高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化,使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务.本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻,考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响.试验表明,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻,叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95%以上,比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高.与普通气浮柱比较,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率,防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动,使气泡/藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境,避免了气泡/藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落,实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移.     

微气泡气浮清除水体中暴发藻类的试验研究

微气泡气浮(微气浮)是快速高效清除水体暴发藻类的一条新途径。在不投加絮凝剂前提下利用微气浮技术清除藻水中的藻细胞。结果表明,气浮装置在进气量0.2~0.3mL/min、溶气水流量400L/h、压力0.65~0.70MPa时,气浮时间较长,微气泡直径最小。以自来水作为溶气水时,微气浮技术对藻水叶绿素a的去除率为62.0%~73.0%,产生的藻渣含水率为96.5%~98.8%。利用微气浮技术进行实际水体除藻时,宜将气浮装置进水口布设在藻类暴发层以下的清水层。综合考虑处理能耗成本及处理效果,溶气水和藻水体积比宜控制在1.4左右,藻类最佳气浮时间为3~6min,藻渣最佳收集时段为微气浮完成后的14min内。     

水处理工艺去除藻毒素的效果探讨

探讨了饮用水处理的各工艺过程对藻毒素的去除作用,并根据前期已进行的实验对各工艺的优化组合进行了讨论,认为以气浮代替沉淀,并附之以粉末活性炭吸附预处理可有效地去除藻毒素;对没有条件改造沉淀池的水厂可暂时采用预氯化和粉末活性炭吸附组合的工艺也可达到较好的效果;对生物预处理工艺进行适当的强化,可达到对有机物、藻类、藻毒素等物质的有效去除.     

小型CAF气浮设备处理滇池含藻水的试验研究

采用自制的小型涡凹型气浮(CAF)设备处理滇池含藻水，结果表明，在气浮时间为1min，分离时间为6min的条件下，聚硅硫酸铁铝(PFASSI)用量为40mg／L时，对藻类和浊度的净化效率最大分别为80．1％和78．6％；在聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的用量为2mg／L时，对藻类和浊度的净化效率分别为95．9％和93．2％。使用PFASSI(20mg／L)和PAM(1mg／L)的组合絮凝剂时，滇池含藻水的含藻量由557mg／L降到5．57mg／L，浊度由375度降到27度，二者的去除率分别为99％和92．8％。     

饮用水中柱孢藻毒素与类毒素-A控制研究进展

柱孢藻毒素和类毒素-A是目前饮用水处理领域关注的两种新兴藻类分泌毒素。柱孢藻毒素分子结构稳定、沸点高、水中溶解度高,可引起严重的急性肝中毒,同时具有较强的细胞毒性与基因毒性。类毒素-A分子量小、结构简单、神经毒性极大,被称为"极速致死因子"。鉴于其广泛存在于蓝藻生长的水源水中,其浓度与微囊藻毒素相当,对饮用水安全构成较大威胁,为此对柱孢藻毒素与类毒素-A的结构特征、毒性、检测方法及控制方法进行了综述。两种溶解性藻毒素在饮用水常规处理中均难以有效去除,氯化消毒对柱孢藻毒素的降解具有较好的效果而难以氧化类毒素-A,臭氧氧化和高级氧化对两种藻毒素的去除具有一定的效果。如何强化净水工艺中柱孢藻毒素和类毒素-A的有效控制是目前该领域新的研究方向之一。     

混凝-微气泡气浮法处理含藻废水的研究

采用日本菊池环保株式会社生产的新型TCRI-17微气泡气浮装置混凝气浮处理北京某富营养化景观水体的含藻废水，其结果表明，当混凝剂用量分别为PAC 40 mg/L和PAM 2 mg/L，混凝2 min, 气浮2 min时，SS和COD去除率分别达到98.4%和85.7%。与混凝沉降相比，可减少PAC用量1/3，且节省处理时间。由于微小气泡停留时间长，气浮效率高，且有增加水中溶解氧的作用，可促进水体的净化，具有较强的技术优势。     

