中国地表饮用水水源地有机类内分泌干扰物污染现况分析

有机类内分泌干扰物(EDCs)是一类对人类和生物内分泌系统产生干扰,并可造成其紊乱的特殊外来物质,对人类和生物健康有极大的危害.以与人类生活密切相关的地表饮用水水源地中的有机类EDCs为研究重点,对中国目前地表饮用水水源地EDCs污染状况、污染物种类及其来源及可能的污染途径进行了评述.目前,中国各地区地表饮用水水源地均有有机类EDCs检出.其中以有机氯农药六六六及其异构体、DDT及其代谢产物和多氯联苯检出率最高,且某些地区检测浓度相当高,主要来源是农药使用和污水排放.国内外对地表饮用水水源地EDCs突发污染事件的研究均较少,应引起高度重视.     

湖州市中心城区饮用水源地粪大肠菌群污染特征及源解析研究

根据湖州市中心城区2家市级饮用水源地2005-2009年粪大肠菌群指标监测数据,分析湖州市中心城区饮用水源地粪大肠菌群污染特征,对饮用水源地周边污染源进行排查.结果表明,2家市级饮用水源地粪大肠菌群污染严重,城市污水处理厂出水、市政管网排水系统的雨污合流排放是粪大肠菌群的主要来源.     

三峡库区主要城镇饮用水源地水质健康风险评价

对三峡库区受回水影响的42个城镇饮用水源地水质进行调查研究,运用美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价模型对水源地水体中化学污染物质的健康风险作了初步评价。结果显示:研究区域致癌物的致癌风险偏高,三江水源地总致癌风险1.22×10~(-6)~7.19×10~(-5) a~(-1),支流水源地总致癌风险1.50×10~(-6)~7.19×10~(-5) a~(-1),地下水水源地总致癌风险3.05×10~(-6)~7.19×10~(-5)a~(-1),3种类型水源人均年致癌风险接近或超过了瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署、英国皇家协会及国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,水源地类型的致癌风险顺序为地下水支流三江水库;非致癌物的总致癌风险均小于或略超过荷兰建设和环境署推荐的可忽略风险水平(10-8 a-1)。因此,认为12种非致癌物通过饮用水途径引起的风险是可以接受的,其总致癌风险处于Ⅲ级、中风险状态。与全国其他区域相比,15种参评因子所占总致癌风险值比例大致相同。     

韩国环境高级专家团考察浙江省中韩环保合作项目

2007年12月13日，由韩国环境科学院国际合作部部长Kwon先生、韩国东亚报社资深记者Cho先生、生物科技有限公司海外市场部经理Yang女士等组成的环境高级专家团对建于浙江省海宁市的中韩环保合作项目——“HATOX-2000水质污染生物预警在线监测系统海宁饮用水水源地示范工程”进行了考察。浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院副院长陈德全、院下属国际合作办主任王红晓、海宁市环境保护局局长孟建良、海宁市水务投资集团总经理朱雪明、海宁市第三水厂厂长潘亦伟等作为中方代表接待了专家团。     

河南境内黄河流域集中式城市饮用水源水有机污染特性研究

摘要为探查和研究与公众生命健康关系密切的饮用水有机污染现状,采用GC／MS、HPLC、GC／ECD等多种分析技术,对河南省黄河流域部分饮用水水源地分平、丰、枯三期进行了有机物监测和研究。12个点位三期共检出599种有机物．根据毒性资料筛选出62种主要污染物。主要有毒化合物的浓度水平绝大多数远低于我国新颁布的“集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值”．个别点位的极个别化合物如苯并(a)芘有超标现象．显示出明显的潜在危害作用。     

杭州市区备用饮用水源地水质状况及安全分析

于2012—2014年对杭州市区贴沙河、珊瑚沙水库、湘湖、三白潭和喜庵港5个备用饮用水源地进行了109项指标及水质急性毒性监测,并采用加拿大水质指数法进行水质安全评价。结果显示,珊瑚沙水库水质基本符合生活饮用水源地一级保护区Ⅱ类水质标准,其余4个备用饮用水源地水质均不达标;各备用饮用水源地特定项目有少数指标检出但均未超标;湘湖、珊瑚沙水库和贴沙河水质安全已受到影响,三白潭和喜庵港水质安全性差;各备用饮用水源地水质均无急性毒性。     

全国政协委员主题沙龙关注饮用水安全与健康

正关于"饮用水安全与健康"的全国政协委员主题沙龙近日举办。此次沙龙由全国政协办公厅主办、全国政协机关事务管理局和《中国政协》杂志社承办,近40位嘉宾及行业代表参与并就全国饮用水水源地分布情况及现状、饮用水与人体健康、生产企业保障瓶装水安全、饮用水安全与立法等问题展开讨论。全国政协委员、水利部水利水电规划设计总院副院长李     

南京市饮用水源地环境管理地理信息系统的建立

介绍了南京市饮用水源地地理信息系统(NJWRGIS)建立的背景、系统设计目标和主要功能，具有实用性、交互性、可开发性、智能化等特点，在资源、技术、尤其是效率上，．可对其水源地的保护和管理提供有力的帮助。     

