餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥混合消化产沼气协同效应

在(35±0.2)℃温度下,以餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥为原料,设置餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合比例(VS)分别为1∶0、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和0∶1,研究其单独消化与混合消化的系统性能、产甲烷潜力及脱氢酶活性和F420浓度变化。结果表明,混合消化提高了系统稳定性,与餐厨垃圾单独消化相比,添加剩余污泥能调节pH、氨氮浓度和VFA浓度,缩短产气周期;与剩余污泥单独消化相比,添加餐厨垃圾能显著提高沼气产量。混合比例为1∶1组混合消化产甲烷潜力最佳,消化作用的协同效应最为明显,沼气和甲烷产量分别达358.2 mL/g VS和224.1 mL/g VS,较餐厨垃圾和污泥单独消化估计值分别提高了23.09%和36.80%。1∶1混合消化组脱氢酶活性最高达437.33 TFμg/(mL·h),比餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥单独消化分别提高93.60%和40.69%,辅酶F420浓度最高为1.718μmol/L,分别提高17.3%和100.7%。     

竹叶与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化工艺

将黄金竹和毛竹的竹叶分别与餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化,通过分析消化过程中的产气量、pH、COD、NH4+-N和VFAs变化,探讨添加不同竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化效果的影响.实验结果表明,添加毛竹叶显著增强了餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化能力.毛竹叶+餐厨垃圾组的总产气量是餐厨垃圾对照组单独厌氧消化总产气量的3.28倍,甲烷总产量为10.1 L,COD去除率高达83.0％.而添加黄金竹叶对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响则不明显,可能因为黄金竹叶在消化过程中释放了大量挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs),造成体系酸中毒.     

氧化铁对不同有机负荷下餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响

进行了餐厨垃圾(FW)和接种污泥(Ⅰ)基于不同VS比(分别为FW/I=1,FW/I=3,FW/I=5)下的中温厌氧消化实验,对比了不同有机负荷下未添加氧化铁和添加氧化铁对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产气的影响。结果表明,在FW/I=1时,餐厨垃圾厌氧消化体系的产气情况主要由接种污泥决定,添加氧化铁仅能在较小的程度上促进体系产甲烷能力提升;而在FW/I=3时,添加氧化铁可以帮助餐厨垃圾厌氧消化体系从低速产甲烷过程快速进入高速产甲烷,快速降解有机质实现稳定化;而对于FW/I=5时添加氧化铁可以解除由于有机负荷过高造成的酸抑制并恢复体系的产甲烷能力。因此,在实际应用厌氧消化技术处理餐厨垃圾中可以通过添加氧化铁来提高其有机负荷(OLR),提高处理效率,保证餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的正常运行和促进甲烷的产生。     

餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物换向通风好氧堆肥

以某高校餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物为原料,利用一种换向通风的堆肥降解装置对其进行好氧堆肥处理,研究了2个进气温度(35℃、45℃)和3个通风速率(1.5、2.5和4 m3/h)6个处理组对堆肥原料理化性质(堆体温度、含水率、pH值、有机质含量、C/N、种子发芽指数)的影响。餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物进行15 d好氧堆肥后,pH值上升到7左右,有机质含量达到20%~80%,C/N都降到20以下,种子发芽指数均大于50%。经过1个月腐熟,其含水率≤30%。上述指标符合有机肥料标准(NY525-2011)的要求,该堆肥产物可用于园林绿地,具有显著的经济效益和生态效益。本研究结果表明,将城市餐厨垃圾和绿化废弃物混合后进行好氧堆肥是废弃物处理的高效工程,具有良好的发展前景。     

生物炭加速餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的机理

为考察生物炭对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响并探究其影响机理,采用批次实验,以餐厨垃圾为基质,设置污泥空白组、餐厨垃圾对照组和生物炭实验组。检测系统的甲烷日产量、甲烷浓度、渗滤液pH、电导率、挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸和丁酸)和氨氮浓度,并对生物炭进行了表征(pH、表面元素、表面形态和官能团)。结果表明,生物炭的添加使体系的最大日甲烷产量提高24.09%,并保持较高的pH,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸峰值分别降低了10.46%、9.96%和13.79%。生物炭丰富的孔结构为微生物提供了生长位点;生物炭的表面金属元素(K、Ca、Mg)和官能团(-OH、C≡C、-NH、C=O(C-O)、CO_3~(2-))使其具有较高的碱度,从而提高厌氧消化系统的缓冲能力和产甲烷菌活性,进而提高产甲烷速率。     

酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢研究

分析了餐厨垃圾酸化过程中的pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)产量及含水量等参数的变化,考察了酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中的产氢情况,并探讨了调节初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾产氢的影响.结果表明,餐厨垃圾的酸化是一个前期极为快速的过程,经过1d的酸化,新鲜餐厨垃圾的pH就从6.0左右下降到4.5左右,而后pH缓慢下降,经过5～6 d的酸化,pH下降到4.0以下;餐厨垃圾酸化过程中,产生的VFA主要是异戊酸,其浓度变化与VFA的浓度变化趋势较为一致;酸化时间为1、3、4、5、6d的餐厨垃圾体系产生的氢气的最高体积分数呈递减趋势,产氢量也呈现出相同的变化趋势;初始pH对酸化餐厨垃圾体系的产氢影响是很大的,调节到相同初始pH的不同体系,产氢的结果可以相近.因此,pH是酸化餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产氢过程中必须控制的关键因素之一.     

不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化

在中试规模下,研究餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化试验,通过监测餐厨垃圾厌氧消化过程中产气量、气体组成等产气情况和消化液中pH值、SCOD、NH4+-N、VFAs等化学指标含量变化,确定餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的最大有机负荷,并分析餐厨垃圾高温厌氧消化技术的可行性,结果表明,在工程上餐厨垃圾单独进行高温厌氧消化产甲烷具有技术可行性,但难以保证系统长时间安全稳定运行;餐厨垃圾厌氧消化正常运行时最大有机负荷可达2.551 kg VS/(m3.d);当系统有机负荷为2.551 kg VS/(m3.d)时,每天每千克VS最高可产生甲烷量0.622 m3;氨氮对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产甲烷影响明显;餐厨垃圾中固有Na+含量对厌氧消化产甲烷影响不明显。     

新型复合菌种降解餐厨垃圾

餐厨垃圾占我国目前的城市垃圾结构的比例为30%~50%,采用微生物技术是实现餐厨垃圾减量化,资源化和无害化的有效方法。本研究引进日本东北大学选育的复合菌种,利用菌种将餐厨垃圾发酵分解成有机肥料,探究复合菌种降解效果及产出物的可用性,并对中试微生物处理机操作条件进行优化。结果表明,复合菌种处理餐厨垃圾减量率85%以上,升温快速,高温维持时间较长,腐熟时间较短,腐熟彻底。Fluent软件模拟结果显示:中试采用七叶桨搅拌器优于五叶桨,搅拌转速为6 r·min-1时,经济性和混合效果均较佳。     

不同调理剂对微生物降解餐厨垃圾的影响

为了探索不同调理剂对微生物降解餐厨垃圾效果的影响,本实验选取了木屑(桦木)、米糠、泥炭、花生壳、稻壳等材料分别作为主要调理剂,以餐厨垃圾的重量减量率作为评价降解效果指标,测定实验过程中的温度、含水率、pH值、微生物生物量及重量的变化。实验结果表明,影响餐厨垃圾降解效果主要因素有温度和含水率;以木屑和米糠为主要调理剂的保温性能最优,其余材料热量散失较快;以50%木屑处理的调理剂含水率适宜,能达到最适含水率要求(50%);同时,以50%木屑(桦木)为主要调理剂处理的减量率最高。     

Facile synthesis of cadmium-doped graphite carbon nitride for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation

In recent years, using semiconductor photocatalysts for antibiotic contaminant degradation under visible light has become a hot topic. Herein, a novel and ingenious cadmium-doped graphite phase carbon nitride (Cd-g-C₃N₄) photocatalyst was successfully constructed via the thermal polymerization method. Experimental and characterization results revealed that cadmium (Cd) was well doped at the g-C₃N₄ surface and exhibited high intercontact with g-C₃N₄. Additionally, the introduction of cadmium significantly improved the photocatalytic activity, and the optimum degradation efficiency of tetracycline (TC) reached 98.1%, which was exceeded 2.0 times that of g-C₃N₄ (43.9%). Meanwhile, the Cd-doped sample presented a higher efficiency of electrical conductivity, light absorption property, and photogenerated electron-hole pair migration compared with g-C₃N₄. Additionally, the quenching experiments and electron spin-resonance tests exhibited that holes (h⁺), hydroxyl radicals (?OH), superoxide radicals (?O₂^?) were the main active species involved in TC degradation. The effects of various conditions on photocatalytic degradation, such as pH, initial TC concentrations, and catalyst dosage, were also researched. Finally, the degradation mechanism was elaborated in detail. This work gives a reasonable point to synthesizing high-efficiency and economic metal-doped photocatalysts.