包埋水华鱼腥藻和活性炭对污水中氮磷的净化

采用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠（PVA—SA）凝胶包埋水华鱼腥藻与活性炭混合物，对比水华鱼腥藻在包埋、吸附以及悬浮状态下对高浓度模拟废水中氨氮的去除效果，实验结果表明，水华鱼腥藻在包埋状态下对氨氮有更好的去除效果。通过正交实验研究SA、粉末活性炭（PAC）、水华鱼腥藻之间不同质量比的包埋混合物对去除污水中NH4＋-N、TP以及处理后废水中微囊藻毒素（MC）残留量的影响，结果表明，当PVA量为8％时，SA、PAC和藻含量分别在0．5％、0．5％和0．2％为NH4＋-N、TP的最佳去除组合，同时处理后污水中MC的含量也低于联合国标准1Iμg／L，避免了二次污染的同时为产毒素藻类的利用创造了条件。     

溶气气浮过程动力学模型的分形观

凝聚／絮凝过程中形成的絮体通常具有分形几何结构，导致絮体的密度、渗透性发生了变化，从而对于固液分离过程(沉淀、气浮和过滤)带来很大的影响。本文基于前人对于絮体分形的研究成果，建立了絮体与微气泡之间接触碰撞的动力学方程、絮体／微气泡聚集体在水中上升的分形速率方程。絮体与微气泡间的相对尺度和流态的不同会有不同的碰撞机制，相应的动力学方程式与絮体的分形维数也有不同的关系。     

臭氧气浮工艺絮体尺度与界面理化特性调控

针对臭氧气浮工艺对有机物脱色和去除性能的限制,通过阴、阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(ployacrylamide,PAM)对以腐殖酸为代表的天然有机物絮体的尺度调控,采用气载絮体尺度、二维分形维数及絮体与微气泡间的接触角对PAM浓度梯度下形成的气载絮体进行了表征;研究了阴阳离子型PAM浓度梯度对腐殖酸的降解效果和气载絮体尺度;并探讨了阴阳离子型PAM、絮体与微气泡间的结合机理。结果表明:PAM的投加提高了臭氧气浮工艺中腐殖酸的去除性能,且气载絮体尺寸、分形维数和接触角均有所增大;在不同类型PAM中均存在最佳PAM剂量,在此剂量下,体系内去除效果、气载絮体大小和接触角最大、分形维数最小;在最佳PAM剂量下,与阴离子型PAM相比,阳离子型PAM形成气载絮体的大小和接触角较大,分形维数较小,且去除效果较好。在臭氧气浮体系中,通过改善PAM、絮体与微气泡结合静电作用力的强弱形成了利于气浮的气载絮体尺度,提高了对腐殖酸的去除效果。     

纤维直接过滤去除原水藻类

以丙纶丝为滤料，以自制转鼓装置对高藻原水进行直接过滤除藻试验。结果表明，对Chl—a及藻总数的去除率分别为64％一95％(平均91％)和82％一96％(平均92％)，对主要藻种的平均去除率均在85％以上，除藻效果明显。原水中藻类特征、试验运行工况条件直接影响对藻类的去除效果。筛分截留与吸附—絮凝是试验装置过滤除藻的主要机理。     

Degradation of trichloroethylene by photocatalysis in an internally circulating slurry bubble column reactor

The effects of initial trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration, recirculating liquid flow rate and gas velocity on photodegradation of TCE have been determined in an internally circulating slurry bubble column reactor (0.15m-ID x 0.85 m-high). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder was employed as a photocatalyst and the optimum loading of TiO2 in the present system is found to be approximately 0.2 wt%. The stripping fraction of TCE by air flow increases but photodegradation fraction of TCE decreases with increasing the initial TCE concentration, recirculating liquid flow rate and gas velocity. The average removal efficiency of TCE is found to be approximately 97% in an internally circulating slurry bubble column reactor.     

