水泥窑协同处置危险废物的烟气污染物排放特性研究

水泥窑协同处置技术能够有效地缓解危险废物(以下简称危废)的处置压力,是一项很有发展前景的危废处置技术。通过监测两座典型的新型干法水泥窑在协同处置危废时窑尾烟气中烟尘、SO2和NOx等污染物的排放浓度,评价两条水泥生产线在协同处置危废时污染物排放浓度能否达标。监测结果表明,水泥窑协同处置危废时烟气污染物浓度均低于《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)和《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染控制标准》(GB 30485—2013)规定的排放限值。同时,两座水泥窑烟气中烟尘、SO2、NOx和HF等污染物的排放因子均低于我国新型干法水泥窑污染物排放的平均值,表明两条水泥生产线窑尾烟气净化系统运行良好。此外,还研究了水泥窑协同处置危废前后二噁英排放毒性当量浓度的变化情况。     

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料对烟气污染物排放及熟料品质的影响

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)可以实现垃圾资源化利用,但需确保不会造成烟气污染物排放超标或使水泥熟料品质受影响。研究了国内某水泥厂新型干法水泥窑协同处置RDF前后烟气污染物排放及水泥熟料品质变化的情况。结果表明,水泥窑协同处置RDF的烟气中SO_2、NO_x、NH_3、HCl和HF的排放均符合《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)。重金属与二噁英的含量相比于协同处置RDF前虽略有升高,但仍低于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染物控制标准》(GB 30485—2013)的排放限值。协同处置RDF基本不影响水泥熟料的矿物组成,抗折强度和抗压强度相比掺加RDF前有所提高,并且符合《通用硅酸盐水泥》(GB 175—2007)的中普通硅酸盐水泥的52.5R强度等级要求,安定性合格率提高至100.0%。协同处置RDF的水泥熟料中Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Ni的浸出浓度远小于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物技术规范》(GB 30760—2014)的标准限值。总之,水泥窑掺烧RDF对烟气污染物排放和熟料品质的影响较小,甚至可以提高水泥熟料的某些品质。     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物的研究现状及其发展

水泥窑协同处置危险废物作为一种新兴的危险废物焚烧处置技术,具有焚烧温度高、停留时间长、处理效果好、改造成本低等多项优势,应用前景广泛。简述了中国危险废物的产生及处理处置现状,介绍了水泥窑协同处置技术,综合国内外最新的水泥窑协同处置危险废物的文献,从熟料性质、水泥质量以及烟气排放等角度综述了垃圾焚烧飞灰、污染土壤、农药废物以及污泥类危险废物这4种典型危险废物在水泥窑中的协同处置情况,分析了每种危险废物在水泥窑中协同处置的可行性,提出了实际应用过程中应该注意的问题,最后提出了未来水泥窑协同处置危险废物的研究思路。     

水泥窑协同处置村镇生活垃圾

针对位于新型干法水泥厂附近且生活垃圾收运较为困难的村镇,提出了一种利用新型干法水泥窑协同处置垃圾的简易模式。实验将预处理后的村镇生活垃圾定量喂入水泥窑系统中,并对比了掺烧20、50和80 t村镇生活垃圾前后,水泥熟料品质、窑系统工况以及污染物排放的情况。结果表明:实验期间在80 t范围内,生活垃圾的掺烧使水泥熟料抗压强度最多降低3 MPa,但仍符合国家标准;对水泥窑衬结皮和窑工况稳定性基本没有影响;同时对水泥窑系统污染物排放量无负面影响,烟气中二恶英的含量为0.004 0 ng TEQ/m3,远远低于国家标准。     

杭州市水泥行业粉尘污染防治现状

随着经济的快速增长和基本建设规模的不断扩大，杭州市水泥产量不断增加，水泥行业的粉尘和烟尘排放已成为占工业粉尘排放量最多的污染物，严重影响了城市环境的空气质量。为了控制水泥粉尘的排放，保护人体健康，减少资源浪费，实现可持续发展战略。我国于１９９６年重新制定了水泥厂大气污染物的排放标准，而且各项指标均大大严于旧标准，浙江省杭州市环保局也制定了控制水泥粉尘污染的具体办法，并对水泥粉尘污染企业实行限期治理。总之，为了控制水泥粉尘污染，人们已从水泥生产的各个环节、粉尘治理技术。管理等方面做了大量的工作，取…     

