分段进水多级生物膜反应器脱氮效能影响因素研究

采用分段进水多级生物膜反应器处理高氮低碳小城镇污水,考察负荷、溶解氧和温度对反应器脱氮效能的影响。实验结果表明:负荷、溶解氧和温度对反应器脱氮效能有显著影响。在水温为20～25℃,DO为5 mg/L,负荷为1 kgCOD/(m3.d),挂膜密度为30%,第1、3、6级分段进水,流量分配比为2∶2∶1的条件下,在反应器中可成功构建出高效同时硝化反硝化系统,出水COD、NH4+-N和TN浓度分别为33 mg/L、2.6 mg/L和29.4 mg/L,去除率分别为90.1%、96.0%和63.9%。当水温≤15℃时,硝化速率受温度的影响显著。     

新型SBBR处理畜禽废水脱氮实验研究

以畜禽废水为处理对象,将序批式运行模式应用到好氧三相内循环生物流化床中,考察在不同模式下的处理效果及氮的转化情况。实验结果表明,在室温条件下,进水COD浓度为2 000 mg/L左右,总氮为140 mg/L左右时,保持溶解氧在2~2.5 mg/L,交替好氧/缺氧运行方式处理效果优于单一的好氧/缺氧方式;模式为3 h(曝气)-1.5 h(停曝)-1.5 h(曝气)-1 h(停曝)时系统对总氮和氨氮处理效果最好,总氮去除率达到90%,系统主要脱氮方式为同步硝化反硝化和短程硝化反硝化。     

苯甲酸对反硝化细菌氮素转化的影响机制

选取苯甲酸为研究对象，探究不同浓度的苯甲酸对铜绿假单胞菌及脱氮副球菌反硝化过程的影响。外源添加不同浓度的苯甲酸于细菌培养液中并厌氧培养，动态监测其细菌生长情况pH、反硝化氮素产物、最终苯甲酸含量及相关反硝化酶活性。结果表明：(1)苯甲酸为1、2 mmol/L时，铜绿假单胞菌N₂O产生量分别增加了62.3%和28.4%,3、4 mmol/L时降低了29.7%和92.6%;不同浓度苯甲酸均可抑制脱氮副球菌N₂O产生，抑制率为19.3%～99.8%;(2)苯甲酸对铜绿假单胞菌的生长是低浓度促进、高浓度抑制，高浓度苯甲酸对其反硝化的限速步骤在NO^-₃的还原；(3)各浓度苯甲酸对脱氮副球菌的生长均呈抑制作用，苯甲酸对脱氮副球菌的NO^-₃还原影响较小，高浓度苯甲酸可抑制NO^-₂还原过程。因此，铜绿假单胞菌和脱氮副球菌的反硝化过程对苯甲酸浓度的响应存在明显差别。研究揭示了不同特性反硝化细菌对苯甲酸浓度响应差异性机制，为深入理解...     

响应曲面法优化固相反硝化的工艺条件

以一种新型可降解材料PLA/PHBV共混物为碳源和生物膜载体,对硝酸盐污染水进行反硝化脱氮。在温度为(29±1)℃,pH为(7.5±0.2)条件下,利用响应曲面法考察了进水硝态氮浓度、水力停留时间(HRT)和出水硝态氮浓度之间的关系,建立了以出水硝态氮浓度为响应值的二次多项式回归模型,模型预测值与实验值能很好吻合。方差分析结果表明,进水硝态氮浓度和HRT及其交互作用对响应值均具有显著性影响(P<0.01)。     

低氧条件下同时硝化和反硝化机理初探

采用人工配水 ,对低氧条件下完全混合系统中氮的去除进行了研究。实验结果表明 ,在低氧条件下 (DO为 0 .3～0 .8mg/L )完全混合系统的同时硝化和反硝化具有一定的可行性。在泥龄为 45 d,C/N比为 10∶ 1,F/M为 0 .1g CODCr/(g ML SS·d)条件下 ,总氮的去除率达 66.7%。经分析 ,本实验发生的硝化反应仍然是自养硝化菌的好氧硝化 ,同时硝化和反硝化现象应归因于微环境理论     

SBR用于焦化废水生物处理的试验研究

采用SBR工艺对焦化废水的有机物降解和生物脱氮进行了研究。试验结果表明,焦化废水的生物脱氮是以短程硝化/反硝化的途径存在的,而且在好氧阶段存在同时硝化/反硝化(SND)过程。好氧阶段的反硝化效率约占整个反应周期脱氮效率的37.0%。SBR反应器对NH3N的去除效率在95.8%～99.2%,COD的去除率在85.3%～92.6%。由于出水中NO2N的积累,NO2N对COD浓度贡献值得关注。     

