矿化垃圾基本理化性状剖面变化特征研究

矿化垃圾能否作为农业资源被重新利用,除应考虑有效植物营养物质的含量与是否存在有害物质外,还取决于其基本理化性状。对城市生活垃圾填埋场中经填埋6年、8年、10年后得到的矿化垃圾基本物化性状变化特征进行分析,结果表明:矿化垃圾的土粒密度显著小于对照土壤,交换性盐基总量、CEC显著大于对照土壤,pH值和对照土壤基本相当;表层(0~50 cm)矿化垃圾的土粒密度、CEC、交换性盐基总量、pH值的变化幅度依次大于中层(50~100 cm)和下层(100~150 cm);矿化垃圾的理化性状在填埋8~10年后总体趋于稳定。从植物生长的环境角度看,填埋8~10年后的矿化垃圾可以开采后作为植物生长基质、土壤改良剂等农业资源化利用。     

采煤沉陷区耕地土壤微生物数量及酶活性的空间特征

通过野外调查和采样分析,研究了焦作矿区韩王矿沉陷区不同沉陷部位和不同深度耕地的土壤微生物数量及酶活性特征。研究结果表明:与对照区比较,沉陷区耕地土壤微生物数量、酶活性赋存特征及微生物类群组成比例发生了明显变化。沉陷区表层(0~5 cm)、上层(5~10 cm)、中层(10~20 cm)土壤微生物总数、细菌数量均明显减少,而下层(20~40 cm)土壤微生物总数、细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均明显升高。沉陷区表层、上层土壤细菌数量所占微生物总数比例分别降低了20.64%和13.17%,而放线菌数量所占比例分别升高了20.69%和12.66%。沉陷区表层土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别降低了1.5%、17.5%、22.0%、35.3%、20.4%和5.4%。不同沉陷部位的土壤微生物数量及部分酶活性指标空间异质性显著(p0.05)。沉陷区土壤真菌、放线菌数量、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性较对照区均具有不同的垂向分布特征。表明采煤引发的地表沉陷使耕地土壤微生物数量及酶活性在水平和垂直方向上均发生了显著变化,而这些变化是导致沉陷区耕地退化、生产力降低的重要原因。     

生活垃圾填埋场矿化垃圾分选研究

对上海市老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋龄为1～14年的矿化垃圾进行了分选研究.结果表明,填埋龄在8年以上矿化垃圾细料(粒径＜50 mm)的百分比约占60%,而填埋龄低于5年的矿化垃圾细料比例低于40%.开采出来的垃圾经分选后的产品可得到有效的资源化利用.     

大型水生植物对骆马湖氮、磷元素的影响

对骆马湖有草区和无草区水体和沉积物中氮、磷元素含量分析,结果表明:无草区水体中总氮、总磷含量高于有草区;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间变化明显,而无草区表层沉积物总氮含量随时间的变化很小;有草区与无草区表层沉积物中总磷含量的时间变化并无明显差异;有草区表层沉积物总氮含量基本上均高于无草区,而有草区表层沉积物总磷含量均要低于无草区。骆马湖有草区与无草区采样点沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性大小在58.41～315.07 mg/(kg.h)范围内变化,有草区的碱性磷酸酶的活性普遍低于无草区的碱性磷酸酶活性。在湖泊中种植大型水生植物确实可以减少水体污染,达到净化水质的目的。     

香菇菌渣对土壤微生态的影响

为研究香菇菌渣添加对土壤质量改善的效果和机制,在土壤中添加质量分数为0(对照)、1.5％、3.0％、4.5％的香菇菌渣进行培养处理,并定期检测土壤中各类微生物的数量与某些酶活性.结果表明:添加香菇菌渣对土壤微生物数量和酶活性都有不同程度的提高作用,其中真菌数量、放线菌数量、几丁质酶活性和脱氢酶活性均随添加量的增加而增大,说明香菇菌渣能够增加土壤中微生物群落的规模,从根本上有利于土壤质量的改善,同时还增强了土壤潜在的抑病能力；4.5％处理的平均真菌数量、放线菌数量、几丁质酶活性、脱氢酶活性分别为对照的1 399.00％、2 773.33％、1 309.36％、2 512.29％.     

