用光催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

以城市生活垃圾渗滤液作为研究对象 ,采用悬浮态半导体催化剂对渗滤液进行处理试验。研究了ZnO TiO2复合半导体催化剂的催化活性 ,并研究了各种实验条件、影响因素及处理效果。研究表明 ,在一定的试验条件下 ,用ZnO TiO2 复合半导体催化剂处理城市垃圾渗滤液效果较好 ,可作为垃圾渗滤液的深度处理。同时得到光催化氧化法处理渗滤液的最佳试验参数。     

紊动特性对污染物降解的影响研究

采用潜水泵作为紊动诱发装置，利用PIV测量了流场，研究了不同流量下紊动对污染物降解的影响规律。结果表明，紊动对污染物的降解有明显的影响，流量越大，紊动强度越大，污染物的降解率越高。对紊动强度与有无紊动水箱COD、NH4^＋-N、TN和TP降解增加量的变化曲线进行指数函数拟合，拟合结果良好，可以认为紊动对污染物降解的影响可以描述为“一级反应”理论。     

氧化、还原改性对活性炭吸附草甘膦的影响

研究了氧化、还原改性对活性炭吸附草甘膦的影响.以傅立叶红外光谱定性表面官能团变化,以扫描电镜观察表面形貌,以化学吸附分析仪测定后再通过测定样品的氮气吸附/脱附等温线计算比表面积和孔径.结果表明:(1)氧化改性使活性炭比表面积增大;还原改性使活性炭比表面积减小.还原阶段使先前氧化阶段中产生的孔道以及原有孔道均发生塌陷,导致还原改性活性炭比表面积减小.(2)在静态吸附的条件下,氧化改性和还原改性活性炭对草甘膦的吸附均为吸热反应.还原改性在活性炭表面产生的还原性官能团有利于活性炭对草甘膦的吸附,而氧化改性产生的氧化性官能团并不利于活性炭对草甘膦的吸附.(3)热力学参数的计算进一步表明,改性活性炭对草甘膦的吸附为吸热反应.     

五氯苯酚在厌氧颗粒污泥中的吸附研究

在血清瓶中进行的分批实验中,研究了UASB和EGSB反应器厌氧颗粒污泥对五氯苯酚(PCP)的吸附、解吸规律.结果表明,吸附和解吸在接触PCP 2.5 h内达到平衡,吸附和解吸过程都符合Freundich等温方程,PCP的吸附机制为恒定的分配吸附.来自UASB反应器中活的颗粒污泥吸附能力大于灭活的颗粒污泥,Freundich等温方程吸附常数K值分别为0.557 0和0.037 9.UASB反应器颗粒污泥对PCP的吸附能力大于EGSB反应器颗粒污泥,Freundich等温方程吸附常数K值分别为0.557和0.263.     

制备条件对不同玻璃材料负载TiO_2活性影响研究

以光催化降解苯酚为探针反应,通过正交实验,系统研究了胶液配比、涂覆次数和焙烧温度等条件对以溶胶-凝胶法分别在普通钠钙玻璃和磨砂玻璃上制备TiO2光催化性能的影响,并利用环境扫描电镜（ESEM）对TiO2催化膜形貌进行了分析。研究表明,在普通钠钙玻璃片上负载TiO2催化膜的影响因素主次顺序为：硝酸体积〉涂覆次数〉焙烧温度〉V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯,在选定实验条件下的最优条件为：涂覆次数为4次;焙烧温度=450℃;V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯∶V硝酸（1∶4）：V水=400∶40∶1∶4。在磨砂玻璃片上负载TiO2催化膜的的影响因素主次顺序为：涂覆次数〉硝酸体积〉焙烧温度〉V乙醇：V酞酸丁酯,在选定实验条件下的最优条件为：涂覆次数为4次;焙烧温度=500℃;V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯∶V硝酸（1∶4）∶V水=400∶40∶2∶4。通过扫描电镜可以观察到在普通钠钙玻璃片和磨砂玻璃片表面均附着一层白色的TiO2薄膜,颗粒粒径在100 nm左右。磨砂玻璃比普通钠钙玻璃负载更多的催化剂,磨砂玻璃基TiO2活性更高。磨砂玻璃是一种非常有前景的TiO2催化剂载体材料。     

Study on the cytotoxicity of microcystin-LR on cultured cells

The toxicity of purified blue-green algal toxin, microcystin-LR, on permanent cell lines KB, NIH/3T3, H-4-II-E, HeLa, Vero, Hep G2, Caco-2 and HL-60 was studied. Assessment of cell viability using colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that purified microcystin-LR induced toxic effect on KB and H-4-II-E cell lines after 96 h incubation at toxin concentrations greater than 18.75 microg/ml. KB cell line was selected for further study when reproducibility, consistency and sensitivity were considered. Significant amounts of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were released from KB cells when incubation durations were 72 and 96 h with toxin concentrations of 18.75 microg/ml and higher. Although previous studies suggested that microcystin-LR had no cytotoxic effect on permanent cell lines, LDH release assay performed on KB cells indicated that exposure to microcystin-LR could result in damage to the cell membrane.     