浙江省饮用水源有机毒物污染特征及健康风险研究

在对浙江省98个县级以上饮用水源地水体中有机毒物污染进行调查的基础上,运用美国环境保护署(EPA)制定的相关模型对饮用水源地水体中有机毒物污染引起的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,在98个饮用水源地水体中共检出7种有机毒物,分别为微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)、微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)、草甘膦、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、多环芳烃、咔唑;各饮用水源地水体中检出的有机毒物引起的健康风险大小依次为多环芳烃DEHP咔唑MC-LR草甘膦邻苯二甲酸二丁酯;存在有机毒物检出的饮用水源地水体的总健康风险约为10-13～10-8a-1,与部分国际机构制定的饮用水源地水质健康风险水平判断标准相比,浙江省饮用水源地水体中有机毒物污染引起的健康风险远低于可接受水平,大部分饮用水源地水体的健康风险甚至达到可忽略水平。     

浙江省城镇污水处理厂二次提标现状、工艺技术及工程案例研究

针对浙江省城镇污水处理厂二次提标的迫切需求,从浙江省城镇污水处理厂的背景、工艺以及存在问题等方面进行了研究,同时研究了预处理技术、生物强化技术以及深度处理技术的发展现状和进展,并借助具有代表性的案例剖析了不同技术在污水处理厂二次提标中的工程应用,为浙江省下一步城镇污水处理厂的深度提标改造提供了技术借鉴和支撑。     

Modeling the chemical and toxic water status of the Scheldt basin (Belgium), using aquatic invertebrate assemblages and an advanced modeling method

Self-Organizing Maps have been used on monitoring sites in several Scheldt sub-basins to identify the main aquatic invertebrate assemblages and relate them to the physico-chemical and toxic water status. 12 physico-chemical variables and 2 estimates of toxic risk were available for a dataset made up of a total of 489 records. Two of the five defining clusters reflecting a relatively clean environment were composed by very well diversified functional feeding groups and sensitive taxa. The cleanest assemblage was mainly linked to the sites from the Nete sub-basin. The three other clusters were inversely described with a dominance of oligochaetes and deposit feeders as well as a bad water quality.Such an analysis can be used to support ecological status assessment of rivers and thus might be useful for decision-makers in the evaluation of chemical and toxic water status, as required by the EU Water Framework Directive.     

International standardization of water analysis

The efficiency of a water treatment program or a water monitoring program can be checked only if it is accompanied by water analysis procedures allowing meaningful statements on water quality. Meaningful statements do not only include high accuracy, but high precision as well. With high precision values, good repeatability and reproducibility is aimed for. Repeatability and reproducibility may either be monitored by regular inter-laboratory trials, without prescribing a distinct analytical method, or by applying a standardized method which has undergone thorough checks concerning its reliability and efficiency. The article presents the structure of the ISO, CEN and DIN standardization work in water analysis.     

中国居民及动植物的环境激素暴露研究现状和建议

环境激素污染严重威胁着人类及动植物的健康。综述了EDCs生物危害,简要介绍了美国、日本和欧盟的EDCs研究工作,分析了中国居民和动植物的EDCs暴露现状,归纳了现有的流行病学调查信息,并针对现状提出了建议。     

Water Security in Uzbekistan: Implication of Return Waters on the Amu Darya Water Quality

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.007 Goal, Scope and Background Amu Darya river, one of the main water resources of Uzbekistan, shows a relevant longitudinal enrichment of soluble contents which strongly limits the human uses of its waters. Because of the low natural run-off processes, salts and pollutants are mainly driven to the river by the return waters used for washing and irrigating the surrounding lands. The influence of return waters on stream quality is dramatically relevant in the lower reaches of the river where almost all the flowing waters have been previously used for the agriculture practises. To provide analytical evidence on the potential effects of return waters on the quality of the Amu Darya river, the paper reports and comments data on salinity and metals contents of the waters flowing in the artificial channel network of Bukhara and in the Amu Darya river, from Bukhara up to the dam forming the Tuyamuyn Hydro Complex (THC). Methods A total of 15 sampling sites were selected for the analytical survey: Two sites were located on the Amu Darya river downstream from the inflow of the return waters from Bukhara, two in the river entering in the THC, and three downstream from the dam forming the reservoir complex. The waters entering and leaving the Bukhara agricultural area were sampled in two main collectors, while the waters flowing in the channel system were sampled in six distinct collectors. The following parameters were considered in the survey: pH, Oxygen, Hardness, Salinity, Conductivity, P-PO4 3–, P tot, N tot, N-NO3 2–, N-NO2 –, COD, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb. Results and Discussion Salt concentrations below 1000 mg/l were measured in the Amu Darya waters upstream to Bukhara. In the drainage system, salinity exceeds the palatability limit and reaches the maximum peak of 3200 mg/l in the outflow collector. Due to dilution effects, salinity returns to lower values (400–700 mg/l) along the Amu Darya river downstream from Bukhara; calcium and magnesium resulted the major constituents of the overall salinity. No serious metal contaminations were detected in the waters entering and leaving the examined channel system. Differently, the Amu Darya waters upstream to the THC showed a relevant metal contamination, with Cr, Ni, Fe concentrations exceeding the limits for human consumption. In the downstream sites, located in the Tuyamuyn Hydro Complex and in the Amu Darya river flowing out from this reservoir, excluding Fe, all the examined metals showed lover concentrations and values below the normative limits. Conclusion The direct human consumption of the lower Amu Darya waters is strongly limited by salinity and by metal contamination. Although the salinity of the return waters from the Bukhara drainage system results in above normal limits, no corresponding increases were measured in the Amu Darya river downstream from the return water inflow at the time of the survey. As for the metal contamination of the Amu Darya river, the survey revealed the presence of relevant sources of metal contamination downstream from Bukhara external to the agricultural drainage system. This contamination resulted in reduced sedimentation processes taking place in the limnetic zones of the Amu Darya river upstream to the dam forming the Tuyamuyn Hydro Complex. Recommendation and Outlook To fully understand the longitudinal increase of Amu Darya salinity, an evaluation of the cumulative effects of the loads from the main agricultural areas is required, also by using mass-balance models. As for the metals, an investigation should be addressed to identify the anthropogenic sources of contaminations present in the lower Amu Darya region and the metal loads should be diverted.     