     

Use of inorganic wastes as immobilizing agents for soluble P in green waste-based composts

Purpose

The study examines the effectiveness of red mud, blast furnace (BF) slag, and alum-derived water treatment sludge as immobilizing agents for excessive soluble P that had accumulated in three green waste-based composts.

Methods

The three wastes were applied at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% w/w to three different composts, all containing extremely high concentrations of extractable P, and were incubated for 60?days. Water-soluble P was measured regularly throughout the incubation period, and at the end, P extractable with resin, 0.05?M NaHCO₃, and 0.005?M H₂SO₄ were also measured.

Results

In the water extracts, inorganic P made up more than 85% of the total P present. All three materials had the ability to adsorb P and thus lowered water-soluble P concentrations. Water treatment sludge was clearly the most effective material, and this was attributed to its amorphous nature (thus, large Brunauer?CEmmett?CTeller surface area) and its acid pH (6.8) compared with the alkaline pH (10?C11) of the other two materials. Water treatment sludge was also the most effective at lowering resin- and NaHCO₃-extractable P. When H₂SO₄ was used as the extractant, BF slag tended to be the most effective material at lowering extractable P, followed by water treatment sludge, and red mud. That is, the P immobilized by water treatment sludge was extractable with acid but not with water, resin, or NaHCO₃.

Conclusions

Water treatment sludge has the potential to be used as an effective immobilizing agent for soluble P in composts, and it should be trialed under field conditions.     

钻井废水的生物强化处理简

从受钻井废水污染的土壤样品中筛选菌株进行生物处理实验，确定7株菌进行菌剂配伍。通过正交实验剔除可能有抑制作用的菌株，并确定菌剂各组成菌株的最佳配比，制成复合微生物菌剂。考察5种添加物对菌剂的影响，结果显示，当硫酸铵的添加量为20 mg/L时降解率为60%，高于其他添加物。生物强化实验结果显示，投加菌剂的反应器对钻井废水的平均降解率为42%，比未投加菌剂的对照实验的平均降解率（16%）高，而且耐冲击负荷性和降解性能稳定性优于对照实验。     

膨润土吸附-微波催化氧化协同处理葡萄酒废水

采用膨润土吸附-微波催化氧化技术处理葡萄酒生产废水,考察了膨润土用量、H2O2用量、微波辐照时间、微波功率、pH等5个单因素对葡萄酒生产废水处理效果的影响。确定了最终反应条件为:膨润土用量2.6 g、H2O2用量2.1mL、功率720 W、加热时间25 min、pH为3.5。在此条件下,COD去除率达到了80%以上。结果表明,该方法可快速有效地处理葡萄酒生产废水。     

微波辅助光催化降解高浓度活性黑

利用改装的家用微波炉、微波无极灯和TiO2催化剂研究了水中高浓度活性黑的光催化降解.系统考察了TiO2投加量、pH、微波无极灯数量对微波辅助光催化处理效果的影响,得出微波辅助光催化的最佳操作条件,并在最佳条件下对活性黑的脱色及矿化效果进行研究.结果表明,TiO2投加量存在最佳值2 g/L,降低pH和增加微波无极灯数量均可提高活性黑的降解率.在TiO2的投加量为2 g/L,pH =3,微波无极灯数量为3的最佳光催化条件下,400 mg/L的活性黑溶液反应180 min时可实现完全脱色,反应300 min时,TOC去除率高达89.1％.     

纳米二氧化钛复合石墨烯催化剂的制备及处理染料废水

以硫酸钛为原料,采用共沉淀法,制备了一系列纳米二氧化钛复合石墨烯催化剂,采用XRD和FTIR对样品进行表征。通过紫外光照射亚甲基蓝溶液光催化降解实验,研究石墨烯的加入量对TiO2光催化性能的影响,结果表明,TiO2-GO-5具有最佳的光催化性能。在pH=6.00、TiO2-GO-5的投加量为0.070 g/50 mL、光照3 h条件下,100 mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率达到最大值为90.52%。     

Removal of nitric oxide in a biotrickling filter under thermophilic condition using Chelatococcus daeguensis