一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从处理高盐废水的生物接触氧化工艺成熟活性污泥中分离得到一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌F10.根据形态学特征、生理生化以及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析,初步判定该菌株为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.).菌株能在盐度为3%~7%的培养基中良好的生长及脱氮,最适盐度为3%(以Na Cl计),最适碳源为乙酸钠,最适p H为7~8,最适温度为30℃.该菌株能利用NO-3-N进行反硝化作用,在盐度为3%的反硝化培养基中24 h内对NO-3-N的去除率达到92.6%,36 h基本完全去除。该菌株在3%盐度下表现出良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性能,初始硝态氮浓度在270 mg/L时,菌株的脱氮率可达90%以上,氨氮的去除率可达75%以上,脱氮过程中无NO-2-N积累,可实现同步硝化反硝化,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

自由表面人工湿地脱氮效果中试研究

对自由表面人工湿地去除农业面源污水中氮的效果及途径进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,脱氮效率随水力停留时间(HRT)延长而增加 ,HRT为 0 5、1、2和 3d时 ,系统总氮去除率分别为 18 3 %、3 8 9%、84 9%和 85 6%。HRT <2d ,出水水质波动较大 ,2d以上 ,系统即可高效稳定运行。硝化 /反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要途径 ,挥发和填料吸附脱氮量可以忽略 ,依靠植物吸收可以去除一部分氮 ,茭草 (Zizaniacaduciflora)和芦苇 (Phragmitascommunis)的氮吸收量每年分别为 44 0和70 0kgN/hm2 。     

以红薯浸泡液为碳源的生物反硝化

为选择低碳氮比污水生物脱氮中合适的碳源,以搅拌罐浸泡淀粉类物质释放碳源,在确定利用红薯浸泡液为碳源后,以浸没式生物滤池为反应器进行生物反硝化实验。实验结果表明:20 g红薯置于2 L自来水中,采用250 r/m in的搅拌速度,搅拌频率为每搅拌3 h停1 h,2 d后得到的浸泡液COD浓度平均为5 921 mg/L,最高可超过7 000 mg/L;将此红薯浸泡液和污水以1∶50的流量比例,采用分别投加的方式进入反应器,污水中总氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及氨氮的平均去除率分别为88.6%、91.6%、88.2%和54.8%,出水COD平均在30 mg/L以下;在红薯浸泡液COD浓度为5 700 mg/L左右时,进水中亚硝酸盐氮浓度与硝酸盐氮浓度比为3∶2时总氮去除率为95.3%,当该比例为2∶3时总氮去除率为88.2%。研究表明,红薯浸泡液是一种经济合适的碳源,采用红薯浸泡液作为低碳氮比污水生物处理中反硝化的碳源是可行的。     

某污水处理厂A2/O工艺冬季生物反硝化过程的影响因素研究

针对污水处理厂冬季反硝化脱氮效率不佳的问题,以常州市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺为研究对象,模拟探讨了不同外加碳源、碳源投加量、溶解氧(DO)和硝态氮浓度对生物处理系统反硝化脱氮能力的影响。结果表明,外加有机碳源对系统的反硝化效能有明显的强化效果。3种外加有机碳源(乙酸、乙醇和乙酸钠)中,乙酸为最佳碳源。当乙酸投加量为40mg/L时,系统反硝化脱氮效率最高,比反硝化速率可达1.964mg/(g·h),反硝化碳耗最少,为7.14 mg/mg。DO与比反硝化速率成反比,DO≤0.20mg/L时,反硝化能力最强。硝态氮初始质量浓度为20mg/L左右时,反硝化能力最强。在实际工程应用中,可以通过提高硝化效果或直接调整回流比实现反硝化脱氮最优条件,将有助于提高系统的冬季脱氮效果。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the intestine of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on intestinal parameters of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable histopathological alterations were observed. The study on intestinal parameters revealed acute pathological conditions in the intestinal wall. The toxic effect became evident as the cytoplasm of the cells disintegrated and the cells became empty and vacuolated. The cell membranes were also ruptured. Degenerative changes of the absorptive surface (villi) of the intestine in the different periods of exposure were pronounced. Severe atrophic nature (necrotic mucosa) of the intestine began from 48 hrs onwards to 96 hrs of exposure.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.