甲基红在壳聚糖上吸附富集的研究

研究了pH、初始浓度、时间及温度对甲基红在壳聚糖上吸附富集的影响。结果表明，pH是影响甲基红吸附富集的重要因素，最佳pH3．4。其动力学行为更好地符合Lagergren准二级反应动力学模型，随着温度增加，平衡吸附量减少。吸附过程的表观活化能（Ea）为7．518kJ／mol。壳聚糖对甲基红的吸附过程较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。计算得到吸附过程的热力学参数△G0、△H0。和△S0分别为-24．88kJ／mol（303K）、-22．15kJ／mol和8．783J／（mol·K），表明壳聚糖对甲基红的吸附是一个自发的放热过程。红外光谱分析得到，壳聚糖吸附甲基红的过程中，壳聚糖分子中存在的大量羟基和氨基发挥了主要作用。     

纳米材料对膜生物反应器影响的试验研究

通过向一体式膜生物反应器中投加纳米材料来改变料液性质，预防膜污染和提高膜生物反应器对污染物的去除效率，并利用扫描电镜分析中空纤维膜的表观结构的变化情况，通过红外光谱分析活性污泥性质的变化，以探讨防治膜污染的机理。试验结果表明，纳米材料的投加对COD和NH₃-N的去除无明显影响，提高了TP的去除率，TP去除率达70%。而且投加纳米材料可改变活性污泥的性质和生物膜的表观结构，减缓膜污染。     

基于GT-Power柴油机颗粒捕集器捕集性能的仿真研究

利用GT-Power软件建立了柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)仿真模型,进行了仿真计算。研究了颗粒捕集器本身结构参数对其捕集效率与压降的影响。结果表明,影响颗粒捕集器捕集效率的主要参数有通道密度(CPSI)、过滤体孔隙率、过滤体微孔直径以及过滤壁厚度;影响颗粒物压降的主要参数有通道密度、过滤体渗透率、过滤体孔隙率以及过滤壁厚度。     

聚丙烯酰胺对活性污泥特性的影响研究

高分子混凝剂PAM投加是强化污泥造粒的有效方法,但PAM的投加对活性污泥中微生物群落以及对其生化降解性能的影响尚缺乏系统性研究。为此,通过实验室小型实验,在SBR中连续投加PAM,运用FISH等微生物检测技术,研究了PAM对活性污泥的影响。在PAM投量为3 mg/L的条件下,反应器中活性污泥的生长过程与对照反应器没有根本性差别,且PAM投加后MLSS浓度和单位重量污泥的生物量均有一定增大,污泥的沉降性能也得到改善。FISH检测的结果表明,与对照反应器相比,总细菌、亚硝化菌、硝化菌的个数分别由9.1×105、1.8×105和1.1×105CFU/mL增长到1.0×106、2.0×105和1.2×105CFU/mL,说明PAM没有对各种菌落的生长产生不利影响。连续运行80 d的结果也表明,投加PAM的反应器中COD和氨氮的去除均有所改善。     

土壤固相吸附砷的研究进展

砷是一种常见的有毒元素，土壤砷污染与修复问题已引起世界范围的广泛关注。土壤原位修复是消除土壤砷污染的有效方法，其中砷在土壤固相上的吸附也是近年来的研究热点。土壤固相广泛存在于土壤中，并具有表面积大和表面电荷等理化性质，它可通过与砷酸根阴离子发生表面配位反应，形成内外层配位体等方式来固定土壤中的砷，以降低金属离子的迁移能力和有效性，是一种有效的原位减轻砷污染的方法。文中简单介绍了砷污染的现状、危害和赋存状态，重点介绍了铁铝锰的氧化物和氢氧化物、粘土矿物、有机质等土壤固相对砷的吸附机理及其影响因素，旨在更好地掌握砷的吸附行为。     

