环境保护在学习实践科学发展观活动中的地位与作用——从环境哲学角度看学习实践科学发展观活动

环境保护是科学发展观的题中之意，科学发展观关于环境保护的论述，是党的环境保护理论的精髓。学习实践科学发展观活动，是一个哲学内涵非常丰富的课题，是十分难得的研究环境哲学的大好机遇。试点经验显示了环境保护在学习实践科学发展观活动中的重要作用。他们一方面在科学发展中通过转变发展方式，调整经济结构，解决环境难题；一方面坚持环境保护与经济发展并重，在保护环境中求发展，努力实现环境与经济“双赢”。其共性是，注重治本、注重生态、注重政策。深入学习实践科学发展观，关键在实践，要深入一线，深入调研，融人群众的实践，总结来自一线的新鲜经验。要适应新形势，了解新情况，解决新问题。在学习实践科学发展观活动中，不断提高落实科学发展观，在科学发展中，提高解决环境问题的能力，实现环境与发展、环境与经济的“双赢”。     

环境保护的哲学思考

阐述了环境工作的哲学属性，对所谓环境工作(包括环保工作)认为就是遵循客观规律，主要是自然规律和市场经济规律，综合运用行政的、经济的、法律的、教育的、技术的等手段，主要是运用经济的和法律的手段，调节环境与发展之间的关系，促使其间的矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，不断在更高层次上寻求环境与发展的相对统一，为环境和经济、社会的可持续发展作出贡献。     

中国总量控制实践与发展态势

文中所说“总量控制”，全称是污染物排放总量控制制度。当污染物超出环境容量，总量控制一般以削减现有总量的方式出现，也就是通常所说的“减排”。结构减排在减排中占据主导的核心地位。实践表明，“节能必减排，减排促节能”。节能减排相结合是推动经济发展方式转变、调整经济结构、提高自主创新能力、实现环境与发展“双赢”的一种有效途径，也是科学发展的必然要求。节能减排与应对气候变化密不可分，是应对气候变化的主要支撑面。控制温室气体（以CO2为代表）排放强度，是对污染物排放总量控制制度的深化与发展。     

金融危机与环境保护——环境保护应对金融危机之哲学思考

对立统一是事物矛盾运动的根本规律。矛盾双方是结伴而至的,与危机与生俱来的,是解决危机的因素,有矛必有盾,这就是矛盾的对立统一。矛盾双方在一定条件下向对立面转化,人的主观能动作用就在于通过实践,能够认识、把握并遵循客观规律,积极创造条件,促使矛盾转化,化险为夷,化挑战为机遇。加强环境保护是应对金融危机的内在需求,既是眼前扩大内需的重要方面,更是关乎长远的治本之策。要紧紧围绕转变经济发展方式,做好环境保护工作。环境与经济的统一点是转变粗放型的发展方式,调整不合理的经济结构,这就是矛盾双方相互转化的基本依据。环境保护要服从大局、服务大局就要坚决贯彻中央保持经济平稳较快发展的决策,牢牢抓住环境与经济这一主要矛盾,因势利导,适时适度地调整环境与经济的关系,使之始终处于一个动态的和谐状态。要在推进经济发展方式转变的过程中,加快实现环境保护的三个转变,充分发挥环境保护在应对金融危机中的重要作用。     

循环经济在苏州高新区的实践

论述了苏州高新区根据科学发展观的要求，坚定发展循环经济的理念；从企业、企业群和社会三个层面全面开展发展循环经济的实践，建设循环型生态工业园；落实“三个机制”，实施“五大创新”，取得经济与环境的双赢，推动了区域社会、经济与环境的协调发展。     

试论环境保护新道路的基本属性-从环境哲学角度看环境保护的新道路

一部环境保护发展史就是一部经济发展史。中国环境保护的主要矛盾是环境与经济的矛盾,经济是矛盾的主要方面,决定事物的性质。作者探索的是中国特色社会主义环境保护的新道路,决不主张走＂先污染后治理＂的老路。以末端治理为主的治污模式,是先污染后治理的铺路石,违背市场经济规律。新道路必然以中国特色社会主义理论为指导,必然反映国家长期处于社会主义初级阶段的时代要求,必然同时遵循自然规律和经济规律,发挥主观能动作用,注重从主要矛盾的主要方面入手,即从经济发展入手,激发决策层和市场主体保护环境的内生动因,在科学发展中解决国家的环境问题,推动环境保护的历史性转变,探索一条具有中国特色的环境保护道路。探索的主要方法是：预防为主,统筹兼顾,合作共赢。     

工业化进程中环保促调的实践探索——以嘉兴市秀洲区为例

以环境保护促进经济结构调整、发展方式转变(简称环保促调)是缓解工业化进程中环境经济矛盾的趋势之—.选取嘉兴市秀洲区为对象,结合该区“环保促调”模式的成功案例,阐述该区在工业化进程中,通过环保责任的倒逼机制.整治工业污染、发展清洁农业、培育新兴产业,逐步转向生态化、高新化、轻型化的发展模式,并成功首创初始排污权有偿使用制度、积极探索政产学研合作的高新技术发展机制,为其他地区提供了宝贵的经验,最后提出了排海与排河标准一体化、排污权有偿使用制度一体化等政策建议.     

资源管理浅论

环境管理的内容和方式非常丰富，随着经济与社会的发展，不断会有新的管理内容产生，然而资源管理却始终是环境管理的重要内容之一。在我们的日常环境管理工作中应该紧紧围绕资源管理这一中心，提高对合理利用资源重要性的认识，不断加强资源管理工作。１加强资源管理的意义１．１是实施可持续发展战略的需要实施可持续发展战略，推进经济增长方式的根本转变，已被写入了中国共产党十五大的报告中，为我国今后的经济社会发展指明了方向。由于历史、经济体制等原因，我国的经济增长基本上沿袭着粗放型的增长方式。这样的增长方式运行到现在，…     

依靠监测网络,开创环境管理新局面

第三次全国环保工作会议,进一步明确必须坚定地走有中国特色的环境保护道路。这就是加强法制建设,强化监督管理,依靠科学技术进步,促进我国环保工作的发展。在强化监督管理方面,主要是贯彻新老“八项制度”,实现环境管理从定性向定量、从浓度向总量、从单项治理向综合整治的转变。然而无论是“八项制度”的贯彻还是“三个转变”的实现,都离不开环境监测工作。为了适应环境管理这一新形势,第四次全国环境监测工作会议提出“八五”监测工作的总目标是:“完善环境监测体系,及时、准确地掌握环境质量和污染源动态,为环境管理提供高效服务。”     

坏事变好事——“应急治太”之辩证思考

“应急治太”的所有举措,就是千方百计地“破坏”蓝藻的生存环境,以防再度暴发。一切举措的主线,就是千方百计地转变发展方式,实现科学发展。没有积累,就没有创新。应急,最大限度地凝聚行政资源,最大限度地激发政府、企业、社会的智慧,积累多年正反两方面的经验得以迅速升华,发挥不可替代的效能。“彻底治太”,任重道远,粗放型的发展模式一天不发生根本转变,太湖污染就一天不得根治。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.