复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥的作用效果研究

为了研究复合微生物菌剂对污泥堆肥的作用效果,以消化污泥、锯末和回流堆肥为原料,接种不同剂量(0、0.2%、0.5%)的复合微生物菌剂进行室外露天堆肥,分析了温度、含水率、pH值、全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、种子发芽指数(germination index,GI)的动态变化,结果表明:各堆体温度保持在50℃以上的时间均超过7 d,满足堆肥卫生标准;接种复合微生物菌剂的堆体升温速率和温度最高值均大于未接种堆体,接种复合微生物菌剂有利于增加堆体水分散失量,加快堆体有机质降解速度,降低堆体氮的损失量,提高GI值;其中微生物菌剂接种量为0.5%的堆体,接种处理对水分散失、氮损失的控制和GI值的增加效果较明显.     

微生物菌剂和鸡粪对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化处理的影响

由于我国缺乏适用的蔬菜废物循环利用技术,致使蔬菜产地的生产废物难以处理与再循环利用而被弃置。为获得适用的蔬菜废物堆肥化处理技术,本研究以小麦秸秆为水分调理剂,并分别以鸡粪和微生物菌剂为接种剂,在初始物料含水率65%和C/N为25的条件下,设置了V1(蔬菜残体+小麦秸秆)、V2(V1+鸡粪)、V3(V2+微生物菌剂)和V4(V1+微生物菌剂)等4个处理,通过测定4个不同堆肥处理对温度、含水率、C/N比以及发芽指数(GI)等指标的影响。结果表明:同时加入微生物菌剂和鸡粪的处理(V3)可使堆肥最高温度达到67.5℃,且水分脱除效果最好,最终产品的含水率是最低的;鸡粪也是较好的接种剂,提升堆肥温度且能缩短堆肥周期;发芽率指数(GI)的结果显示,4个处理之间的堆肥腐熟成度为V3>V4>V2>V1,这进一步表明,添加微生物菌剂和鸡粪可降低堆肥产品对后茬植物发芽和生长的不良抑制。     

添加氮损失抑制剂对蓝藻泥堆肥质量的影响

对脱水蓝藻进行大型生产性堆肥实验。研究堆肥过程中,氮损失抑制剂过磷酸钙的添加对堆肥物料各类理化性质的影响。研究结果表明,过磷酸钙加入的处理组与未加过磷酸钙的对照组堆制37 d后堆肥物料均可腐熟,且堆肥肥效均符合NY525-2002的相关要求。添加过磷酸钙处理组有机质含量为490 g/kg,全N、全P和全K含量分别为20.75、10.02和11.32 g/kg,总养分含量达到9.77%,堆肥品质明显优于对照处理。同时,在微生物的作用下,对照组中微囊藻毒素MC-RR与微囊藻毒素MC-LR去除率分别达到89.8%与78.3%。值得一提的是,添加过磷酸钙后,MC-RR和MC-LR的去除率得到进一步提高,分别达到了92.96%和100%,较好地保证了蓝藻堆肥农用的安全性,为脱水蓝藻好氧堆肥化提供了可行性依据。     

接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响

为了研究接种外源微生物菌剂对香蕉茎秆堆肥的影响,本实验采用高温好氧堆肥技术,设计了对照（不接菌）、接种白腐菌及棱盖多孔菌3个处理,探讨了不同处理堆肥过程中堆体温度、水分、pH值、电导率、有机碳、C/N、发芽指数及堆肥质量的变化情况。结果表明,接种微生物菌剂处理的温度均高于对照,且高温期持续时间相对较长,以接种白腐菌处理的高温持续时间最长;接种外源微生物菌剂对堆肥含水率、pH、EC、全碳、C/N变化影响不大;与对照相比,接种白腐菌可增加全氮及全钾的含量,有利于提高堆肥产品质量;接种白腐菌处理在36 d（GI〉50%）就达到腐熟,比对照提前8 d腐熟,明显缩短堆肥腐熟时间;而接种棱盖多孔菌处理比对照推迟10 d腐熟,共需54 d不利于香蕉茎秆堆肥的进行。     