回流比对缺氧/好氧生活污水处理装置处理效果的影响

在缺氧／好氧工艺的不同回流比条件下，对处理效果特别是脱氮效果进行了研究。结果表明，混合液和污泥合并回流，当回流比从R=4到R=7时，均能获得良好的脱氮效果，TN去除率达到75．4％以上，出水TN〈10mg／L。而回流比的变化对BOD的去除效果影响较小。当BOD污泥负荷从0．096kg／（kg·d）降低到0．063ks／（kg·d）时，对TN和BOD的去除率影响都很小。     

污水处理设施市场化运作模式的研究

研究了国外污水处理设施的投资和运行模式，探讨了国内污水处理设施的传统模式，着重讨论了BOT等新的市场化的运作模式。     

Studies on the sorption behaviors of nitrobenzene on marine sediments

The sorption behaviors of nitrobenzene on marine sediments were systematically investigated in this study. The nitrobenzene sorption on both HCl-treated and untreated sediments accorded well with the linear sorption isotherm. It occurred primarily through partition function of organic carbon of sediments. In comparison, the sorption behavior of nitrobenzene on H2O2-treated sediments was nonlinear and conformed to Langmuir isotherm. Sorption of nitrobenzene on H2O2-treated sediment was mainly through surface function of sediment minerals such as clays. With the increase of ionic strength (salinity), solubility of nitrobenzene in solution would decrease. At the same time, the release of dissolvable part of organic carbon into water solution would also decrease. As a result, partition coefficient and saturate adsorption amount of nitrobenzene on marine sediments increased with increasing salinity of seawater. Contrary to the influence of salinity, partition coefficient and saturate adsorption amount of nitrobenzene decreased with increasing temperature.     

实施以经济开发区带动发展战略中之环保对策的探讨

分析了目前各地实施的以经济开发区带动发展战略中的环境保护存在的问题，探讨进一步完善、强化和实施的若干对策。     

The effect of simulated rain on folpet and mancozeb residues on grapes and on vine leaves

Artificial rainfalls were used to determine the effect of the amount of the rainfall and the time interval between pesticide application and rainfall event, on folpet and mancozeb residues on grapes and vine leaves. Forty-five mm of rain were administered to the vineyard in different amounts (45; 30+15; 15+15+15 mm). Folpet showed good rainfastness on the grapes and on the leaves. A modest decrease was observed only in the experiments that had received 45 mm of rain at one go. Mancozeb showed a lower rainfastness, since a portion of the deposit was easily washed off also by a modest rainfall. The percentage of this portion was higher in the grapes (38%) than in the leaves (20%). The data obtained in these experiments show that, in the case of folpet, it is not necessary to repeat the treatment when it rains the day after, while it is recommendable to repeat it in the case of mancozeb.     

BIOLEFF: three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation

Three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation were developed by storing bibliographic and abstract data for technical literature on the subject in a free-form database program, 'askSam'. Approximately 4 000 journal articles have been computerized in three separate database files: BIOLEFF, LICHENS and METALS. BIOLEFF includes over 2 800 articles on the effects of approximately 25 gaseous and particulate pollutants on over 2 000 species of vascular plants. LICHENS includes almost 400 papers on the effects of gaseous and heavy metal pollutants on over 735 species of lichens and mosses. METALS includes over 465 papers on the effects of heavy metals on over 830 species of vascular plants. The combined databases include articles from about 375 different journals spanning 1905 to the present. Picea abies and Phaseolus vulgaris are the most studied vascular plants in BIOLEFF, while Hypogymnia physodes is the most studied lichen species in LICHENS. Ozone and sulfur dioxide are the most studied gaseous pollutants with about two thirds of the records in BIOLEFF. The combined size of the databases is now about 5.5 megabytes.     

添加粉煤灰对污泥比阻影响的研究

污泥脱水是污泥处理中重要的一环.本研究采用电厂废弃物粉煤灰对未脱水污泥改性,经过改性的污泥比阻降低,改善污泥脱水性能,并对产生这一现象的机制进行了探讨.     

基于DEA模型的区域削减指标分配研究

运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,建立了区域削减指标分配模型,综合分析了2005年全国31个省、市、自治区的主要污染物COD和SO2排放绩效以及水资源、能源的利用效率.分析表明,我国COD、SO2的排放效率、水资源和能源的利用效率比较低,节水节能减排的潜力很大.根据效率原则,得到了全国各地区节能节水减排的削减指标分配表.