造纸废水灌溉对黄河三角洲退化湿地可培养土壤微生物的影响

利用造纸废水恢复重度退化湿地，分析了土壤微生物数量、土壤呼吸强度及微生物量碳的变化情况。结果表明，灌溉后，8月份，细菌和真菌数量最多，放线菌5月份数量最多；细菌、真菌、放线菌各灌水深度上层大于中层，各灌水深度、细菌、真菌、放线菌上层数量均大于对照；土壤呼吸主要发生在表层（0~20 cm）；8月份，微生物量碳达到最大值690.3 mg/kg，且上中下层依次递减。相关分析表明，15 cm灌水量，土壤呼吸强度与有机碳呈极显著正相关（r=0.996，P=0.0036），灌水量为0、5、10和20 cm，土壤微生物量碳与有机碳呈极显著正相关(r=0.999，0.999，0.999；P<0.001)，15 cm灌水量，微生物量碳与速效磷呈极显著正相关（r=0.972，P=0.028）；5 cm灌水量，微生物总数与有机碳呈显著线性正相关（r=0.953，P=0.047），对照和15 cm灌水量，微生物总数与速效磷呈显著正相关（r=0.976，P=0.024；r=0.968；P=0.032）。灌溉处理后的造纸废水，可增加重度退化湿地土壤微生物的活性，改善土壤质量。     

垂直流人工湿地启动期基质酶的时空变化

为了解垂直流人工湿地系统中基质酶在去污效果中的作用及其随基质深度和运行时间的变化规律,设置3个垂直流人工湿地系统:种植皇竹草的A系统,种植象草的B系统,以及不种植物的C系统。分别监测3个系统不同基质深度与不同运行时间条件下脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶和纤维素酶的变化规律,以及这几种酶与TN、TP、COD、NH+4-N和NO-3-N污染物之间的相关性。实验结果表明,上述5种酶都表现出随着基质深度增加而减少的趋势,且上层0~30cm处的基质酶活性极显著高于中层和底层的酶活性,此外,种植能源植物的A、B系统基质酶活性都高于不种植物C系统,说明湿地中污染物的去除主要集中在上层基质,种植能源植物能够有效促进微生物的活性,增加胞外酶的分泌,提高人工湿地对污染物的去除效果,可为优化人工湿地除污效果以及湿地植物的选择提供理论依据。     

高温微生物菌剂加速垃圾填埋场好氧稳定化进程的研究

研究了一种可加速垃圾填埋场好氧稳定化进程的生物强化技术。实验对比了A、B、C 3种填埋方式,A、B为好氧填埋,C为厌氧填埋;A中接种高温复合菌剂,B、C中不接种菌剂。实验周期为20 d。研究发现:高温菌剂的投加起到了多重作用:增强了微生物的活动,导致A中的温度显著升高,最高可达72℃,且50℃以上的高温期达14 d,而B仅在45℃维持3 d,C则基本处于常温;加速了垃圾堆体的降解与稳定化进程,至实验结束,A中可生物降解有机质含量(BDM)去除率达51.2%,明显高于B、C中的BDM去除率(31.1%和39.4%);加速了堆体中含氮物质的降解与转化,减少了垃圾浸出液中氨氮的累积;加速了堆体的沉降,A中垃圾堆体沉降高度达10 cm,远大于B、C堆体的沉降高度(4 cm和2.5 cm)。     

抗生素菌渣堆肥进程中微生物群落的变化

将青霉素菌渣、林可霉素菌渣与牛粪等原料分别进行好氧堆肥实验，以考察堆肥过程中不同菌渣对微生物群落的影响。在堆制的41d里，根据温度变化分阶段采集堆肥样品，采用稀释倒平板法测定细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量。结果表明，菌渣不同，其堆肥中的微生物群落变化趋势不同。青霉素菌渣堆肥中细菌数量变化趋势为高一低，真菌数量变化趋势为高一低．高，放线菌数量为逐渐增加；林可霉素菌渣堆肥过程中细菌数量变化趋势为低一高一低，放线菌和真菌数量变化趋势为高．低．高。依据真菌菌落形态观察，菌渣堆肥中的真菌种类比对照牛粪堆肥单一，表明两种菌渣对堆肥中的微生物多样性均产生了不利影响。林可霉素菌渣堆肥初始时的细菌数量比对照低1个数量级，放线菌数量在整个堆肥进程中都明显低于对照，堆肥结束时，随着菌渣含量的增加，放线菌数量逐渐下降，高温期真菌数量下降幅度随着菌渣含量增加而加大，表明林可霉素菌渣对细菌、放线菌和真菌均有不同程度的抑制。堆肥化后菌渣中林可霉素残留量的减少表明，在一定条件下堆肥处理可以将抗生素菌渣无害化和资源化。     

