫外线一体化反应器用于污水消毒的中试研究

采用自行设计的超声波/紫外线一体化推流式反应器对污水厂二级出水进行消毒实验,考察了超声波协同紫外线消毒的消毒效率以及对消毒过程对水质和紫外灯管结垢的影响。结果表明:超声波协同紫外线消毒可以强化单独紫外线的消毒效率,且超声波功率密度越大,水力停留时间越长,消毒效果越好;当超声波功率密度为70 W·L-1,水力停留时间60 s时,粪大肠杆菌的对数去除率可以达到3.85 log,比单独紫外消毒增加了40.7%。同时,超声波协同紫外线消毒还可以降低紫外灯管的结垢速率。虽然超声波的引入会对水质(COD、UV254和浊度)产生轻微波动,但是并不影响出水水质。     

紫外线杀菌效能的研究

自来水的消毒目前普遍采用氯及含氯化合物药剂，消毒过程中产生三卤甲烷等致癌或致突变物质，从而造成水体的二次污染，许多国家已经禁止在消毒中使用含氯药剂。因此，具有安全可靠高效杀菌作用的紫外线消毒技术逐渐发展起来，并越来越受到人们的关注。但是紫外线的使用也有一定的限制，通过紫外线照射时间及进水浊度的变化，研究了具有一定照射强度的紫外灯的杀菌效能变化，并得出了紫外线具有最佳杀菌效果的进水极限浊度和照射时间。同时还研究了紫外线对具有不同抗性的细菌的系灭效率，为饮用水和污水的消毒处理提供了实验基础。     

炼化企业中水紫外线消毒及其影响因素

研究水质对254 nm紫外线透射率的影响,通过动态实验考察了照射时间、254 nm紫外线透射率以及紫外线剂量对炼化企业中水消毒效果的影响并同时考察异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的光复活及暗修复现象。结果表明,有机物是影响炼化企业中水紫外线消毒的重要因素;紫外线对炼化企业中水中的异养菌具有良好的灭活作用;增加照射时间对消毒效果的提升作用受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;紫外线透射率在较低的范围内时对消毒效果的影响相对较大,在较高的范围内时影响较小;紫外线剂量-响应曲线受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;剂量的"成分",即照射时间和透射率的不同组合,也会对消毒效果产生影响;在80 mJ/cm2的剂量下,20 h内异养菌出现了较强烈的光复活和暗修复现象,铁细菌仅出现了明显的光复活现象,硫酸盐还原菌没有表现出明显的复活。     

炼化企业中水紫外线消毒及其影响因素简

研究水质对254 nm紫外线透射率的影响，通过动态实验考察了照射时间、254 nm紫外线透射率以及紫外线剂量对炼化企业中水消毒效果的影响并同时考察异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的光复活及暗修复现象。结果表明，有机物是影响炼化企业中水紫外线消毒的重要因素；紫外线对炼化企业中水中的异养菌具有良好的灭活作用；增加照射时间对消毒效果的提升作用受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响；紫外线透射率在较低的范围内时对消毒效果的影响相对较大，在较高的范围内时影响较小；紫外线剂量-响应曲线受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响；剂量的“成分”，即照射时间和透射率的不同组合，也会对消毒效果产生影响；在80 mJ/cm²的剂量下，20 h内异养菌出现了较强烈的光复活和暗修复现象，铁细菌仅出现了明显的光复活现象，硫酸盐还原菌没有表现出明显的复活。     

磁载TiO2光催化剂处理喷漆废水的影响因素及动力学特性

为探讨光催化技术对喷漆废水的处理能力,采用酸溶胶法制备了既具有较强光催化性能又能够回收的磁载TiO_2光催化剂,研究其在紫外光照射下处理喷漆废水的影响因素及动力学特性。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对光催化剂的微观形貌和结晶特点进行分析,发现磁载TiO_2光催化剂呈球形并具有较好的结晶度。当喷漆废水的COD初始质量浓度为3 280mg/L、初始pH为9、温度为50℃、光催化剂投加量为6g/L、光催化时间为480min时,COD去除率接近80%。光催化降解过程符合准一级动力学,遵循Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型。当喷漆废水COD初始质量浓度为1 300mg/L时,光催化剂经过6次循环使用,其回收率和COD去除率仍分别可达到85%和82%。     

