碳中和立法的国际经验与启示

为应对气候变化,实现《巴黎协定》,国际社会纷纷做出碳减排相关承诺,设立碳中和目标.多个国家和地区通过设立或修订气候变化法律,将碳中和目标明确为硬约束.中国实现碳达峰、碳中和愿景任务艰巨,通过梳理典型国家和地区碳中和相关立法,分析国际碳中和立法的要点,针对国内现状需求,提出适合中国制定应对气候变化法律的建议.     

Estimating and analyzing the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon in China

Research on the terrestrial carbon cycle is an important component in the study of global change. Soil organic carbon, as the main part of the terrestrial carbon reservoir, plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. To accurately estimate soil organic carbon storage, its composition and dynamic change must be determined. This presents a challenge to research on the soil carbon cycle, especially in China where the nationwide soil organic carbon reservoir largely remains unknown. This paper reports a research project that attempts to estimate the nationwide soil organic carbon reservoir. Data from 2473 soil profiles from the second national soil survey were collected and GIS technology was employed to quantify the national soil carbon reservoir. The analytical results show that the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 92.4 Pg (Pg = 10(15) g) and that the average carbon density is about 10.53 kg C m(-2). The spatial distribution of soil organic carbon was also analyzed and mapped. This study presents basic data and an analysis method for carbon-cycle studies and also provides scientific support for policy-making efforts to control CO2 emissions in China.     

Carbon mitigation by the construction industry in China: a perspective of efficiency and costs

Evaluating carbon emission performance of the construction industry is a significant prerequisite for developing regional carbon mitigation plans. Taking environmental and technical heterogeneities into account, this paper employed a meta-frontier method to measure the carbon emission efficiency, carbon mitigation potential, and costs of the construction sector in different regions of China from 2005 to 2016. The empirical results show that substantial disparities in carbon emission efficiency exist in the construction industry. The total carbon mitigation potential of this sector was 206.76 million tons, with the Lower Yellow river area accounting for the largest proportion at 27%. Meanwhile, the carbon mitigation costs of this sector increased from 584.94 to 1273.30 yuan/ton during 2005–2016. The highest mitigation costs occur in the Lower Yangtze River area and the South Coastal area, indicating it was more costly in these areas to conduct additional carbon emissions mitigation. The results could facilitate the policy formulation on regional-oriented carbon emissions mitigation of the construction industry in China.

     

Inter-provincial responsibility allocation of carbon emission in China to coordinate regional development

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To establish the carbon emission trading scheme and achieve the carbon emission reduction goals in China, it is critical to allocate the carbon...     

Carbon storage in northeast China as estimated from vegetation and soil inventories

We have estimated the stocks of carbon in vegetation and soil in northeast China based on data for 122 plots from the fourth national forest inventory, and for 388 soil profiles from the second national soil survey. The techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to extrapolate site-specific estimates of vegetation and soil organic carbon to the entire area of northeast China. Our estimate indicates that the amount of carbon in vegetation and soil for the region are 2.81 PgC (10(15) g C) and 26.43 PgC, respectively, and that the area weighted average density of vegetation and soil organic carbon are 22.7 MgC/ha and 212.7 MgC/ha, respectively. The eastern and northern parts of the region show much higher carbon storage than the rest of the region. Substantial spatial variations in vegetation and soil organic carbon across northeast China suggest that regional estimates on carbon stocks and fluxes should take into account these spatial variations. We suggest that the methodology developed can be used for the entire nation of China as well as other regions of the world.     

Influence of ozone pollution and climate variability on net primary productivity and carbon storage in China's grassland ecosystems from 1961 to 2000

Our simulations with the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) indicate that the combined effect of ozone, climate, carbon dioxide and land use have caused China's grasslands to act as a weak carbon sink during 1961-2000. This combined effect on national grassland net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon storage was small, but changes in annual NPP and total carbon storage across China's grasslands showed substantial spatial variation, with the maximum total carbon uptake reduction of more than 400gm(-2) in some places of northeastern China. The grasslands in the central northeastern China were more sensitive and vulnerable to elevated ozone pollution than other regions. The combined effect excluding ozone could potentially lead to an increase of 14Tg C in annual NPP and 0.11Pg C in total carbon storage for the same time period. This implies that improvement in air quality could significantly increase productivity and carbon storage in China's grassland ecosystems.     

What drives green development in China: public pressure or the willingness of local government?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With China already committing to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060, green development is urgent....     

Respiration controls the unexpected seasonal pattern of carbon flux in an Asian tropical rain forest

Tropical rain forests play important roles in the global carbon cycle. We report a six-year eddy covariance carbon flux campaign in a primary tropical seasonal rain forest in southwest China. An unexpected seasonal pattern of net ecosystem carbon exchange was detected, with carbon lost during the rainy season and stored in the dry season. Strong seasonality of ecosystem respiration was suggested to primarily account for this seasonal pattern. The annual net uptake of CO₂ by the forest varied from 0.98 to 2.35 metric tons of carbon per hectare between 2003 and 2008. 6-year averaged sink strength was 1.68 metric tons of carbon per hectare.     

Can the carbon emission trading scheme promote corporate environmental protection investment in China?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Since 2013, a pilot market of carbon emission trading scheme (ETS) has operated in China, with results showing a reduction in the carbon intensity of...     

