利福平废水的絮凝和生化处理研究

种福平生产的废水ＣＯＤ高达６万,用ＰＦＳ、Ｃ－ＰＡＭ脱稳,密集网捕式絮凝处理后,ＣＯＤ去除率达２７％,ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤｃｒ从０．１９上升到０．３２,絮凝前后水质和色谱分析表明,絮凝后５种有机物去除效率均在２２％以上,使生化处理成为可能,进生化池废水经稀释后,用活性污泥法处理９天后,ＣＯＤ从１．５万降至ＣＯＤ〈３００ｍｇ／Ｌ,达到治理要求。     

白银市区土壤作物系统重金属污染分析与防治对策研究

通过对白银市区土壤作物系统重金属含量与分布变化特征的调查分析，结果表明，只有东大沟污灌区土壤作物污染严重，Cd,Pb超标明显；西大沟清污混灌区土壤环境为轻度污染，但作物质量符合标准要求；其余灌区土壤物质符合标准要求。最后，根据土壤作物重金属含量分布变化特征，提出了相应的防治对策。     

添加硫酸铁对贵州晴隆老万场污染土壤中砷和锑移动性的影响

添加硫酸铁降低砷的活性从而抑制其在作物中的富集是阻断砷在食物链中传递的重要手段之一。但是,对于砷和锑伴生的复合污染矿区,添加硫酸铁会对锑产生怎样的影响还不清楚。以贵州晴隆老万场砷和锑复合污染土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤中水溶态砷和水溶态锑以及印度芥菜(Brassica juncea L.)、平坝油菜(Brassica juncea var.PBYC)和凯里青油菜(Brassica juncea var.KLQYC)中砷和锑含量的测定,研究了添加3%(质量分数)硫酸铁对土壤中砷和锑移动性的影响。结果表明,种植在未经硫酸铁处理的土壤中的3种作物根系和地上部分干质量分别为0.07～0.12、2.10～2.40g;种植在经硫酸铁处理的土壤中的3种作物根系和地上部分干质量分别为0.11～0.22、4.10～5.70g。与未经硫酸铁处理的土壤相比,经硫酸铁处理的土壤中水溶态砷浓度降低了82%～84%,且作物体中的砷也显著降低,说明硫酸铁能显著降低土壤中的砷活性,有利于作物的生长。然而,经硫酸铁处理的土壤中水溶态锑浓度却比未经硫酸铁处理的土壤增加37%～56%,导致作物中的锑并不下降。因此,添加硫酸铁对砷和锑复合污染土壤而言,虽能钝化土壤中的砷,但是在一定程度上可能增加锑的活性,需考虑锑活化增加引起的风险。     

γ—BHC在稻田土壤和水稻上的残留及异构化

γ－ＢＨＣ在稻田壤和水稻上有不同程度异构化为α、β、δ－ＢＨＣ的趋势，但强度不大，其异构化程度随土壤的基本理化性状和水稻植株各部位的差异而不同。由此推在正常使用的情况下，γ－ＢＨＣ不至于因其异构化而构成对农田土壤与水稻的污染危害。     

降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究

建立模拟降雨装置，研究降雨条件下功能性材料与聚合物对降水土壤渗透性与地表径流污染负荷的影响。研究证实，沸石与PAM不仅能够促进降雨土壤水的人渗、延缓并减少地表径流．而且使土壤渗液和地表径流水质TSS、TN、TP、COD污染物负荷降低。以3kg／hm^2PAM、3kgPAM与7．5t／hm^2沸石、6kg／hm^2 PAM3种方式处理，径流COD负荷为对照的39．12％-69．76％、26．14％-46．63％和20．60％-28.09％；TN、TP与TSS负荷较对照分别减少44．36％-96．47％、66．63％-98．99％、93．71％-99．62％和50．46％～98．40％、83．30％～99．3l％、94．91％～99．72％和31．06％～77．23％、46．82％，86．22％、83．54％-95.33％。聚合物与功能性材料改良土壤是一种削减地袁降雨径流非点源污染的有效手段。     