紫外-氯顺序灭活地下水源水中真菌的效能

以地下水源水中真菌为研究对象,研究了单独紫外线灭活、单独氯灭活以及紫外线-氯顺序灭活的灭菌效果,同时对单独消毒剂灭活进行了动力学研究,确定了其动力学参数。结果表明:单独紫外线灭活时,在相同紫外剂量(I·t)下,高紫外强度(I)下真菌的灭活效果优于低紫外强度的灭活效果;紫外线灭活符合一级光化学反应,其速率常数k为0.044~0.077 cm2·(m W·s)~(-1)。单独氯灭活时,氯浓度2.0 mg·L~(-1),作用30 min,真菌灭活率达到95%;氯衰减符合一级衰减模型,即氯灭活真菌符合一级动力学反应,其速率常数k为0.056~0.081 L·(mg·s)~(-1)。紫外线-氯顺序灭活时,高紫外剂量-低加氯量可以达到低紫外剂量-高加氯量的灭活效果;真菌完全灭活时,紫外剂量从5 m J·cm~(-2)增加到30 m J·cm~(-2),加氯量可降低1~2 mg·L~(-1),减少了消毒副产物的生成量,降低了生态环境风险;紫外线与氯顺序灭活具有协同效应。     

竹丝生物膜法和生态床组合工艺废水处理的试验研究

研究了竹丝生物膜法和生态床组合工艺处理模拟废水,讨论了该组合工艺对模拟废水中COD、氨氮和浊度的去除效果,着重讨论了生态床处理效果的影响因子。试验结果表明,竹丝生物膜法能很好地去除COD、氨氮和浊度等,在水温为9.0～10.5℃、水力停留时间为5.0h、进水COD为98.78～222.69mg/L、氨氮为5.46～12.97mg/L、浊度为26.42～59.84NTU时,出水COD为11.53～20.38mg/L,氨氮为0.42～0.86mg/L,浊度为12.38～17.30NTU。竹丝生物膜法出水再经过简易的生态床工艺,生态床出水COD为9.59～18.84mg/L,氨氮为0.43～0.90mg/L,浊度为6.77～14.15NTU;在此过程中发现,生态床中的鱼类对浊度和COD的去除均有明显效果,而光合作用对生态床COD的去除有促进作用,但是生态床对氨氮浓度却有升高作用。     

不溶性淀粉黄原酸盐聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物除铜降浊研究

分别以含Cu2 模拟废水和电镀废水为对象,研究了不溶性淀粉黄原酸盐聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物(ISXA)去除Cu2 和降低浊度的能力.论述了该药剂去除Cu2 和降低浊度的优点和机理,探讨了去除Cu 2 的影响因素,如投药量、pH和反应时间.试验表明:(1)对于电镀废水,在5.5倍理论投药量、pH为5.0、反应10 min的条件下,Cu2 去除率为98.89%;当pH≥7时,含Cu2 残渣稳定;在2 mol/L的盐酸和硝酸溶液中浸泡6 h含Cu2 残渣,Cu2 回收率为93.08%;(2)对于含Cu2 模拟废水,在4.5倍理论投药量、pH为5.0、反应10 min的条件下,Cu2 去除率可达99.14%,除Cu2 和降浊存在协同作用.     

ABR - MBR处理纺织废水

采用ABR-MBR工艺对纺织印染废水进行试验研究,在废水COD为476～980mg/L、BOD5为113～392mg/L、色度为140～290倍、浊度为45～107 NTU时,相应的出水指标分别为22.7 mg/L、5.3 mg/L、20.2倍、0.89 NTU,其水质达到建设部颁布的<生活杂用水水质标准>(CJ25.1-89).     