Research on influencing factors of carbon information disclosure quality in China’s power industry

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - High-quality carbon information disclosure is required with the development of China’s national carbon emission trading market. It is still...     

How will Chinese cities reduce their carbon emissions? Evidence from spatial differences

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Urban regions are the dominant carbon emitter in China. Although the role of urban regions is a crucial concern in peaking China’s carbon...     

Impact of agricultural production outsourcing services on carbon emissions in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Increasing food output while reducing agricultural carbon emissions (ACE) is a major challenge to achieving green agriculture in China. Previously...     

How does power technology innovation affect carbon productivity? A spatial perspective in China

Power technology innovation has been positioned as an effective way to contribute to China’s carbon productivity. However, limited empirical evidence exists on the impact of power technology innovation on carbon productivity. Thus, based on the annual panel dataset of 30 China’s provinces from 2001 to 2019, this study explored whether and how power technology innovation promotes or impedes the improvement of carbon productivity. First, carbon productivity in the framework of total factor was calculated based on the metafrontier Malmquist-Luenberger productivity index. Second, the effect of power technology innovation on carbon productivity was investigated using the spatial Durbin model. And we also examined whether heterogeneous power technology innovations have a synergistic effect on carbon productivity. Third, influence mechanism of power technology innovation affecting carbon productivity was identified. Results show that (1) there are notable differences in China’s provincial carbon productivity, which is characterized by the spatial correlation. (2) Local power technology innovation has a promotion effect on carbon productivity in both local and neighboring provinces. Moreover, the promotion effect of breakthrough power technology innovation is stronger than that of incremental power technology innovation. (3) Catching-up Effect and Innovation Effect are important transmission channels through which power technology innovation improves carbon productivity. Finally, policy recommendations are provided.

     

Spatiotemporal dynamic differences of energy-related CO2 emissions and the related driven factors in six regions of China during two decades

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Carbon neutrality lays out a grand blueprint for carbon emission reduction and climate governance in China. How to reduce energy consumption is the...     

Effects of land urbanization and internet penetration on environmental sustainability: a cross-regional study of China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - China has pledged to peak its carbon dioxide emissions (CEM) before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. The energy consumption related to...     

The impact of the establishment of carbon emission trade exchange on carbon emission efficiency

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The China government focuses on changes in carbon emission efficiency with establishing carbon emission trade exchange (CETE). It is meaningful to...     

Chemical characteristics of long-range transport aerosol at background sites in Korea

In this study, background concentration sites of Deokjeok and Gosan, which were deemed suitable for monitoring the impact of long-range transported air pollutants, were selected. An investigation of the source types of pollutants, their locations, and relative quantitative contributions to the particulate concentrations at both sites using appropriate methodologies to make initial estimations was conducted. Episodic measurements of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and size distribution, along with its ion and carbon components were performed from 2005 to 2007, and a comprehensive analysis of the results was conducted utilizing back trajectory analysis. As for frequency of wind direction, it was quite apparent that the two sites are heavily influenced by air masses originating from the eastern and northern regions of China. For PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, the mass concentrations from north and east China were higher than other cases, originating from the ocean. In the northerly-wind case, meteorological properties for Deokjeok and Gosan and the influence of carbon emissions from northwest Korea resulted in a changing of air mass properties during transport. As was the case with mass concentration, the highest contribution for ionic and carbon components of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ for both sites appeared for the westerly wind case. A specially high relative contribution, greater than 1.4 times, was apparent in the secondary aerosol case because of a large influence of long-range transported pollutants from east China. Carbon components exhibited different behaviors for the northerly and westerly wind cases compared with secondary aerosol. The major reason for this discrepancy appears to be the carbon emissions from northwest Korea.     

Does green finance improve the industrial eco-efficiency in China?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improving industrial eco-efficiency is of great significance for building a beautiful China and achieving its carbon peak and neutrality targets....     

Migration of manufacturing industries and transfer of carbon emissions embodied in trade: empirical evidence from China and Thailand

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - At present, China’s carbon emissions rank first in the world, which not only brings huge challenges to the sustainable development of...     

Characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 in Shanghai

Solvent extractable organic compounds (SEOC), organic carbon, elemental carbon and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in PM(2.5) samples collected in Shanghai, China in 2002 and 2003 were measured to determine the composition and sources of the organic matter in atmospheric aerosols. Distinct seasonal variations were detected with higher concentrations of organic matter in winter. The concentration of total carbon of about 20 microg m(-3) in winter was about three times the summer value. About 30% of the total carbon was water soluble. Unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and fatty acids were the most abundant components quantified in SEOC, similar to other Chinese cities previously studied. High ratio of UCM to n-alkanes (U:R) and the composition of triterpanes indicated that engine exhaust was a major source of the airborne organic matter. Emissions from coal burning had more impact in the rural areas, according to the U:R value and PAHs composition. Chemical mass balance (CMB) modeling shows that about half of the organic carbon was from engine exhaust and about 15% was from coal burning. No clear spatial variation in the concentration of the organic matter was found between urban and rural areas. Our results showed that due to the rapid urbanization and relocation of industrial plants from urban areas to rural areas in the past 20 years, air pollution in rural areas is becoming a serious problem in Shanghai and the Yangtze River delta.