低聚木糖作为调理剂对土壤微生物和酶的影响

针对集约化农业过量施入化肥农药等引起的土壤质量退化问题,采用造纸黒液废物提取的低聚木糖作为土壤调理剂。通过室内土壤培养,研究不同低聚木糖施用量(0.01%、0.05%、0.1%和0.2%)对土壤微生物数量和脲酶活性的影响。通过番茄盆栽实验,并设置添加0.1%商品生物有机肥处理作比较,研究不同低聚木糖施用量对土壤微生物量氮磷、脲酶和磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,低聚木糖可以提高土壤细菌、放线菌数量、土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性。低聚木糖也显著增加番茄各生长期土壤微生物量碳和磷含量,其中开花期时低聚木糖的促进作用最为明显。所有剂量处理中,以0.05%的低聚木糖添加量处理效果最为明显,且该处理效果也优于添加0.1%生物有机肥处理。低聚木糖作为土壤调理剂,能显著提高土壤微生物数量和酶活性,改善土壤生态系统,提高土壤质量,在农业上具有广阔的应用前景。     

Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure

The land application of aged chortetracycle (CTC) and tylosin-containing swine manure was investigated to determine associated impacts to soil microbial respiration, nutrient (phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate) cycling, and soil microbial community structure under laboratory conditions. Two silty clay loam soils common to southeastern South Dakota were used. Aerobic soil respiration results using batch reactors containing a soil-manure mixture showed that interactions between soil, native soil microbial populations, and antimicrobials influenced CO₂ generation. The aged tylosin treatment resulted in the greatest degree of CO₂ inhibition, while the aged CTC treatment was similar to the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil columns in which manure was applied at a one-time agronomic loading rate, there was no significant difference in soil-P behavior between either aged CTC or tylosin and the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil-nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), the aged CTC treatment resulted in rapid ammonium accumulation at the deeper 40cm soil column depth, while nitrate production was minimal. The aged CTC treatment microbial community structure was different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, where amines/amide and carbohydrate chemical guilds utilization profile were low. The aged tylosin treatment also resulted in ammonium accumulation at 40 cm column depth, however nitrate accumulation also occurred concurrently at 10 cm. The microbial community structure for the aged tylosin was also significantly different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, with a higher degree of amines/amides and carbohydrate chemical guild utilization compared to the no-antimicrobial treatment. Study results suggest that land application of CTC and tylosin-containing manure appears to fundamentally change microbial-mediated nitrogen behavior within soil A horizons.     

Land application of tylosin and chlortetracycline swine manure: Impacts to soil nutrients and soil microbial community structure

The land application of aged chortetracycle (CTC) and tylosin-containing swine manure was investigated to determine associated impacts to soil microbial respiration, nutrient (phosphorus, ammonium, nitrate) cycling, and soil microbial community structure under laboratory conditions. Two silty clay loam soils common to southeastern South Dakota were used. Aerobic soil respiration results using batch reactors containing a soil-manure mixture showed that interactions between soil, native soil microbial populations, and antimicrobials influenced CO(2) generation. The aged tylosin treatment resulted in the greatest degree of CO(2) inhibition, while the aged CTC treatment was similar to the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil columns in which manure was applied at a one-time agronomic loading rate, there was no significant difference in soil-P behavior between either aged CTC or tylosin and the no-antimicrobial treatment. For soil-nitrogen (ammonium and nitrate), the aged CTC treatment resulted in rapid ammonium accumulation at the deeper 40cm soil column depth, while nitrate production was minimal. The aged CTC treatment microbial community structure was different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, where amines/amide and carbohydrate chemical guilds utilization profile were low. The aged tylosin treatment also resulted in ammonium accumulation at 40 cm column depth, however nitrate accumulation also occurred concurrently at 10 cm. The microbial community structure for the aged tylosin was also significantly different than the no-antimicrobial treatment, with a higher degree of amines/amides and carbohydrate chemical guild utilization compared to the no-antimicrobial treatment. Study results suggest that land application of CTC and tylosin-containing manure appears to fundamentally change microbial-mediated nitrogen behavior within soil A horizons.     