A/O一体化曝气生物滤池降解酱油废水的研究

针对组分复杂、色度较高的酱油废水,采用A/O一体化曝气生物滤池进行处理,研究了该反应器处理酱油废水的运行参数及降解动力学.结果表明:采用以废弃物煤渣为主的混合填料,能有效去除废水中的有机物和色度.当水力负荷为1.12 m3/(m2·h),容积负荷为0.15～0.43 kg COD/(m3·d)的条件下,反应器的COD去除率能维持在75%～85%之间,色度去除率均在80%以上,最高达到了93.3%;当容积负荷小于0.27 kg COD/(m3·d)时,出水的各项指标能达到(GB8978-1996)的一级排放标准.根据试验结果,反应器O段的降解动力学可表达为Se/S0=exp(-1.0125H).     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.     

Impact of spiked concentrations of Cd,Pb, As and Zn in growth medium on elemental uptake of Nasturtium officinale (Watercress)

This study is aimed at investigating the impact of water quality on the uptake and distribution of three non-essential and toxic elements, namely, As, Cd and Pb in the watercress plant to assess for metal toxicity. The plant was hydroponically cultivated under greenhouse conditions, with the growth medium being spiked with varying concentrations of As, Cd and Pb. Plants that were harvested weekly for elemental analysis showed physiological and morphological symptoms of toxicity on exposure to high concentrations of Cd and Pb. Plants exposed to high concentrations of As did not survive and the threshold for As uptake in watercress was established at 5 ppm. Translocation factors were low in all cases as the toxic elements accumulated more in the roots of the plant than the edible leaves. The impact of Zn on the uptake of toxic elements was also evaluated and Zn was found to have an antagonistic effect on uptake of both Cd and Pb with no notable effect on uptake of As. The findings indicate that phytotoxicity or death of the watercress plant would prevent it from being a route of human exposure to high concentrations of As, Cd and Pb in the environment.     

Butyltin compounds in sediment and fish from the Polish Coast of the Baltic Sea

Concentrations of mono- (MBT), di- (DBT), and tri-(TBT) butyltin compounds were measured in eggs, liver, and muscle of nine species of fish from four regions of the Baltic Sea - the Firth of Vistula, the Gulf of Gdańsk, Puck Bay, and the mouth of the Vistula River. The overall concentration ranges among all the fish sampled from the four sites were: < 7 to 79 ng/g for MBT, 6 to 1100 ng/g for DBT, 7 to 3600 ng/g for TBT, and 16 to 4800 ng/g for total BTs, on a wet wt basis. The highest concentration of total BTs was found in herring liver from the Firth of Vistula (4800 ng/g, wet wt) and in roach muscle from Puck Bay (3300 ng/g, wet wt), while the least concentration was found in burbot eggs and liver from the Vistula River (39 and 32 ng/g, wet wt, respectively). TBT was the major form of BTs present in most samples analyzed. Sediment samples collected from shipyards in the Gulf of Gdańsk contained butyltin concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 46 μg/g (dry wt) for MBT, 2.0 to 42 μg/g for DBT, and 2.6 to 40 μg/g for TBT. As with the fish, the majority of the BTs in sediment were present as TBT, which suggested recent exposure of the aquatic environment of the region to TBT.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the hematology of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on hematological parameters of the cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable hematological alterations were observed. The study on hematological parameters revealed a highly significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the total erythrocytes count in malathion-exposed animals from 24 hours to 96 hrs of exposure as compared to control. Significant decreases (P < 0.01) of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were also observed from 48 hrs to 240 hrs. A significant increase (P < 0.01) in leucocytes count was noted throughout the exposure period. Elevated numbers of lymphocytes and eosinophils as found in the present study revealed lymphocytosis as well as eosinophilia, suggesting that this was a result of direct stimulation of the immunological defense due to the presence of a toxic substance or may be associated with tissue damage. The cytomorphological and cytopathological study of erythrocytes and leucocytes in malathion-exposed frogs at 0.006 ppm concentration revealed various cytotoxic effects at different exposure times. It was noted that the size and the shape of the erythrocytes were subjected to variation in different blood disorders.     