Removal of algal blooms from freshwater by the coagulation–magnetic separation method

This research investigated the feasibility of changing waste into useful materials for water treatment and proposed a coagulation–magnetic separation technique. This technique was rapid and highly effective for clearing up harmful algal blooms in freshwater and mitigating lake eutrophication. A magnetic coagulant was synthesized by compounding acid-modified fly ash with magnetite (Fe₃O₄). Its removal effects on algal cells and dissolved organics in water were studied. After mixing, coagulation, and magnetic separation, the flocs obtained from the magnet surface were examined by SEM. Treated samples were withdrawn for the content determination of chlorophyll-a, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. More than 99 % of algal cells were removed within 5 min after the addition of magnetic coagulant at optimal loadings (200 mg L^?1). The removal efficiencies of COD, total nitrogen, and phosphorus were 93, 91, and 94 %, respectively. The mechanism of algal removal explored preliminarily showed that the magnetic coagulant played multiple roles in mesoporous adsorption, netting and bridging, as well as high magnetic responsiveness to a magnetic field. The magnetic–coagulation separation method can rapidly and effectively remove algae from water bodies and greatly mitigate eutrophication of freshwater using a new magnetic coagulant. The method has good performance, is low cost, can turn waste into something valuable, and provides reference and directions for future pilot and production scale-ups.     

富营养化供水中的藻类控制与去除

综述了富营养化的供水原水中，藻类控制与去除方法的国内外研究进展。首先扼要介绍藻类过度繁殖对原水处理工艺的诸多影响。然后叙述富营养化湖泊中，藻类生物量的控制方法和给水原水处理的藻类去除工艺，并就此技术现状提出若干结论和建议。     

赤泥复合剂絮凝处理太湖水华藻与海洋赤潮藻

研究了一种新型赤泥复合剂对太湖夏季水华原水、实验室培养海洋赤潮藻及模拟海水的絮凝除藻降浊性能。结果表明,赤泥复合剂具有良好的除藻降浊效果,对太湖水华藻去除率为97.3%,原水浊度去除率为95%;对海洋小球藻和三角褐指藻2种赤潮藻去除率分别高达99.1%和98.9%;对2种模拟海水的最高除浊率分别为96.3%和95.3%,其剩余浊度均低于4 NTU,从而为治理淡水水华与海洋赤潮提供一种新技术,同时为赤泥综合利用提供一种新途径。     

Biological decolourisation of simulated azo dye in aqueous phase by algae Spirogyra species

Biological decolourisation of two azo dye effluents (direct and reactive dye) were investigated using a commonly available green algae Spirogyra sp. in viable form. Batch studies revealed the potential of algal species in removing the dye colour and dye removal was dependant on initial algal inoculum, concentration and application class of the dye. Maximum dye uptake was noticed on the third day for both the dyes. Higher dye uptake was observed in the case of direct red 28 compared to reactive red 2. Dye colour removal by the algal species may be attributed to biosorption of the dye molecules onto the surface of algal cell and subsequent diffusion and participation in metabolism (bioconversion). The remaining dye molecules could be further removed from the aqueous phase by adsorption and/or chelation reaction of the exopolymers released by the algae (biocoagulation). The results of the present study reveal the potential nature of algae in treating azo dyes which in turn can be extended to oxidation pond system of wastewater treatment.     

基于改性凹凸棒土的强化混凝处理高藻低浊原水工艺

针对水厂低浊高藻水的处理难题,研究了改性凹凸棒土(改性凹土)联合聚合氯化铝(PAC)强化混凝的除藻除浊效果。设计实验原水条件为叶绿素a(chl-a)浓度为98.58~110.35μg/L,浊度(5.6±0.5)NTU。考察了PAC和改性凹土的复配投加量、混凝沉淀时间、pH、投加顺序、搅拌速率等工艺参数对Chl-a和浊度耦合去除效果的影响。结果表明,"PAC+改性凹土"对Chl-a和浊度的去除效果明显优于单投PAC的效果。当PAC投药量12 mg/L,改性凹土投药量10 mg/L,沉淀时间20 min时,对Chl-a和浊度的去除率可分别达到92.5%和89.2%,可至少减少40%的PAC投量,且形成的矾花密实,沉降速度快,去除效率高。最适pH范围为7~8。投加顺序应为先投加改性凹土,混合搅拌转数宜慢速,可控制为50 r/min。     