几种混凝剂处理煤气洗涤废水的比较

用４种常用的混凝剂Ａｌ２（ＳＯ４）３,ＰＡＣ,ＰＦＳ及ＦｅＳＯ４分别对煤气洗涤废水进行了混凝实验研究,结果表明,使用上述４种药剂对废水ＣＯＤｃｒ最高去除率分别为６３．９％,６７．４％,６１．３％和５７．４％;乳化油去除率分别为７１．６％,７５．６％,７４．８％和７０．５％,浊度去除率分别为９３．４％,９４．１％〈９５．６５和９９．１％,而从经济效益上看,４种药剂去除每ｋｇ废水中ＣＯＤｃｒ所需药剂费     

改性膨润土混凝剂Scpb处理印染废水

探讨了改性膨润土混凝剂Ｓｃｐｂ对印染废水的实际处理效果，明确了Ｓｃｐｂ在短时间内不但能够使ＣＯＤ去除率达到６０％以上，去浊率达７０％以上，脱色率达６０％以上，而且有较宽的ＰＨ适用范围。改性膨润土混凝剂Ｓｃｐｂ是由膨润土添加ＳＣＭＣ，ＰＡＣ改性制成的８０目固体颗粒。     

大气降尘中水溶性有机物组成与含量的研究

本文为了研究各个地区大气降尘中水溶性有机物的组成与含量,从离地表２０ 米处的电网绝缘子表面采集九个大气降尘样品,对其水溶性部分用有机溶剂进行有机物的分离萃取,求出有机物的含量,采用ＸＲＰＤ 进行物相鉴定,确定有机物的组成可分为有机酸、有机酸钾盐、有机碱·盐酸盐加合物,尿素与尿素·硝酸盐加合物等四类,并对其影响ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 的溶解度进行一系列实验,结果表明这四类有机物对ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ 溶解度的提高均有显著影响,可提高４０ ％ － ６０ ％ ,与实际降尘样品中其溶解度平均提高５０ ％ 左右相一致。由于大气降尘中普遍存在来自土壤与燃煤飞灰所排放的ＣａＳＯ４·２Ｈ２Ｏ,研究有机物的组成与含量,这对了解局部地区环境酸化（ 湿沉降） 有其重要性。     

SBR法处理印染废水的研究

应用ＳＢＲ法、ＰＡＣ－ＳＢＲ法，微电解－ＳＢＲ法对印染废水进行了对比处理试验研究。试验结果表明：微电解－ＳＢＲ法处理效果优于其它两种方法，当进水ＣＯＤ＝１０００～１６００ｍｇ／Ｌ，色度＝２００～８００倍，ＢＯＤ５＝２５０～４００ｍｇ／Ｌ时．ＣＯＤ去除率在８５％左右，ＢＯＤ５去除率和脱色率均在９０％以上，出水达到排放标准。     

型煤燃烧过程中氧化钙固硫的试验研究

利用改进的自动测硫仪对固硫型煤的硫析出特性进行了研究,后在不同温度,不同ＣａＯ用量,不同煤粒径条件下对ＣａＯ固硫型煤进行研究,结果表明：ＣａＯ的最佳固硫条件为：固硫温度为４００－８００℃,Ｃａ／Ｓ＝２：１,采用大粒径型煤有利于固硫。     

Evaluation of various tests for the diagnosis of soil contamination by 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP)

Soil response to contamination with 2,4,5-triclorophenol was studied to test the validity of the concept of Generic Reference Levels (GRL), the main criterion used to define soil contamination. Soil samples were artificially contaminated with doses between 0 and 5000 mg kg⁻¹ of 2,4,5-triclorophenol, and analysed by various tests. Where possible, the response of soils to the contaminant was modelled by a sigmoidal dose-response curve in order to estimate the ED₅₀ values. The tests provided different responses, but only microbial biomass-C and dehydrogenase and urease activities demonstrated soil deterioration in response to contamination. The results suggest that the diagnosis of soil contamination has been greatly simplified in the legislation by the provision of a single figure for each compound, and that the GRL concept could perhaps be substituted by measurement of ED₅₀ values, which better reflect the alteration of a soil due to the presence of a xenobiotic substance.     