Relation between forest vegetation, atmospheric deposition and site conditions at regional and European scales

Several monitoring programs have been set up to assess effects of atmospheric deposition on forest ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects on the understorey vegetation, based on the first round of a regional (the Netherlands) and a European forest monitoring program. A multivariate statistical analysis showed surprisingly similar results for both data sets; the vegetation appeared to be largely determined by the ‘traditional’ factors soil, climate, and tree species, but there was a small but statistically significant effect of atmospheric deposition. The effects of deposition include a slight shift towards nitrophytic species at high N deposition in the European network, and towards acidophytic species at high S-deposition in the Dutch network. The relatively small effect of atmospheric deposition is understandable in view of the very large natural variation in environmental conditions. Time series of both vegetation and environment are needed to assess deposition effects in detail.     

Influence of crop residues on trifluralin mineralization in a silty clay loam soil

Trifluralin is typically applied onto crop residues (trash, stubble) at the soil surface, or onto the bare soil surface after the incorporation of crop residues into the soil. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of the type and amount of crop residues in soil on trifluralin mineralization in a Wellwood silty clay loam soil. Leaves and stubble of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (P); Canola (Brassica napus) (C), Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (W), Oats (Avena sativa), (O), and Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (A) were added to soil microcosms at rates of 2%, 4%, 8% and 16% of the total soil weight (25 g). The type and amount of crop residues in soil had little influence on the trifluralin first-order mineralization rate constant, which ranged from 3.57E-03 day^?1 in soil with 16% A to 2.89E-02 day^?1 in soil with 8% W. The cumulative trifluralin mineralization at 113 days ranged from 1.15% in soil with 16% P to 3.21% in soil with 4% C, again demonstrating that the observed differences across the treatments are not of agronomic or environmental importance.     

Concurrent nitrate and Fe(III) reduction during anaerobic biodegradation of phenols in a sandstone aquifer

The biodegradation of phenols (5, 60, 600 mg l⁻¹) under anaerobic conditions (nitrate enriched and unamended) was studied in laboratory microcosms with sandstone material and groundwater from within an anaerobic ammonium plume in an aquifer. The aqueous phase was sampled and analyzed for phenols and selected redox sensitive parameters on a regular basis. An experiment with sandstone material from specific depth intervals from a vertical profile across the ammonium plume was also conducted. The miniature microcosms used in this experiment were sacrificed for sampling for phenols and selected redox sensitive parameters at the end of the experiment. The sandstone material was characterized with respect to oxidation and reduction potential and Fe(II) and Fe(III) speciation prior to use for all microcosms and at the end of the experiments for selected microcosms.The redox conditions in the anaerobic microcosms were mixed nitrate and Fe(III) reducing. Nitrate and Fe(III) were apparently the dominant electron acceptors at high and low nitrate concentrations, respectively. When biomass growth is taken into account, nitrate and Fe(III) reduction constituted sufficient electron acceptor capacity for the mineralization of the phenols observed to be degraded even at an initial phenols concentration of 60 mg l⁻¹ (high) in an unamended microcosm, whereas nitrate reduction alone is unlikely to have provided sufficient electron acceptor capacity for the observed degradation of the phenols in the unamended microcosm.For microcosm systems, with solid aquifer materials, dissolution of organic substances from the solid material may occur. A quantitative determination of the speciation (mineral types and quantity) of electron acceptors associated with the solids, at levels relevant for degradation of specific organic compounds in aquifers, cannot always be obtained. Hence, complete mass balances of electron acceptor consumption for specific organic compounds degradation are difficult to confine. For aquifer materials with low initial Fe(II) content, Fe(II) determinations on solids and in aqueous phase samples may provide valuable information on Fe(III) reduction. However, in microcosms with natural sediments and where electron acceptors are associated with the sediments, complete mass-balances for substrates and electron acceptors are not likely to be obtained.