生活垃圾堆肥分阶段反应动力学研究

根据堆肥不同阶段特点 ,通过接种和不接种堆肥实验 ,分别研究升温 -高温阶段和高温 -降温阶段动力学。从得到的动力学方程分析可知 :接种复合微生物菌剂 ,在升温 -高温阶段最大反应速率比对照组提高约 13 8.7 ;在高温 -降温阶段最大反应速率比对照组大 4.73 g/( h· kg) ,而半速系数 Km比对照组下降了 10 3 g/kg。说明接种复合微生物菌剂不仅使反应速率增大 ,而且使半速系数减小 ,使底物与酶反应更完全 ,有机物分解更迅速、更彻底     

复合腐秆菌剂对稻草腐熟过程的影响

为了研究复合腐秆菌剂对稻草好氧堆肥的影响,采用好氧堆肥技术,设计了不接菌(对照)和接种复合菌剂2个处理,探讨堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH、有机质、C/N、发芽指数的变化。结果表明,接种复合腐秆菌剂堆体初期温度上升迅速,最高温度达到60℃,高温发酵阶段维持了12 d;与对照相比,接种复合腐秆菌剂对pH值、容重与孔隙度、有机质、C/N变化影响不大;但增加堆体全氮的含量,提高堆肥产品的质量,种子发芽率在第20天迅速上升,最大值为93%。显然接种复合腐秆菌剂促进好氧堆肥迅速起温,提高了堆肥的腐熟质量。     

蚯蚓处理污水污泥制取土壤改良剂

将污水污泥和秸秆按不同比例混合后进行30 d预堆肥处理,然后在实验室条件下接种爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)开展60 d蚯蚓处理实验,研究污水污泥理化性质变化规律及其影响因素,并分析最终产品(蚯蚓粪)质量。结果表明,蚯蚓处理使污水污泥pH、有机碳(TOC)、C/N和病原菌含量显著降低,电导率(EC)升高,TN、TP、TK(总钾)、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别升高26.8%～40.8%、26.7%～52.4%、25.9%～44.8%、43.0%～120.0%、88.6%～406.8%、38.2%～113.2%,发芽指数(GI)达到80%以上。由于基质分解矿化引起质量损失,使蚯蚓粪中重金属相对含量增加,但仍在土地改良允许范围内。蚯蚓放养密度和物料含水率及其交互作用对蚯蚓处理效果存在显著影响,处理污水污泥的最优工况为:放养密度2.5 kg/m2、含水率60%。堆肥-蚯蚓处理组合工艺可将污水污泥转化为无害的、有价值的土壤改良剂。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂，研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明，接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比，堆肥初期升温更快；高温期更长；堆肥结束时，C／N降低的多，NO3-N增加的多，NH4-N挥发的少，接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解，缩短堆肥时间，加快堆肥腐熟，提高堆肥肥力。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂,研究接种3‰的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明,接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比,堆肥初期升温更快;高温期更长;堆肥结束时,C/N降低的多,NO3-N增加的多,NH4+-N挥发的少,接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解,缩短堆肥时间,加快堆肥腐熟,提高堆肥肥力。     

山羊粪污颗粒静态好氧堆肥过程的生物强化

对山羊粪便颗粒进行了理化表征,发现其外表致密内芯多孔的结构特点,且其总体C/N比为25.69~27.88,适合直接堆肥,提出采用生物接种破坏表层,强化堆肥进程的思路。研究结果表明,生物接种可以大大强化堆肥过程中的生化反应进程,缩短堆肥发酵周期。产物中N、P含量随着生物接种量的增加而增大。当以VT-1000菌剂按10 mL/kg干物质接种时,堆体温度在2 d内就达到50℃,在高温期50~60℃维持7 d以上,其堆肥腐熟后物料TN、TP分别增加0.70%和1.59%,其C/N<15,更趋于稳定化,且最终产物中粪大肠菌群数<3个/g,未检验出蛔虫卵,实现了无害化处理。     