DDT污染土壤的植物修复技术

本文报道用植草方法研究为DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复技术。在污染物的浓度为 0 .2 15mg/kg的土壤中 ,种植 10种草 3个月后DDT及其主要降解产物的总含量分别降低 19.6 %— 73.0 %。种植不同品种的草对土壤中污染物有不同的去除能力 ,其中以种植丹麦产的Taya草 (Per .ryegrass)与美国产的Titan草 (Tallfescue)为最强。用种植草的方法修复受DDT及其主要降解产物污染的土壤是一项可行的技术。在去除土壤中DDT的作用上 ,草的吸收是轻微的 ,只占原施药量的 0 .13%— 1.0 8% ,土壤中污染物消失的主要因素是土壤中生物降解作用的结果。     

污泥间接干化产生尾气的恶臭污染潜力分级评价

目前,污泥干化是其资源化处理及其他处置的基础。污泥受热干化时会释放恶臭物质,易引发恶臭污染,对周围环境和居民生活造成影响。以污泥间接干化产生的尾气为对象,基于国内外恶臭污染相关规定,综合考虑污泥间接干化产生的尾气中物质浓度、嗅阈值、阈限值、气味安全级别以及饱和蒸汽压,通过指标权重评分方法筛选出污泥间接干化产生尾气中的主要恶臭污染物。以恶臭污染潜力为评价目标,风险系数和臭气排放强度为评价指标,通过韦伯-费希纳定律构建污泥间接干化产生尾气的恶臭污染潜力分级评价模型,形成适合污泥间接干化产生尾气的恶臭污染潜力分级评价方法,为恶臭污染的预防和控制提供借鉴。利用本方法对污泥间接干化案例进行分析,结果显示,污泥间接干化产生尾气的恶臭污染潜力值为3.21,潜在恶臭污染能力属于Ⅳ级。     

铬污染土壤对水泥熟料强度和铬浸出浓度的影响简

为探索水泥窑协同处置铬污染土壤（CCS）的可行性，用CCS部分替代硅质原料配制生料，于1 400℃煅烧成熟料，通过化学分析、强度测试、浸提实验及XRD/SEM分析，研究了CCS对生料易烧性、熟料强度及六价铬/总铬（Cr（VI）/∑Cr）浸出浓度的影响。结果表明，CCS能改善熟料烧成，掺量从0到15%，熟料中f-CaO含量略有下降，硬化试体的3 d、28 d、90 d强度略有提高。Cr（VI）/∑Cr浸出浓度随CCS掺量增加而增大，但随养护龄期延长而减小；当CCS掺量小于8%时，熟料3 d至90 d水化物的浸出液中，Cr（VI）浓度均低于0.05 mg/L，符合Ⅱ类地表水环境质量标准限值。铬离子浸出毒性减小是由于铬在熟料矿物和水化产物中的固溶以及水化产物对它的包裹封固作用。研究表明，水泥窑协同处置CCS是一种可行的无害化处理和资源化利用途径。     

用铺地锦降低兔体内六六六、DDT的残留量

一、概述 本文主要研究在兔的生长期内采用注射铺地锦。同时设不注射药为对照。共试验兔152只。宰后取后腿肉检测六六六、DDT残留量。以研究铺地锦对兔体内六六六、DDT     

水泥窑烟气汞排放特征的研究

对4个生产规模分别为3 200、4 000t/d的水泥窑烟气中汞排放浓度进行测试,并计算水泥窑烟气汞排放系数。结果表明,水泥窑窑尾除尘后,烟气汞的排放质量浓度为13.70~66.85μg/m3,汞的脱除率为55.55%~80.65%,窑尾除尘后汞排放系数为79.91~206.57mg(以每吨熟料计)。水泥窑烟气汞排放系数与规模、原料有关。     

A ten-year study of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues in bovine milk in Illinois, 1972 - 1981

Milk supplies in Illinois were monitored for chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide residues from 1972 through 1981. The percentage of milk samples that were contaminated with aldrin/dieldrin, DDT and its analogs, and BHC/lindane decreased during the 10-year sampling period. The percentage of samples contaminated with aldrin/dieldrin decreased from 98.7% in 1978 to 5.9% in 1981. The amount of aldrin/dieldrin residues found in contaminated samples also decreased from an average of 0.077 ppm (1972-79) to 0.001 ppm in 1980-81. The levels of chlordane and heptachlor/heptachlor epoxide residues in milk did not decrease, but residues of BHC and DDT decreased gradually over the 10-year period. The percentage of samples that had less than 0.1 ppm of all chlorinated hydrocarbon residues combined ranged from 10.6% to 25.7% during 1972 through 1978 and increased to 36.2% in 1979, 71.1% in 1980, and 61.4% in 1981.     