Elevated carbon dioxide does not offset loss of soil carbon from a corn-soybean agroecosystem

The potential for storing additional C in U.S. Corn Belt soils - to offset rising atmospheric [CO₂] - is large. Long-term cultivation has depleted substantial soil organic matter (SOM) stocks that once existed in the region's native ecosystems. In central Illinois, free-air CO₂ enrichment technology was used to investigate the effects of elevated [CO₂] on SOM pools in a conservation tilled corn-soybean rotation. After 5 and 6 y of CO₂ enrichment, we investigated the distribution of C and N among soil fractions with varying ability to protect SOM from rapid decomposition. None of the isolated C or N pools, or bulk-soil C or N, was affected by CO₂ treatment. However, the site has lost soil C and N, largely from unprotected pools, regardless of CO₂ treatment since the experiment began. These findings suggest management practices have affected soil C and N stocks and dynamics more than the increased inputs from CO₂-stimulated photosynthesis.     

Factors Influencing 2,4-D Sorption and Mineralization in Soil

Abstract

This study quantified 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] sorption and mineralization rates in five soils as influenced by soil characteristics and nutrient contents. Results indicated that 2,4-D was weakly sorbed by soil, with Freundlich distribution coefficients ranging from 0.81 to 2.89 µg^1?1/n  g^?1 mL^{1/ n} . First-order mineralization rate constants varied from 0.03 to 0.26, corresponding to calculated mineralization half-lives of 3 and 22 days, respectively. Herbicide sorption generally increased with increasing soil organic carbon content, but the extent of 2,4-D sorption per unit organic carbon varied among the soils due to differences in soil pH, clay content and/or organic matter quality. Herbicide mineralization rates were greater in soils that sorbed more 2,4-D per unit organic carbon, and that had greater soil nitrogen contents. We conclude that the effect of sorption on herbicide degradation cannot be generalized without a better understanding of the effects of soil characteristics and nutrient content on herbicide behavior in soil.     

EDTA and HCl leaching of calcareous and acidic soils polluted with potentially toxic metals: remediation efficiency and soil impact

The environmental risk of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in soil can be diminished by their removal. Among the available remediation techniques, soil leaching with various solutions is one of the most effective but data about the impact on soil chemical and biological properties are still scarce. We studied the effect of two common leaching agents, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a chelating agent (EDTA) on Pb, Zn, Cd removal and accessibility and on physico-chemical and biological properties in one calcareous, pH neutral soil and one non-calcareous acidic soil. EDTA was a more efficient leachant compared to HCl: up to 133-times lower chelant concentration was needed for the same percentage (35%) of Pb removal. EDTA and HCl concentrations with similar PTM removal efficiency decreased PTM accessibility in both soils but had different impacts on soil properties. As expected, HCl significantly dissolved carbonates from calcareous soil, while EDTA leaching increased the pH of the acidic soil. Enzyme activity assays showed that leaching with HCl had a distinctly negative impact on soil microbial and enzyme activity, while leaching with EDTA had less impact. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the ecological impact of remediation processes on soil in addition to the capacity for PTM removal.     

Effects of mussel shell addition on the chemical and biological properties of a Cambisol

The use of a by-product of the fisheries industry (mussel shell) combined with cattle slurry was evaluated as soil amendment, with special attention to the biological component of soil. A wide number of properties related to soil quality were measured: microbial biomass, soil respiration, net N mineralization, dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease and phosphomonoesterase activities. The amendments showed an enhancement of soil biological activity and a decrease of aluminium held in the cation exchange complex. No adverse effects were observed on soil properties. Given that mussel shells are produced in coastal areas as a by-product and have to be managed as a waste and the fertility constraints in the local soils due to their low pH, our research suggest that there is an opportunity for disposing a residue into the soil and improving soil fertility.     

