固体废物属性鉴别现状、问题和对策分析

简要介绍了中国进口固体废物的管理政策,阐述了固体废物属性鉴别在进口固体废物管理方面的重要作用,是口岸加强进口固体废物监管的重要技术支持依据。结合多年的鉴别案例,全面分析了中国进口固体废物的来源、种类及其特点,表明禁止进口固体废物主要来源国为日本、泰国、韩国和沙特阿拉伯;主要种类为含有色金属固体废物、含对苯二甲酸等的有机固体废物、用作肥料的固体废物、电子电器固体废物,表明中国打击非法进口固体废物的工作任重道远。重点分析了当前固体废物鉴别工作的主要问题,有针对性地提出了发展对策。     

进口有色金属物料的固体废物鉴别方法

利用X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射光谱、矿相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和激光粒度分析等多种手段相结合的方法,分析了3个进口有色金属物料的主要成分及其质量分数、物相组成、微观形态和粒度分布,结合外观特征和肉眼可见的杂质,对有色金属物料的产生来源进行分析,根据《固体废物鉴别标准通则》(GB 34330—2017)中的相关条款判断固体废物属性。结果显示,进口的3个有色金属物料分别是电弧炉烟尘、氧化铅矿弃矿和电镀污泥,均属于中国禁止进口的固体废物。这个鉴别方法为进口有色金属物料的固体废物鉴别和监管提供参考。     

进口粉末涂料物品的固体废物属性鉴别方法研究

基于已完成的90余例进口粉末涂料物品固体废物属性的鉴别实践,系统介绍了所遇到的进口粉末涂料物品的申报品名、每种品名所占的比例、种类以及每种种类的特征、固体废物属性鉴别的关键方法和所占的比例,其中申报品名主要为粉末涂料,所占比例为46.3%;鉴别结果主要为过期粉或者不合格粉,所占比例为41.8%。为进口粉末涂料物品的固体废物属性鉴别和监管提供参考,对将无法再生利用的废粉末涂料固体废物堵在国门之外具有重要意义。     

进口含对苯二甲酸物品的固体废物属性鉴别方法研究

基于已完成的40余例进口含对苯二甲酸物品的固体废物属性鉴别实践,系统地介绍了所遇到的进口含对苯二甲酸物品的申报品名、每种品名所占的比例、种类以及每种种类的特征、属性鉴别的关键方法。结果表明,对于不同含对苯二甲酸物品种类的鉴别,应以得出是否为可进口的固体废物为目的,抓住关键点进行鉴别。其中申报品名主要为对苯二甲酸次级品或副牌,所占比例为42.9%;鉴别结果主要为水池料,所占比例为50.0%。     

江苏省限制进口类固体废物现状分析及管理对策

从江苏省限制进口类固体进口现状入手,分析了固体废物进口原因及其存在的问题,提出了该省限制进口类固体废物的管理对策。     

中国新增7种禁止进口的固体废物

<正>环境保护部、商务部、国家发展和改革委员会、海关总署、国家质量监督检验检疫总局日前联合发出通知,将7种固体废物从《限制进口类可用作原料的固体废物目录》调入《禁止进口固体废物目录》。这7种固体废物及代码分别为甘蔗糖蜜(1703100000)、其他糖蜜(1703900000)、云母废料     

工业固体废物的腐蚀性及浸出毒性测定

依据《工业固体废物有害特性试验与监测分析方法（试行）》一书，选用南京市几种有代表性的工业废渣，对其腐蚀性及浸出毒性进行了分析测定，填补了南京市目前对固体废物试验研究的不足，为固体废物的污染监测，废物处置的安全性评价提供一定依据。     

英国填埋税制度研究对中国固体废物环境保护税的启示

英国实施填埋税20年以来,抑制填埋处置的效果显著,废物填埋量下降了70%。对英国填埋税制度进行研究,从立法体系、征收条件及管理程序、优惠政策等几方面进行介绍。通过研究,对中国固体废物环境保护税立法提出两方面的建议:科学合理设定固体废物环境保护税的征收条件;简化固体废物环境保护税的税目设置。此外,设计了测算中国固体废物环境保护税的方法,据此开展了测算,并对固体废物环境保护税未来研究的方向和重点进行了展望。     