Seasonal variation in amylase, invertase, cellulase activity and carbon dioxide evolution in a tropical protected grassland of Orissa, India, sprayed with carbaryl insecticide

A distinct seasonal variation in the enzyme activities and carbon dioxide evolution in soil, with a maximum in summer, was observed in soil treated with carbaryl and in control soil. There was no significant difference in the rate of enzyme activity between 0 and 10 cm and 10 and 20 cm depth of soil. Carbaryl insecticide applied at a normal agricultural dose did not have any inhibitory effect on soil enzyme activity, or on the rate of CO(2) evolution. However, the cellulase activity was greater in the surface soil of the control plot than in the treated plot.     

Spatial trend and pollution assessment of total mercury and methylmercury pollution in the Pearl River Delta soil, South China

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in large number of soil samples collected from areas with different types of land use, different depth in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China. THg and MeHg concentrations ranged from 16.7 to 3320 ng g⁻¹ and 0.01 to 1.34 ng g⁻¹, respectively. THg levels are highest in the top 0-20 cm soil layer, and decrease from the surface to bottom layer soil. Spatial variation was observed with different types of land use. Urban parks had the highest concentrations and the other areas tended to decrease in the order of residential areas, industrial areas, vegetable fields, cereal fields, and woodlands. Temporal variation was also noted, and two relatively high THg contamination zones located in the northwestern part of the PRD have significantly expanded over the last two decades. Both THg and MeHg concentrations were correlated significantly with soil organic matter (OM), but not with soil pH. THg pollution status was evaluated using two assessment methods.     

Microbial biomass and activity in a Brazilian soil amended with untreated and composted textile sludge

This laboratory study examines the effect of application of untreated and composted textile sludge on microbial biomass and activity in a Brazilian soil. The soil was amended with untreated and composted sludge at rates equivalent of 6.4t ha(-1) (0.64 g per 100g of soil) and 19t ha(-1) (1.90 g per 100g of soil), respectively, and were incubated at 28 degrees C for 60 days and daily sampled for microbial activity. An additional experiment, in the same condition, was conduced for evaluation of microbial biomass and enumeration of microorganisms at 15, 30 and 60 days after incubation. The application of composted sludge increased significantly the microbial biomass and activity, and bacteria number of soil. There were not differences in the microbial activity and bacteria number among the control and untreated sludge amended soils. In conclusion, after 2 months of incubation, the effects of the two amendments on soil microorganisms were: microbial biomass, soil respiration and bacteria number were increased only in composted sludge treated soil. qCO2 and fungi number were not affected by untreated and composted sludge.     

Mineralisation studies of 14C-labelled metsulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron and thifensulfuron-methyl in one Danish soil and groundwater sediment profile.

Bacterial mineralisation of four sulfonylurea herbicides at 20 microg kg(-1) in a sandy soil from nine different depths in a sandy soil horizon (5-780 cm) was investigated in laboratory studies. Metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, and tribenuron-methyl were 14C-labelled in the sulfonamide ring, while thifensulfuron-methyl was labelled in the thiophene ring. The highest mineralised amount in 126 days was observed for metsulfuron-methyl (40%) followed by tribenuron-methyl (25%), and thifensulfuron-methyl (11%). Chlorsulfuron showed low mineralisation in all the soils tested (<4%). Mineralisation of the herbicides metsulfuron-methyl and tribenuron-methyl varied according to soil depth (upper profile: 5-70 cm, and lower profile: 165-780 cm) and were proven faster in soil taken from depths 5-7 and 30-35 cm, and slower in depths 45-50 and 70-75 cm. Mineralisation was absent in the lower profile (165-780 cm). As an indicator of microbial activity bacterial counts were taken at the experimental start; these counts grouped in three levels: highest in the surface layer (5-7 cm), slightly lower in the depths 30-75 cm, and lowest in the lower profile (165-780 cm). Residual concentrations of metsulfuron-methyl correlated to the accumulated amount mineralised, with high residual concentrations in soil showing low mineralisation. Also chlorsulfuron showed high residual concentrations with increasing depth in the upper profile, but the relatively high dissipation at 30-35 cm and lower one at 45-50 cm could not be related with the lack of mineralisation. This shows that hydrolysis occurs, but mineralisation of the chloro-substituted sulfonamide is restricted. Tribenuron-methyl and thifensulfuron-methyl could not be detected due to interference with other compounds.     