Remediation of DDT-contaminated water and soil by using pretreated iron byproducts from the automotive industry

The objective of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of different pretreated iron byproducts from the automotive industry to degrade DDT [(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane] in aqueous solutions and soil slurry. Iron byproducts from automotive manufacturing were pretreated by three different methods (heating, solvent and 0.5N HCl acid washing) prior to experimentation. All pretreated irons were used at 5% (wt v-1) to treat 0.014 mM (5 mgL-1) of DDT in aqueous solution. Among the pretreated irons, acid pretreated iron results in the fastest destruction rates, with a pseudo first-order degradation rate of 0.364 d-1. By lowering the pH of the DDT aqueous solution from 9 to 3, destruction kinetic rates increase more than 20%. In addition, when DDT-contaminated soil slurry (3.54 mg kg-1) was incubated with 5% (wt v-1) acid-pretreated iron, more than 90% destruction of DDT was observed within 8 weeks. Moreover, DDT destruction kinetics were enhanced when Fe(II), Fe(III) or Al(III) sulfate salts were added to the soil slurry, with the following order of destruction kinetics: Al(III) sulfate > Fe(III) sulfate > Fe(II) sulfate. These results provide proof-of concept that inexpensive iron byproducts of the automotive industry can be used to remediate DDT-contaminated water and soil.     

Pilot-Scale Evaluation of an Incinerability Ranking System for Hazardous Organic Compounds

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) hazardous waste incinerator performance standards specify a minimum destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) for principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs) designated in the incinerator waste feed. In the past, selection of appropriate POHCs for incinerator trial burns has been based largely on their heats of combustion. Attempting to improve upon this approach, the University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI), under contract to the EPA Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, has developed a thermal stability-based ranking of compound "incinerability". The subject study was conducted to evaluate the laboratory-developed ranking system in a pilot-scale incinerator.

Mixtures of POHCs, spanning the ranking scale from most- to least-difficult to destroy (Class 1 to Class 7, respectively), were prepared and combined with a clay-based sorbent matrix. These mixtures were then fed into the rotary kiln incineration system at the U.S. EPA Incineration Research Facility (IRF). In a series of five tests, the following conditions were evaluated: baseline/ typical operation; thermal failure (quenching); mixing failure (overcharging); matrix failure (low feed H/CI ratio); and a worst-case combination of the three failure modes.

Under baseline conditions, mixing failure, and matrix failure, kiln-exit DREs for each compound were comparable from test to test. Operating conditions in these 3 modes appeared to be sufficient to effect considerable destruction (greater than 99.99 percent DRE) of all compounds. As a result, separation of the highest-ranked POHCs from the lowest-ranked POHCs according to observed DRE was not possible; a correlation between POHC ranking and DRE could not be confirmed.

A correlation between predicted and observed incinerability was more evident for the thermal failure and worst-case conditions. Kiln-exit DREs for the four POHCs predicted to be most stable (those in Classes 1 and 2) ranged from 99% to 99.99% under these conditions, and were generally lower than DREs for the POHCs predicted to be more easily destroyed. Statistically significant correlations above the 99 percent and 93 percent confidence intervals were identified for the thermal-failure and worst-case tests, respectively.     

Remediation of DDT-Contaminated Water and Soil by Using Pretreated Iron Byproducts from the Automotive Industry

The objective of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of different pretreated iron byproducts from the automotive industry to degrade DDT [(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl) ethane] in aqueous solutions and soil slurry. Iron byproducts from automotive manufacturing were pretreated by three different methods (heating, solvent and 0.5N HCl acid washing) prior to experimentation. All pretreated irons were used at 5% (wt v^{? 1}) to treat 0.014 mM (5 mgL^{? 1}) of DDT in aqueous solution. Among the pretreated irons, acid pretreated iron results in the fastest destruction rates, with a pseudo first-order degradation rate of 0.364 d^{? 1}. By lowering the pH of the DDT aqueous solution from 9 to 3, destruction kinetic rates increase more than 20%. In addition, when DDT-contaminated soil slurry (3.54 mg kg^{? 1}) was incubated with 5% (wt v^{? 1}) acid-pretreated iron, more than 90% destruction of DDT was observed within 8 weeks. Moreover, DDT destruction kinetics were enhanced when Fe(II), Fe(III) or Al(III) sulfate salts were added to the soil slurry, with the following order of destruction kinetics: Al(III) sulfate > Fe(III) sulfate > Fe(II) sulfate. These results provide proof-of concept that inexpensive iron byproducts of the automotive industry can be used to remediate DDT-contaminated water and soil.     

Investigation of a new approach to decompose two potent greenhouse gases: photoreduction of SF(6) and SF(5)CF(3) in the presence of acetone

In this paper, we addressed the utilization of photochemical method as an innovative technology for the destruction and removal of two potent greenhouse gases, SF(6) and SF(5)CF(3). The destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of the process was determined as a function of excitation wavelength, irradiation time, initial ratio of acetone to SF(5)X (X represented F or CF(3)), initial SF(5)X concentration, additive oxygen and water vapor concentration. A complete removal was achieved by a radiation period of 55min and 120min for SF(6)-CH(3)COCH(3) system and SF(5)CF(3)-CH(3)COCH(3) system respectively under 184.9nm irradiation. Extra addition of water vapor can enhance DRE by approximately 6% points in both systems. Further studies with GC/MS and FT-IR proved that no hazardous products such as S(2)F(10), SO(2)F(2), SOF(2), SOF(4) were generated in this process.     