中国危险废物与工业固体废物产量对比研究

介绍了国外危险废物和工业固体废物产量状况。以中国环境统计数据为基础,对中国危险废物与工业固体废物产量进行了全面对比研究。结果表明,中国危险废物占工业固体废物的比例远低于欧美发达国家的水平,反映出中国危险废物统计涵盖的范围远没有发达国家广泛,也说明中国的经济发展还处在较低的水平,今后危险废物实际产量还将增加;另外,中国高新技术行业以及西部资源省份的危险废物产量占工业固体废物的比例较大,值得有关部门重视管理。     

固体废物改良剂修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展

随着中国工矿业的高速发展,出现了大面积土壤被重金属污染或被固体废物占用现象。因此,利用固体废物来解决重金属污染土壤问题有着重要环境意义和应用价值。固体废物作为改良剂不仅能有效治理土壤重金属污染,同时提高农作物产量,是今后发展的重要方向。论述了无机固体废物钢渣、赤泥、粉煤灰,有机固体废物污泥、秸秆、猪粪、生物碳用作重金属土壤修复改良剂的研究情况。     

固定化微生物菌种的筛选与鉴定

以菲、芘作为降解对象 ,对多种菌株进行筛选 ,从中挑选出降解率最高的两株菌 ,细菌和真菌各一株 ,并对其生长曲线进行测定 ,为菌种的固定化提供了一定的依据。同时对菌种进一步鉴定 ,细菌为动胶杆菌 (Zoogloeasp .) ,在 72h内对菲、芘的降解率为 87 82 %和 4 9 2 2 % ;真菌为镰刀菌 (Fuariumsp .) ,在 2 16h内对菲、芘的降解率为 93 32 %和 96 2 9%。     

Isolation and identification of 3-bromocarbazole-degrading bacteria

In this study, a bacterial strain, CH-1, capable of degrading 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ) was isolated from a polluted soil. Based on its physio-biochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA genes, strain CH-1 was identified as a Stenotrophomonas sp. Strain CH-1 was able to degrade 70% of 50 mg/L 3-BCZ within 8 d at pH 7.0 and 30°C in mineral salt medium (MSM). During the process, the main intermediate metabolite was identified as (2E, 4Z)-6-(2-amino-5-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxhexa-2, 4-dienoic by gas (2E, 4Z)-6-(2-amino-5-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxy-6-oxhexa-2,4-dienoic via gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The metabolite disappeared after 14 d, suggesting that the metabolite can also be degraded by strain CH-1. 3-BCZ is a new persistent organic pollutant. This is the first report of the biodegradation of 3-BCZ. The results indicated that strain CH-1 may be a promising bacterial candidate for the bioremediation of environments polluted with polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs).     

Outlier identification and visualization for Pb concentrations in urban soils and its implications for identification of potential contaminated land

Outliers in urban soil geochemical databases may imply potential contaminated land. Different methodologies which can be easily implemented for the identification of global and spatial outliers were applied for Pb concentrations in urban soils of Galway City in Ireland. Due to its strongly skewed probability feature, a Box–Cox transformation was performed prior to further analyses. The graphic methods of histogram and box-and-whisker plot were effective in identification of global outliers at the original scale of the dataset. Spatial outliers could be identified by a local indicator of spatial association of local Moran's I, cross-validation of kriging, and a geographically weighted regression. The spatial locations of outliers were visualised using a geographical information system. Different methods showed generally consistent results, but differences existed. It is suggested that outliers identified by statistical methods should be confirmed and justified using scientific knowledge before they are properly dealt with.     

Isolation and identification of beta-nitrostyrene from smoked chicken

Extraction and identification of beta-nitrostyrene from smoked chicken is described. Commercially obtained smoked chicken was homogenised and extracted with chloroform-methanol (2:1). The extracts were fractioned by silicic acid column chromatography. The purified extract using thin-layer chromatography was identified by a colour reaction (this qualitative method for some nitrated compounds is developed this time), high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The concentration of beta-nitrostyrene in the smoked chicken was 94 ppb. The average recovery of added beta-nitrostyrene was 107%. However, the toxicity of this material was not tested in the present paper.     

碳同位素在溢油鉴定中的应用研究

通过分析中国代表性原油、氯仿沥青"A"组分碳同位素和正构烷烃单体碳同位素组成,探讨其在溢油鉴定中的应用.结果表明,原油的碳同位素组成具有母质继承效应,不同来源的原油及其氯仿沥青"A"组分的碳同位素类型曲线形状不同,可以利用这种规律进行溢油鉴定.碳同位素的抗风化性是其用于油指纹鉴别的最大优点.正构烷烃单体碳同位素分析使得有机质碳同位素研究进入分子级水平,因其特征性和稳定性正日益成为重要且有效的油类污染物的"环境示踪剂".     

