蚯蚓对剩余污泥中重金属Cu、Zn的活化实验研究

以中国矿业大学南湖校区污水处理站的剩余污泥(简称污泥)为研究对象,通过培养实验,研究污泥中蚯蚓的生长情况和蚯蚓活动对污泥中重金属生物有效性的影响。实验结果表明,蚯蚓能够在一定浓度Cu、Zn的污泥中正常生长,表现出一定的重金属耐性,其耐受能力与重金属的种类、浓度、污泥的理化性质有关。蚯蚓活动能够降低污泥的pH,使之趋于中性。对不同浓度Cu处理污泥,蚯蚓活动使污泥有机质含量均有不同程度下降,其中对Cu为100 mg/kg的污泥中有机质含量影响最大;对不同浓度Zn处理污泥,蚯蚓活动使污泥有机质含量降低的幅度不大。蚯蚓活动可在一定程度上活化污泥中的重金属Cu和Zn,蚯蚓对Cu的活化效果较为明显,在污泥中添加Cu为50 mg/kg时,Cu活化率增加值最大,达到了11.14%;蚯蚓活动对Zn的活化效果不明显,Zn活化率增加值均低于1%。     

化学沥浸与硫化钠钝化联合处理猪粪中重金属

利用柠檬酸浸提猪粪中重金属,减少总量,再利用硫化钠钝化经柠檬酸浸提后的猪粪残渣,降低猪粪中剩余重金属的生物可利用性。柠檬酸浸提实验表明:0.2 mol·L-1柠檬酸与猪粪按固液比1:5混合,反应24 h,对猪粪中Cu、Zn、Mn的浸出率为18.10%、66.16%、43.85%;硫化钠投加量5%,钝化7 d,猪粪中离子交换态Cu、Zn、Mn的浓度由酸浸后的14.08、116、81.75 mg·kg~(-1)降为8.77、12.04、21.02 mg·kg~(-1),硫化钠对酸浸后猪粪中Cu、Zn的钝化率为52.00%、63.72%,猪粪残渣中离子交换态Mn所占全量的比例由对照组的30.22%降到7.77%;柠檬酸酸浸和硫化钠钝化对猪粪中Cu、Zn、Mn总处理效率为73.00%、61.44%、29.90%。重金属分离技术和钝化技术联合处理猪粪中重金属,可以有效减少猪粪中Cu、Zn、Mn的总量并降低其生物可利用性。     

生物炭负载Fe3O4对猪粪厌氧消化中重金属Cu、Zn形态的影响

为研究生物炭(BC)负载Fe_3O_4对猪粪厌氧消化中重金属形态的影响,采用化学共沉淀法将Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)和水稻秸秆BC复合制备Fe_3O_4/BC复合材料,将其作为钝化剂添加到以猪粪为原料的厌氧消化反应中。通过Tessier连续提取法与pH-依赖性浸出试验,探究BC和Fe_3O_4/BC对重金属形态的影响以及不同pH条件下沼渣中重金属浸出浓度的变化。结果表明,添加Fe_3O_4/BC对Cu和Zn的钝化效果更显著,与空白对照(CK)相比,添加BC和Fe_3O_4/BC后Cu的残渣态质量分数分别增加了-10.46%和52.40%,Zn的残渣态质量分数分别增加了16.82%和42.14%。厌氧消化后沼渣的浸出试验表现出很强的pH依赖性,Cu、Zn浸出曲线呈现出"V形",在中性环境中(pH 6～8)Cu、Zn和溶解性有机质(DOM)的浸出浓度较低,在酸性(pH6)和碱性(pH8)环境中较高。在弱酸弱碱条件下(pH 5～9),添加Fe_3O_4/BC后Cu和Zn的浸出浓度均低于添加BC的试验和CK组。因此,添加Fe_3O_4/BC可有效降低厌氧消化后沼渣中重金属的浸出风险。     

有机与常规养殖生猪粪便重金属污染特征与农用风险评价

通过对中国有机与常规养殖场生猪粪便(以下简称猪粪)和饲料中的重金属Cr、As、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量进行检测,对比分析了两种养殖模式下猪粪的重金属污染特征,估算猪粪安全农用年限。结果表明,有机和常规养殖场猪粪中Cr、As、Cd和Pb含量均未超标;常规养殖猪粪存在严重的Cu和Zn超标现象,样本超标率分别为100%和83%,而有机养殖猪粪中Cu和Zn样本超标率分别为22%和11%。除Cr外,常规饲料中重金属含量均高于有机饲料,Cu和Zn含量超标严重,且与猪粪Cu和Zn含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.05)。若依据施氮量400kg/(hm~2·a),则在连续施用常规养殖猪粪6～33、5～76a后,农田土壤Cu、Zn含量将分别超过《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)限值;而施用有机养殖猪粪的土壤则分别在24～163、18～136a后超过限值。     

