Shewanella sp.XB缺氧反硝化降解苯酚

苯酚的生物降解一直受到关注。以苯酚为惟一电子供体,研究了Shewanella sp.XB对苯酚的缺氧降解特性。研究结果表明,在反硝化条件下,当C/N为13.3时,苯酚可以完全降解,NO-2-N积累量很少。另外,当加入氧化还原介体,如核黄素3μmol/L、AQDS 0.01 mmol/L、AQS 0.05 mmol/L和LQ 0.01 mmol/L时,苯酚降解速率分别为不加介体时的1.45、1.77、1.67和1.63倍。当以氯化铵代替硝酸盐时,苯酚也能进行厌氧发酵降解。另外,菌株XB反硝化降解苯酚可能是厌氧和好氧降解的混合过程。     

白腐菌P.sordida YK-624及其锰过氧化物酶对2-氯酚的转化

利用白腐菌P.sordida YK-624和产自该菌株的锰过氧化物酶(MnP)处理2-氯酚(2-CP).结果表明,当2-CP质量浓度为50mg/L时,培养5d, P.sordida YK-624能降解50.42%的2-CP;采用300 U的MnP处理150mg/L的2-CP, 24h时2-CP降解率可达75.00%.利用紫外-可见分光光度计、红外光谱仪和高效液相色谱仪对MnP处理过程中的产物进行了分析,表明MnP氧化2-CP过程中有多种产物生成,可能的产物包括醌类和聚合产物.     

微波辅助催化湿式氧化技术降解高浓度苯酚废水

以纳米CuO为催化荆,采用微波辅助催化湿式过氧化氢氧化方法对高浓度苯酚废水(1 000 mg/L)进行降解处理,并与传统的催化湿式过氧化氢氧化技术进行比较,研究了微波强化作用对该技术的处理工艺条件、降解效率及机制的影响.结果表明,在微波的辅助作用下,当温度仅为60℃、压力为0.3 MPa时,催化湿式氧化反应15.0 min,苯酚废水的TOC去除率即达到90.8%.这表明微波促使催化湿式氧化反应可以在温和的条件下实现,而且效率高、速率快.进一步的降解机制研究发现,在微波的作用下,苯酚于2.0min内完全氧化转化,主要发生直接开环反应,生成短链羧酸,所经历氧化过程更为简单.     

氧化铈/活性炭催化臭氧氧化技术去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯

用浸渍法在活性炭(AC)上负载氧化铈(CeO2)制备催化刺CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化去除邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP),考察了臭氧投加量,DMP初始浓度和溶液初始pH的影响.结果表明,CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化去除DMP的最佳臭氧投加量为50mg/h,DMP初始浓度和溶液初始pH对CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP过程都有一定的影响.在DMP初始质量浓度为30 mg/L、溶液初始pH为5、臭氧投加量为50 mg/h、反应60 min时,CeO2/AC的加入(1.5g/L)有利于催化臭氧氧化DMP过程中总有机碳(TOC)的去除,TOC去除率由AC催化臭氧氧化的48%提高到68%.而单独臭氧氧化过程中的TOC去除率仅22%;且单独臭氧氧化与AC、CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP的矿化过程均符合二级反应动力学方程,CeO2/AC催化臭氧氧化DMP时TOC降解的二级反应动力学常数为0.0015L/(mg·min),分别是AC催化臭氧氧化的2.5倍和单独臭氧氧化的7.5倍.     

ZnO/TiO_2光催化剂的制备及太阳光催化降解苯酚的研究

以溶胶-凝胶法和等体积浸渍法制备了ZnO/TiO_2光催化剂(分别表示为SG-w%ZnO/TiO_2、JZ-w%ZnO/TiO_2,其中w%为ZnO占TiO_2的质量分数),采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、紫外—可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和扫描电子显微分析镜(SEM)-能量弥散X射线谱(EDS)表征了各光催化剂的物相结构,考查了光催化剂制备方法、ZnO掺杂量、焙烧温度、苯酚初始浓度、降解时间对太阳光催化降解苯酚活性的影响,并探讨了太阳光催化降解苯酚的反应机理。结果表明:(1)500℃下煅烧2h制备的SG-0.5%ZnO/TiO_2、JZ-0.5%ZnO/TiO_2中TiO_2均以锐钛矿相存在,ZnO掺杂有利于提高光催化剂的太阳光催化性能。(2)在太阳光照射4h、光催化剂用量为2g/L、苯酚初始质量为10 mg/L的条件下,JZ-0.5%ZnO/TiO_2对苯酚的降解率可达61%,优于商用TiO_2(P25)。     