3株反硝化聚磷菌的分离与鉴定

通过烛缸法培养富集、分离，结合除磷试验、硝酸盐还原产气试验及异染颗粒和PHB颗粒染色辅助检验相结合的方法筛选，得到3株具有较高脱氮除磷效率的反硝化聚磷菌DNPA8, DNPA9和DNPA10。在富氮富磷培养基中培养48 h，各菌株的脱氮率均大于75%，除磷率均大于78%。采用多相分类的方法确定了3株反硝化聚磷菌的分类地位，DNPA8为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌，DNPA9为水生丛毛单胞菌属首次发现的反硝化聚磷菌；DNPA10为约翰逊氏不动杆菌。该研究结果为富营养化水体的治理提供了有效的菌种资源。     

Estrone direct photolysis: by-product identification using LC-Q-TOF

The identification of degradation products generated upon photolysis of estrone (E1), a natural estrogenic hormone, under simulated UV irradiation conditions was addressed by the use of LC-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. The structures of the main degradation products were elucidated, demonstrating how the use of model molecules 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphtol (THN), 2-methylcyclopentanone (MCP), labeled molecule estrone D(4) (E1-D(4)), the investigation of the fragmentation pathways of the parent E1, the concurrent use of CID and exact mass measurements permit the characterization of structural modifications induced by photodegradation processes. In the present study, we identified nine major by-products of which seven photoproducts correspond to E1H(+) modified in positions other than the C-2, C-4 and C-16 of E1. Most of them showed one to three additional hydroxylations preferentially located on the aromatic ring of the parent E1, which confirms that these products may present environmental risk. Applications to real water samples have been conducted to extend the validity of the present study to environmental samples.     

Bioassay-directed identification of toxic organic compounds in creosote-contaminated groundwater

Despite the fact that creosote mainly consists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), more polar compounds like phenolics, benzenes and N-, S-, O-heterocyclics dominate the groundwater downstream from creosote-contaminated sites. In this study, bioassay-directed fractionation, combined with fullscan GC-MS, identified organic toxicants in creosote-contaminated groundwater. An organic extract of creosote-contaminated groundwater was fractionated on a polar silica column using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the toxicity of the fractions was measured by the Microtox-bioassay. PAHs, which comprise up to 85% of pure creosote, accounted for only about 13% of total toxicity in the creosote-contaminated groundwater, while methylated benzenes, phenolics and N-heterocyclics accounted for ca. 80% of the measured toxicity. The fraction containing alkylated quinolines was the most toxic single fraction, accounting for 26% of the total measured toxicity. The results imply that focus on PAHs may underestimate risks associated with creosote-contaminated groundwater, and that environmental risk assessment should focus to a higher degree on substituted PAHs and phenolics because they are more toxic than the unsubstituted ones. Additionally, benzenes and N-heterocyclics (e.g., alkylated quinolines) should be assessed.     

Source identification of atlanta aerosol by positive matrix factorization

Data characterizing daily integrated particulate matter (PM) samples collected at the Jefferson Street monitoring site in Atlanta, GA, were analyzed through the application of a bilinear positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. A total of 662 samples and 26 variables were used for fine particle (particles < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) samples (PM2.5), and 685 samples and 15 variables were used for coarse particle (particles between 2.5 and 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) samples (PM10-2.5). Measured PM mass concentrations and compositional data were used as independent variables. To obtain the quantitative contributions for each source, the factors were normalized using PMF-apportioned mass concentrations. For fine particle data, eight sources were identified: SO4(2-) -rich secondary aerosol (56%), motor vehicle (22%), wood smoke (11%), NO(3-) -rich secondary aerosol (7%), mixed source of cement kiln and organic carbon (OC) (2%), airborne soil (1%), metal recycling facility (0.5%), and mixed source of bus station and metal processing (0.3%). The SO4(2-) -rich and NO(3-) -rich secondary aerosols were associated with NH(4+). The SO4(2-) -rich secondary aerosols also included OC. For the coarse particle data, five sources contributed to the observed mass: airborne soil (60%), NO(3-)-rich secondary aerosol (16%), SO4(2-) -rich secondary aerosol (12%), cement kiln (11%), and metal recycling facility (1%). Conditional probability functions were computed using surface wind data and identified mass contributions from each source. The results of this analysis agreed well with the locations of known local point sources.