猪粪和羊粪与麦秆不同配比中温厌氧发酵研究

研究了猪粪和羊粪分别与麦秆不同配比中温(35℃)厌氧发酵对产气量、消化时间和最优C/N值的影响。结果表明,猪粪与麦秆在中温厌氧发酵时,所需的最优C/N值为21,且经141 d就可充分发酵,最大干物质累积产气量可达369.53 mL/g。羊粪与麦秆中温厌氧发酵时,所需的最优C/N值为24,且经96 d就可充分发酵,最大干物质累积产气量可达209 mL/g。猪粪秸秆中温厌氧发酵时易发生酸化,发酵前应通过预处理来减少酸化可能;而羊粪麦秆不易发生酸化。     

超声和无机酸浸提猪粪中的重金属

对比研究了无机酸及超声对猪粪中重金属Cu、Zn和Mn的去除效果,并对处理前后猪粪中重金属形态变化进行分析。结果表明:无机酸浸提优化条件下Cu、Zn和Mn的浸出率分别为43.24%、76.28%和78.91%;超声协同无机酸浸提优化条件下Cu、Zn和Mn的浸出率分别为39.6%、76.3%和79.9%;2种浸提方式均能显著降低猪粪中重金属有机结合态含量。     

室外条件下蚯蚓协同微生物直接处理鲜鸡粪

选用赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)协同EM菌和硝化细菌直接进行室外条件下的鲜鸡粪处理实验,以菌剂接种量、缓冲层厚度、投放密度等为主要筛选参数,并对经蚯蚓消化处理前后的鸡粪冲淋水中氮磷的变化进行了取样检测.实验结果表明,室外条件下蚯蚓借助于微生物的协同作用可直接处理鲜鸡粪.当鲜鸡粪负荷为15 g/d时,在接种EM菌剂和硝化菌剂各10 mL,铺设4 cm厚度凹土缓冲层,蚯蚓投放密度为12条的条件下,鲜鸡粪被降解的效果最好.经过蚯蚓消化降解后的鸡粪水中TN浓度降低了20.34％,TN中无机氮含量增多,NH4+-N和N03--N所占TN比例分别增加了18.79％和37.96％;TP浓度降低了14.40％.     

粉煤灰对猪粪堆肥重金属形态及浸出特性的影响

本研究以猪粪为原料,粉煤灰为钝化剂进行好氧堆肥,通过Tessier连续提取法与pH-依赖性浸出实验,研究粉煤灰对堆肥前后重金属形态及不同pH条件下重金属的浸出特性的影响。结果表明,粉煤灰对Zn的钝化效果较Cu更为显著,与原料相比Zn的残渣态增幅为18.97%。堆肥的浸出实验表现出很强的pH依赖性,Cu、Zn和DOM的浸出浓度在中性条件下(pH 6~8)低,在酸性(pH6)和碱性(pH8)环境中高。在pH为3~9的范围内,添加粉煤灰的实验组中Cu和Zn的浸出浓度低于对照组。因此,添加粉煤灰可降低堆肥重金属的浸出风险。     

乙二胺二琥珀酸和柠檬酸对黑土中外源重金属的活化效应

通过解吸实验和小麦盆栽实验,研究了生物可降解有机配体乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)、柠檬酸(CIT)对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的活化效应.不同浓度EDDS﹑CIT对黑土中外源重金属解吸实验表明,EDDS对黑土中外源Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的解吸远高于CIT.重金属/EDDS摩尔比为1∶1时,4种重金属的解吸率在50.8%～69.2%.小麦盆栽实验表明,EDDS为5 mmol/kg时,对小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中重金属含量影响较大,明显导致小麦幼苗茎叶和根系中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的富集量增加.EDDS处理组Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的茎叶富集系数远高于对照组和CIT处理组.随时间的增加,EDDS处理组和CIT处理组重金属的根系富集量均增加,但对照组和CIT处理组大部分重金属14 d茎叶富集量略低于7 d茎叶富集量.因此,EDDS对黑土中外源重金属有较强的解吸和活化能力,可以较大程度地强化小麦幼苗根系对黑土中外源Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的吸收并诱导这些重金属由根系向茎叶迁移.     

生物沥浸法去除猪粪中重金属的研究

探讨以猪粪为培养介质，驯化和加富培养获得硫细菌混合菌液，并研究其对猪粪中重金属的生物沥浸效果。结果表明：猪粪可以在18 d内完成驯化，经3轮富集培养的猪粪粪液可作为硫细菌接种菌液。采用此菌液对猪粪粪液接种并投加硫粉，经过9 d的生物沥浸，Cu、Zn和Cd的沥出率分别达到93.0%、90.1%和67.8%。     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

党的执政能力建设与环境保护——学习十六届四中全会决定的体会

阐述了环境保护与党的执政能力建设的内在联系。论述了加强环境保护是增强“党的领导能力”的题中之意；加强环境保护是“坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力”的重要内容；环境保护关系到社会和谐与国家安全。环境保护工作者应全面分析和妥善应对来自各方面的机遇和挑战，促使环境发展矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。     

Quality of the surface water of a basin affected by the expansion of the agricultural frontier over the native forest in the Argentine Espinal region

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Land use changes have led to the degradation of multiple ecosystem services and affected the quality of aquatic ecosystems. The aims of this study...