不同调理剂对微生物降解餐厨垃圾的影响

为了探索不同调理剂对微生物降解餐厨垃圾效果的影响,本实验选取了木屑(桦木)、米糠、泥炭、花生壳、稻壳等材料分别作为主要调理剂,以餐厨垃圾的重量减量率作为评价降解效果指标,测定实验过程中的温度、含水率、pH值、微生物生物量及重量的变化。实验结果表明,影响餐厨垃圾降解效果主要因素有温度和含水率;以木屑和米糠为主要调理剂的保温性能最优,其余材料热量散失较快;以50%木屑处理的调理剂含水率适宜,能达到最适含水率要求(50%);同时,以50%木屑(桦木)为主要调理剂处理的减量率最高。     

复合微生物菌剂强化堆肥技术研究

采用复合微生物菌剂对生活垃圾的接种堆肥技术进行了实验研究。通过测定堆肥过程中反应器出口O2、CO2与H2S气体浓度及对堆肥样品扫描电镜照片分析，比较了3个接种组与1个对照组中堆料中微生物总数变化、种群结构演替及堆肥腐熟速度。试验结果表明，在原料成分为：生活垃圾／成熟堆肥=80／20，有机物约为60％，初始含水率为55％，初始C／N-30时，对于不同接种量的复合微生物接种系统堆料中分别接种0．2％、0．3％、0．5％(质量百分含量)，与加入0．3％灭活菌的对照组进行对比实验，接种复合微生物菌剂堆肥系统不仅微生物总数高于对照组，而且其种群结构合理，能明显提高堆肥效率，有效控制臭气的产生，提高堆肥腐熟度。     

Fate of nitrogen during composting of chicken litter

Chicken litter (a mixture of chicken manure, wood shavings, waste feed, and feathers) was composted in forced-aeration piles to understand the changes and losses of nitrogen (N) during composting. During the composting process, the chemical [different N fractions, organic matter (OM), organic carbon (C), and C:N ratio], physical, and microbial properties of the chicken litter were examined. Cumulative losses and mass balances of N and organic matter were also quantified to determine actual losses during composting. The changes in total N concentration of the chicken litter piles were essentially equal to those of the organic N. The inorganic N concentrations were low, and that organic N was the major nitrogenous constituent. The ammonium (NH(4)(+))-N concentration decreased dramatically during first 35 days of composting. However, the rapid decrease in NH(4)(+)-N during composting did not coincide with a rapid increase in (NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-))-N concentration. The concentration of (NO(3)(-)+NO(2)(-))-N was very low (<0.5 g kg(-1)) at day 0, and this level remained unchanged during the first 35 days of composting suggesting that N was lost during composting. Losses of N in this composting process were governed mainly by volatilization of ammonia (NH(3)) as the pile temperatures were high and the pH values were above 7. The narrow C:N ratio (<20:1) have also contributed to losses of N in the chicken litter. The OM and total organic C mass decreased with composting time. About 42 kg of the organic C was converted to CO(2). On the other hand, 18 kg was lost during composting. This loss was more than half (59%) of the initial N mass of the piles. Such a finding demonstrates that composting reduced the value of the chicken litter as N fertilizer. However, the composted chicken contained a more humified (stabilized) OM compared with the uncomposted chicken litter, which would enhance its value as a soil conditioner.     