The development of a thermophilic biotrickling ?lter (BTF) system to inoculate a newly isolated strain of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 for the effective treatment of nitric oxide (NO) is described. A bench-scale BTF was run under high concentrations of NO and 8% O₂ in thermophilic aerobic environment. A novel aerobic denitrifier Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 was isolated from the biofilm of an on-site biotrickling filter and it showed a denitrifying capability of 96.1% nitrate removal rate in a 24 h period in aerobic environment at 50 °C, with no nitrite accumulation. The inlet NO concentration fluctuated between approximately 133.9 and 669.6 mg m-3 and kept on a steady NOx removal rate above 80% in an oxygen stream of 8%. The BTF system was able to consistently remove 80–93.7% NO when the inlet NO was 535.7 mg m-3 in an oxygen stream of 2–20%. The biological removal efficiency of NO at 50 °C is higher than that at 25 °C, suggesting that the aerobic denitri?er TAD1 display well denitrification performance under thermophilic condition. Starvation for 2, 4 and 8 days resulted in the re-acclimation times of Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 ranging between 4 and 16 hours. A longer recovery time than that for weekend shutdown will be required when a longer starvation occurs. The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of biotrickling ?lter for the thermophilic removal of NOx from gas streams.

Implications A novel denitrifier Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 was isolated from an on-site biotrickling filter in aerobic environment at 50 °C. To date, C. daeguensis has not been previously reported to be an aerobic denitrifier. In this study, a thermophilic biotrickling ?lter system inoculated with Chelatococcus daeguensis TAD1 for treatment of nitric oxide is developed. In coal-fired power plants, influent flue gas stream for nitrogen oxides (NO_x) removal typically exhibit temperatures between 50 and 60 °C. Traditionally, cooling gases to below 40 °C prior to biological treatment is inevitable, which is costly. Therefore, the application of thermophilic microorganisms for the removal of nitric oxide (NO) at this temperature range would offer great savings and would greatly extend the applicability of biofilters and biotrickling filters. Until now there has not been any study published about thermophilic biological treatment of NO under aerobic condition.     

模拟阳光下Ag/I-TiO_2光催化预处理山核桃加工废水

研究了在模拟太阳光下,采用银修饰的碘掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂(Ag/I-TiO2)对某食品厂山核桃加工废水进行光催化预处理的效果。结合X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积分析(BET)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis)的表征结果,来分析催化剂结构对于废水处理效果的影响。探讨了Ag含量、废水初始pH(pHi)和光照时间等因素对化学需氧量(COD)去除及水质可生化性(B/C)提高的影响。并得出适宜的反应参数为:3%Ag含量;pHi为6;光照时间为240 min。在最佳条件下,COD去除率45%,废水B/C比由0.17上升到0.31。光催化氧化法能够有效降低山核桃加工废水的COD含量,并达到显著提高废水可生化性的目的。     

Degradation of methylparaben in water by corona plasma coupled with ozonation

The degradation of methylparaben (MeP) in water was investigated using a pulsed corona discharge generated in oxygen, above the liquid. A comparison was made between results obtained in semi-batch corona (SBC) configuration (stationary solution, continuous gas flow) and results obtained in a semi-batch corona with recirculation combined with ozonation (SBCR?+?O₃), where the liquid is continuously circulated between a solution reservoir and the plasma reactor and the effluent gas containing ozone is bubbled through the solution in the reservoir. It was found that MeP was completely degraded after 10–15 min of treatment in both configurations. Oxidation by ozone alone, in the absence of plasma, was a slower process. The energy efficiency for MeP removal (Y _MeP) and for mineralization (Y _TOC) was significantly higher in the SBCR?+?O₃ configuration (Y _MeP?=?7.1 g/kWh at 90 % MeP removal and Y _TOC?=?0.41 g/kWh at 50 % total organic carbon (TOC) removal) than in the SBC configuration (Y _MeP?=?0.6 g/kWh at 90 % MeP removal and Y _TOC?=?0.11 g/kWh at 50 % TOC removal).     

硝酸根紫外光降解对硝基苯甲酸的研究

以硝酸铝做光氧化剂,研究了紫外光照射下,NO-3对PNB(对硝基苯甲酸)的光降解作用.探索了NO-3投加量、模拟废水初始浓度和pH值、光照时间、溶解氧浓度对处理效果的影响.结果表明,NO-3对PNB具有良好的光氧化作用,在最佳处理条件下,NO-3光降解PNB 4 h后降解率达90.8%.廉价硝酸盐对于有机物能起到显著光...