江苏省沛县农业面源污染现状及对策

通过对江苏省沛县农业面源污染的现状进行全面的分析,指出现阶段县域经济转型发展过程中农村环境污染的主要来源及产生原因,并提出了相应的治理对策,对其他地区促进农业产业发展,改善农村环境质量,建设社会主义新农村都有一定借鉴作用。     

城市景观河流夏季污染状况及营养水平动态分析--以天津市津河为例

以CODMn、氨氮、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a等为主要指标。对天津市一条典型的景观河流——津河进行了调查分析。结果表明,津河水质介于地表水环境标准(GB3838—2002)的Ⅳ和Ⅴ类之间,营养状态为重富营养。且在多个采样点出现蓝藻水华。水体中的各项指标的变化趋势为,CODMn与叶绿素a都是在7月达到最高,随后逐渐降低。总溶解性氮夏季变化曲线呈倒“S’形。7月最低。8月最高。河道上游总溶解性磷一直比较稳定,而下游在8月上旬急剧升高。藻类演替过程大致为粉末微囊藻-皮状席藻-多种蓝藻。与改造之初相比。水质状况有所改善。     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

不同工艺再生水补给对景观湖水质变化的影响

再生水回用于景观水体过程中,为了比较不同再生水工艺对景观水体富营养化的影响,以"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH"和"二级出水+O3"作为再生水处理工艺,以岸滤(bank filtration,BF)作为水质维持工艺,进行再生水景观水体水质保障技术研究。结果表明,"二级出水+O3"出水流量较大,水力流动快,每天运行24 h,平均出水流量25.5 m3/d,氮磷含量偏高;"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH"出水的氮磷指标控制在较低水平,GFH出水流量8～14 m3/d,水力流动较缓,湖中出现蓝藻。2套系统中BF对NH4+-N的去除率分别为30.5%和20.8%。"二级出水+O3+BF"系统中人工湖进水TN平均浓度24.309 mg/L,TP平均浓度0.583 mg/L,N/P=41,适宜水网藻生长,对湖中N(主要是NH4+-N)、P有较强的去除能力;"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH+BF"系统中人工湖进水TP<0.05 mg/L,适宜蓝藻生长。     

我国华北地区湿地生态需水量研究探讨与应用实例

我国华北地区湿地通常处于缺水状态.当湿地分别为"资源型缺水"和"水质型缺水"时,目前常用的几种生态需水量估算方法的适用范围是不同的.水量平衡法是较通用的方法;而水量损失法和最低水位法主要适用于资源型缺水;物质平衡法和逐年环境改良法则主要应用于污染型缺水的情况.针对不同的情况可以选取相应的估算方法.本文应用不同估算方法,对河北保定白洋淀湿地和北京顺义杨镇湿地的生态需水量进行了估算,通过估算结果间的比较,反映出白洋淀湿地面临的污染问题更严重,而杨镇湿地更亟需解决的是资源型缺水问题,使其补偿措施更有针对性,能更好地协调人与湿地生态环境问的关系.     

太仓市饮用水水源污染现状和对策

根据太仓市饮用水地表水源和地下水的监测数据，分别采用单因子评价和综合评价方法，对饮用水源的水质进行评价。结果认为地表水水源已受到轻度污染，属Ⅲ类水；地下水的水质较差，已不适合于直接饮用。饮用水水源的主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚、硝酸盐氮和高锰酸盐指数。对饮用水水源的污染成因进行了全面分析，并从四个方面提出了水源安全保护对策：法律法规与行政手段、技术支撑、经济支持和宣传教育.