盐城滩涂土壤中六六六和滴滴涕的残留量测定

采集了盐城滩涂响水-滨海段化工园区周边区域内9个表层土壤样品,通过索氏提取土壤中的六六六(BHC)和滴滴涕(DDT)。最后通过带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱仪,定量分析了土壤中六六六和滴滴涕各异构体的含量及其百分比,以及六六六、滴滴涕的总含量,以了解该区域土壤中有机氯的当前含量水平和评估其潜在的环境毒害能力。结果表明,所有样品的六六六、滴滴涕总含量均远低于国家规定的土壤环境质量一级标准(50μg/kg)。     

Relationship of Destruction Parameters to the Destruction/Removal Efficiency of PCBs

The destruction/removal efficiency (DRE), and the ability to accurately measure it, is a function of the concentration of the chemical compound in the input waste, the incinerator design and operation, sampling methods, and the analytical procedures. All of these are interrelated. This paper discusses the basic DRE equation [DRE = W_In W_out)/W_in × 100] and how it relates to some of the other destruction parameters. Some example data from the literature are presented. While PCBs have been used as the example, the equations and graphs are equally valid for some other hazardous compounds (POHCs), with the substitution of the 99.99% DRE requirement in lieu of the 99.9999% DRE for PCBs. The use of the relationships discussed in this paper should allow incinerator operators to more efficiently plan demonstration test burns which will adequately demonstrate the DRE.     

Seasonal variations of organochlorine insecticide residues in air from Porto Novo, South India

Air samples collected from Porto Novo (11 degrees 29' N, 79 degrees 46' E), Tamil Nadu State, South India from December, 1987 to January, 1989 were analysed to determine the seasonal variations of the levels of organochlorine insecticides such as HCH (BHC) and DDT. Both these insecticides showed higher levels from August to January, although this trend was more marked in HCH than DDT, reflecting the application of HCH largely, and probably small quantities of DDT during the flowering season of rice. The alpha-HCH was detected as a dominant isomer for all seasons monitored followed by gamma-HCH. Among DDT compounds, p,p'-DDT was the highest except in dry season (January to April) when p,p-DDE showed higher percentage. The levels and percentage composition of these insecticides recorded in the present study may aid in interpreting the role of a 'point source' area since India is one of the countries still using the persistent organochlorine pesticides in large quantities.     

Distribution and behaviour of persistent organochlorine insecticides in paddy soil and sediments in the tropical environment: a case study in South India

Paddy soil and sediment samples collected from the Vellar River watershed, Tamil Nadu state, South India from December, 1987 to January, 1989 were analysed to understand the comprehensive behaviour of organochlorine insecticides (HCH and DDT) in the tropical environment. HCH (BHC) showed higher levels in soil during wet season, reflecting the application of technical HCH largely during the flowering season of rice. On the other hand, DDT residues were low and did not show a significant seasonal trend in soil or sediment, indicating small quantities of DDT utilized at present for agricultural purposes in India. When compared to soil, the residue levels in sediments are low and the seasonal variation is less pronounced. This indicates that in tropical watersheds, the relative flux of residues into the aquatic environment is smaller than the amount volatilized to the atmosphere.     

Seasonal variation of persistent organochlorine insecticide residues in Vellar River waters in Tamil Nadu, South India

Water samples collected from Vellar river and Pichavaran mangroves at Porto Novo (11 degrees 29' N, 79 degrees 46' E), Tamil Nadu State, South India, from December 1987 to January 1989 were analyzed to determine the seasonal variation of the levels of organochlorine insecticides such as HCH (BHC) and DDT. Both these insecticides showed higher levels from October to February, although this trend was more pronounced in HCH than DDT, reflecting the application of technical HCH largely and probably small quantities of DDT during the flowering season of rice. The alpha-HCH was detected as a dominant isomer for all seasons monitored followed by beta-HCH. Among DDT compounds, p,p'-DDT was the highest in river water except in the dry season when p,p'-DDD showed a higher percentage. On the other hand, in mangroves p,p'-DDE was highest during the wet season and p,p'-DDD during the dry season. Air-water partitioning data of HCH isomers and DDT compounds in Vellar river revealed that these chemicals tend to be in the water phase. These observations may aid in understanding the role of a tropical paddy area on the behavior and fate of man-made chemicals in view of worldwide contamination.