以泡沫镍为阴极的电芬顿法对苯酚的降解

电芬顿是一种高级氧化技术,其中电极材料对其处理效果有较为明显的影响。为提高电芬顿系统处理效率,选用泡沫镍电极作为阴极,以H_2O_2浓度为指标,探究了操作条件(p H、电流密度、曝气速率、电极间距)对其催化产H_2O_2性能的影响,并利用苯酚作为模拟污染物研究降解效果。实验结果表明,泡沫镍具备优异的阴极性能,其最佳工作条件为:p H=3,电流密度i=3 m A/cm~2,曝气量10 L/h,电极间距3 cm,在此条件下反应60 min后H_2O_2浓度可达45 mg/L。使用泡沫镍作为阴极降解苯酚废水,研究了Fe~(2+)投加量对去除率的影响。在最佳Fe~(2+)量(40 mg/L)下,反应2 h后苯酚及COD去除率分别达到95%和80%。其降解反应符合准一级动力学方程,表观反应速率常数最大可达5.0×10~(-4)s~(-1)。     

臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的机理

对臭氧单独氧化和臭氧催化氧化下的苯胺降解效率进行了比较,并通过液质联机分析了氧化过程中产物变化情况。实验结果表明,催化剂MnO2-CuO-CeO2/沸石的添加能有效地提高臭氧氧化苯胺的降解率,当苯胺初始浓度为200mg/L,反应20 min后,苯胺的去除率由原来的75%提高到89%;通过LC-MS分析,臭氧催化氧化苯胺降解过程中代谢产物依次为对亚胺醌、对苯醌、马来酸和草酸,并由此推断出了臭氧催化氧化降解苯胺的途径。     

序批式反应器生物强化处理苯酚废水的研究

将4株高效苯酚分解菌湿菌体分3批投加于序批式反应器(SBR),对活性污泥进行生物强化试验,分析活性污泥状态与性能变化,测定生物强化后对苯酚的降解能力.结果表明,随着生物强化过程的进行,沉降性能改善,污泥颗粒化趋势明显;生物强化后,活性污泥对苯酚降解能力、降解速率及对苯酚的耐受性明显提高:苯酚质量浓度为730～960mg/L时,苯酚完全降解时间可由正常的6h缩短至2h;6h内可完全降解苯酚的质量浓度由原来的880mg/L提高到2080mg/L,处理能力提高了1.36倍;当进水苯酚质量浓度增加到2400mg/L时,6h内污泥对苯酚的降解率仍达到60.1%.     

漆酶/香草醛体系生物降解毒死蜱影响因素的研究

研究了漆酶介体体系对有机磷农药毒死蜱生物降解的效果及影响因素.通过对6种介体的试验比较,筛选了合适的介体.在试验条件下,1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)和2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(ABTS)对漆酶降解毒死蜱存在一定的抑制作用,紫脲酸(VA)和2,6-二甲氧基苯酚(2,6-DMP)对漆酶降解毒死蜱未起促进作用,而天然产物香草醛和愈创木酚可促进漆酶降解毒死蜱,香草醛的促进作用最为明显,选择香草醛作为漆酶介体体系中的介体.研究了漆酶/香草醛体系中,反应时间、漆酶初始酶活、pH、温度、介体投加量及投加方式、毒死蜱初始浓度等因素对毒死蜱生物降解效果的影响.结果表明,控制漆酶初始酶活为0.050 U/mL、pH为5.0、温度30℃,分2次投加香草醛(香草醛与毒死蜱初始值摩尔比分别为40和80)情况下,漆酶/香草醛体系即可在24 h内实现对25 mg/L毒死蜱的有效降解,降解率达98％.     

简青霉对水溶液中碱木质素的吸附和降解的机理

通过一系列实验研究碳源浓度、培养箱转速、碱木质素浓度以及菌体活性等因素对简青霉菌丝球在溶液中吸附碱木质素的影响,并探讨其生物吸附机理;确定最佳碳源浓度和转速,分别为10 g/L和150 r/min。当碱木质素浓度小于0.5 g/L时,吸附效果较好,由菌丝球活性对照实验以及电镜照片可知吸附作用主要是由菌丝球的物理结构决定的,与其是否具有活性关系不大。通过吸附等温实验确定菌丝球的最大吸附量为30.3 mg/g,且吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。另外,过氧化氢对木质素降解酶影响的实验证明,木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶均需要过氧化氢的启动才能催化降解木质素,并且在降解过程中,木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的作用远远大于漆酶。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the intestine of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on intestinal parameters of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable histopathological alterations were observed. The study on intestinal parameters revealed acute pathological conditions in the intestinal wall. The toxic effect became evident as the cytoplasm of the cells disintegrated and the cells became empty and vacuolated. The cell membranes were also ruptured. Degenerative changes of the absorptive surface (villi) of the intestine in the different periods of exposure were pronounced. Severe atrophic nature (necrotic mucosa) of the intestine began from 48 hrs onwards to 96 hrs of exposure.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.