EFFECT OF SOIL STERILIZATION BY MERCURIC CHLORIDE ON HERBICIDE SORPTION BY SOIL

Microbial inhibitors such as mercuric chloride are frequently used to sterilize soil or soil–water slurries in experimental studies on the fate of xenobiotics in the environment. This study examined the influence of mercuric chloride additions to soil–water slurries on the sorptive behaviour of a phenoxy herbicide (2,4-D) in soil. The results demonstrated that mercuric chloride strongly decreased the capacity of the soil to retain herbicides, and that the interference of mercuric chloride with herbicide sorption increased with increasing soil organic carbon contents. Because of the competitive sorption between mercuric chloride and the phenoxy herbicide, we conclude that mercuric chloride may not be a good soil sterilization procedure for use in xenobiotic fate studies.     

污染土壤的物理/化学修复

将土壤污染物分为非卤代VOCs、卤代VOCs、非卤代SVOCs、无机物等8大类型,并在分析污染土壤原位修复和异位修复两种方式不同特点的基础上,根据各种修复技术的不同作用原理,较为全面地介绍了目前国内外各种物理/化学修复的技术原理、适用性、局限性、实施时间及处理成本等,具体包括化学淋洗、蒸汽抽提、强化破裂、空气喷射、可渗透反应墙、固化/稳定化、电动学、物理分离、热解吸、玻璃化等修复技术.针对几种常见的土壤污染类型,列举了一些可行的组合修复工艺.     

Molecular characterization of copper in soils using X-ray absorption spectroscopy

Bioavailability of Cu in the soil is a function of its speciation. In this paper we investigated Cu speciation in six soils using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), and synchrotron-based micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF). The XANES and EXAFS spectra in all of the soils were the same. μ-XRF results indicated that the majority of the Cu particles in the soils were not associated with calcium carbonates, Fe oxides, or Cu sulfates. Principal component analysis and target transform of the XANES and EXAFS spectra suggested that Cu adsorbed on humic acid (HA) was an acceptable match. Thus it appears that Cu in all of the soils is primarily associated with soil organic matter (SOM). Theoretical fitting of the molecular structure in the soil EXAFS spectra revealed that the Cu in the soils existed as Cu atoms bound in a bidentate complex to O or N functional groups.     

Stability of titania nanoparticles in soil suspensions and transport in saturated homogeneous soil columns

The stability of TiO₂ nanoparticles in soil suspensions and their transport behavior through saturated homogeneous soil columns were studied. The results showed that TiO₂ could remain suspended in soil suspensions even after settling for 10 days. The suspended TiO₂ contents in soil suspensions after 24 h were positively correlated with the dissolved organic carbon and clay content of the soils, but were negatively correlated with ionic strength, pH and zeta potential. In soils containing soil particles of relatively large diameters and lower solution ionic strengths, a significant portion of the TiO₂ (18.8-83.0%) readily passed through the soils columns, while TiO₂ was significantly retained by soils with higher clay contents and salinity. TiO₂ aggregate sizes in the column outflow significantly increased after passing through the soil columns. The estimated transport distances of TiO₂ in some soils ranged from 41.3 to 370 cm, indicating potential environmental risk of TiO₂ nanoparticles to deep soil layers.     

Assessment of phenylurea herbicides sorption on various Mediterranean soils affected by irrigation with wastewater

The retention values of two herbicides, chlorotoluron and isoproturon, in five Mediterranean soils were assessed by two different approaches, a dynamic method, using a batch technique (BT) and a static method, using a soil saturated paste (SP). The SP method led in all cases to lower herbicide sorption when compared with BT, although pesticide distribution constants from both methods were linearly related for the set of used soils (R² ? 0.99) showing that both methods similarly reflected the behaviour of the different soils. Low-quality water, evaluated by employing recycled urban wastewater, did not modify herbicide sorption when compared with high quality water, in any soil and with any method.