Microbial aspects of the interaction between soil depth and biodegradation of the herbicide isoproturon

Factors controlling change in biodegradation rate of the pesticide isoproturon with soil depth were investigated in a field with sandy-loam soil. Soil was sampled at five depths between 0-10 and 70-80 cm. Degradation rate declined progressively down the soil profile, with degradation slower, and relative differences in degradation rate between soil depths greater, in intact cores relative to sieved soil. Neither the maximum rate of degradation, or sorption, changed with soil depth, indicating that there was no variation in bioavailability. Differences in degradation rate between soil depths were not associated with the starting population size of catabolic organisms or the number of catabolic organisms proliferating following 100% degradation. Decreasing degradation rates with soil depth were associated with an increase in the length of the lag phase prior to exponential degradation, suggesting the time required for adaptation within communities controlled degradation rates. 16S rRNA PCR denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that degradation in sub-soil between 40-50 and 70-80 cm depths was associated with proliferation of the same strains of Sphingomonas spp.     

Effect of glyphosate on the microbial activity of two Brazilian soils

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] is a broad-spectrum, non-selective, post-emergence herbicide that is widely used in agricultural. We studied, in vitro, changes in the microbial activity of typical Hapludult and Hapludox Brazilian soils, with and without applied glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied at a rate of 2.16 mg glyphosate kg(-1) of soil and microbial activity was measured by soil respiration (evolution of CO(2)) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis over a period of 32 days. We found an increase of 10-15% in the CO(2) evolved and a 9-19% increase in FDA hydrolyses in the presence of glyphosate compared with the same type of soil which had never received glyphosate. Soil which had been exposed to glyphosate for several years had the strongest response in microbial activity. Most probable number (MPN) counts showed that after 32 days incubation the number of actinomycetes and fungi had increased while the number of bacteria showed a slight reduction. After the incubation period, high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) detected the glyphosate metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA), indicating glyphosate degradation by soil microorganisms.     

Assessing the phytotoxicity of different particle-size aged refuse using Zea mays L. bioassay

With increasing attention paid to the recycling use of aged refuse as vegetated soil, it is important to check its possible polluting risk and probe the tolerance of plant system to its stress. For this reason, several physiological responses in Zea mays L. (maize) to the leaching samples of aged refuse in different particle-size (900-300, 300-150, 150-105, 105-90, and 90-0 microm) were investigated in the present study, including growth, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results indicate that the aged refuse affected the growth of maize seedlings, and elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in leaf tissues in a time-dependent manner, accompanying by the changes of antioxidant status. Also, above physiological responses varied as a function of particle-size distribution of the aged refuse, and statistical growth inhibition and oxidative stress occurred after the exposure of smaller particle-size samples, which contained higher level trace metals, the characteristic pollutants in the aged refuse. The results implicate that aged refuse might cause environmental stress on plant system, but the polluting risk mainly resulted from smaller particle-size samples. Therefore, the critical point of utilizing aged refuse as vegetated soil focused on analyzing its particle-size distribution, and screening out appropriate particle-size samples.     

Effects of butachlor on microbial populations and enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor (n-butoxymethlchloro -2', 6'-diethylacetnilide) on microbial populations, respiration, nitrogen fixation and nitrification, and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil. The results showed that the number of actinomycetes declined significantly after the application of butachlor at different concentrations ranging from 5.5 microg g(-1) to 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil, while that of bacteria and fungi increased. Fungi were easily affected by butachlor compared to the bacteria. The growth of fungi was retarded by butachlor at higher concentrations. Butachlor however, stimulated the growth of anaerobic hydrolytic fermentative bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and denitrifying bacteria. The increased concentration of butachlor applied resulted in the higher number of SRB. Butachlor inhibited the growth of hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria. The effect of butachlor varied on methane-producing bacteria (MPB) at different concentrations. Butachlor at the concentration of 1.0 microg g(-1) dried soil or less than this concentration accelerated the growth of MPB, while at 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil showed an inhibition. Butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations. The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil of butachlor. The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by butachlor. The soil respiration was depressed during the period from several days to more than 20 days, depending on concentrations of butachlor applied. Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.