联合硅藻土与PAC强化混凝处理含藻微污染原水

研究了联合硅藻土与聚合氯化铝（PAC）强化混凝对原水中藻类、溶解性有机物以及重金属离子的去除效果。结果表明,硅藻土的投加可以有效地改善絮体的沉降性能,增强藻类的混凝沉淀去除效率,PAC投加量为30 mg/L时,投加0.1 g/L硅藻土,叶绿素a去除率由82.5%提高到95.9%。该强化混凝过程使原水中溶解性有机物特别是大分子有机物和重金属离子的去除率有所上升。PAC投加量为30 mg/L,硅藻土投加量为1.5 g/L时,重金属Cu、Pb和Cd的去除率分别达到57.5%、83.7%和22.2%。     

Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Humans now strongly influence almost every major aquatic ecosystem, and their activities have dramatically altered the fluxes of growth-limiting nutrients from the landscape to receiving waters. Unfortunately, these nutrient inputs have had profound negative effects upon the quality of surface waters worldwide. This review examines how eutrophication influences the biomass and species composition of algae in both freshwater and costal marine systems. MAIN FEATURES: An overview of recent advances in algae-related eutrophication research is presented. In freshwater systems, a summary is presented for lakes and reservoirs; streams and rivers; and wetlands. A brief summary is also presented for estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems. RESULTS: Eutrophication causes predictable increases in the biomass of algae in lakes and reservoirs; streams and rivers; wetlands; and coastal marine ecosystems. As in lakes, the response of suspended algae in large rivers to changes in nutrient loading may be hysteretic in some cases. The inhibitory effects of high concentrations of inorganic suspended solids on algal growth, which can be very evident in many reservoirs receiving high inputs of suspended soils, also potentially may occur in turbid rivers. Consistent and predictable eutrophication-caused increases in cyanobacterial dominance of phytoplankton have been reported worldwide for natural lakes, and similar trends are reported here both for phytoplankton in turbid reservoirs, and for suspended algae in a large river CONCLUSIONS: A remarkable unity is evident in the global response of algal biomass to nitrogen and phosphorus availability in lakes and reservoirs; wetlands; streams and rivers; and coastal marine waters. The species composition of algal communities inhabiting the water column appears to respond similarly to nutrient loading, whether in lakes, reservoirs, or rivers. As is true of freshwater ecosystems, the recent literature suggests that coastal marine ecosystems will respond positively to nutrient loading control efforts. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: Our understanding of freshwater eutrophication and its effects on algal-related water quality is strong and is advancing rapidly. However, our understanding of the effects of eutrophication on estuarine and coastal marine ecosystems is much more limited, and this gap represents an important future research need. Although coastal systems can be hydrologically complex, the biomass of marine phytoplankton nonetheless appears to respond sensitively and predictably to changes in the external supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus. These responses suggest that efforts to manage nutrient inputs to the seas will result in significant improvements in coastal zone water quality. Additional new efforts should be made to develop models that quantitatively link ecosystem-level responses to nutrient loading in both freshwater and marine systems.     

生物制剂法治理藻类水华

在广州市黄埔区某公园池塘进行现场围隔对比实验,通过投加固定化生物催化剂(IBC)治理藻类水华。结果表明,在IBC中细菌的直接或间接杀藻的作用下,水体中的藻类生物量迅速降低,叶绿素a去除率达到81.5%;微生物的快速生长及酶和酶活因子的协同作用下,水中污染物被快速降解,使水体中的总氮、氨氮和COD的浓度快速下降,去除率分别达到81.9%、80.3%和65.3%,并维持在低水平,进一步抑制了藻类水华的形成和发展,加快水体的净化。