High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health

Very few studies have investigated the heavy metal contents in rice samples from a typical E-waste recycling area. In this study, 10 heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni and Pb) in 13 polished rice and relevant hull samples, six relevant paddy soil samples were investigated. The geometric mean concentrations of Cd, Cu and Hg in soil samples were 1.19, 9.98 and 0.32 microg g(-1), respectively, which were 4.0, 2.0 and 1.1-folds of the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) (0.30, 50.00, 0.30 microg g(-1), respectively) for Chinese agricultural soils. The analyzed metal concentrations were significantly different between rice and relevant hull except for As, Cd and Hg (p<0.05). All metal concentrations, except for Co, in rice hull were higher than those in polished rice. The geometric mean of Pb in polished rice reached 0.69 microg g(-1), which was 3.5-folds higher than the MAC (0.20 microg g(-1)) by the safety criteria for milled rice. Cd contents in 31% of the rice samples exceeded the national MAC (0.20 microg g(-1)), and the arithmetic mean also slightly exceeded national MAC. In addition, Cd and Pb contents in local rice were much higher than commercial rice samples examined in this work and previous studies. Comparing the tolerable daily intakes given by FAO/WHO with the mean estimated daily intakes; Pb daily intake through rice consumption in this area was 3.7 microg day(-1)kg(-1) body weight (bw), which already exceeded the FAO tolerable daily intake, and the Cd daily intake (0.7 microg day(-1)kg(-1) bw) through rice had already taken up 70% of the total tolerable daily intake (1 microg day(-1)kg(-1) bw). The daily intake of Hg and As through rice was much lower than the tolerable daily intakes, but bioaccumulation of Hg through the food chain and intake of As from other food stuff should also be of concern.     

生物表面活性剂在城市污泥静态强制通风好氧堆肥中的作用

采用静态强制通风好氧堆肥模式对城市剩余污泥进行堆肥降解,并研究了生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对堆肥过程的作用。结果表明,堆肥过程中,添加了质量分数为0.015%鼠李糖脂溶液堆制处理和空白对照堆制处理的堆温变化都明显呈现出中温期0～5 d、高温期6～12 d和降温期13～28 d 3个阶段。实验组比空白组的堆体升温快、高温期持续时间长、堆体的含水率高。鼠李糖脂的添加,使实验组的微生物数量高于空白组。添加鼠李糖脂的堆体和空白堆体的种子发芽指数(GI)在堆肥结束时分别为53.70%和50.80%,说明鼠李糖脂促进了堆肥的腐熟,但由于相对浓缩效应,堆肥产品的重金属含量略高于空白堆体。生物表面活性剂的介入促进了堆肥中木质纤维素的初步降解。研究表明,添加鼠李糖脂能够改善堆肥处理的微环境,促进有机质降解和堆肥的腐熟。     

土霉素残留对猪粪堆肥过程中理化性质的影响

为探讨土霉素残留对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪和锯末为原料,设置土霉素初始残留质量浓度分别为0、10、50、100、150 mg/kg的5个处理,进行为期30 d的好氧堆肥,研究土霉素对堆肥过程中温度、含水率、水溶性NH4+-N、水溶性NO3- -N、水溶性有机碳(DOC)的变化影响.结果表明:(1)土霉素残留加速了温度的下降,不利于温度的上升.(2)土霉素初始残留质量浓度为100、150 mg/kg不利于堆肥过程中水分的散失,并且会造成堆肥结束后堆体的高含水率.(3)土霉素抑制了堆肥过程中微生物对有机氮的分解及硝化细菌的硝化作用,其中150mg/kg处理的土霉素抑制作用最显著.(4)堆肥结束后,0、10、50、100、150 mg/kg处理的DOC分别为3 815.65、3 461.88、3 429.28、3 231.18、2 782.09mg/kg.0 mg/kg处理的DOC高于其他4个处理,且与150 mg/kg处理之间差异显著,表明土霉素抑制了堆肥过程中微生物对有机碳的利用,其中150 mg/kg处理的土霉素抑制作用最显著.     

Effects of operating parameters on in situ NH3 emission control during kitchen waste composting and correlation analysis of the related microbial communities

Ammonia emission during composting results in anthropogenic odor nuisance and reduces the agronomic value of the compost due to the loss of nitrogen. Adjusting the operating parameters during composting is an emerging in situ odor control technique that is cheap and highly efficient. The effects of in situ NH₃ emission control were investigated in this study by simultaneously adjusting key operating parameters (such as C/N ratio, aeration rate, and moisture content) during the composting processes (C1–C9). Results showed that the average NH₃ emission concentrations for different treatments were in the order of C1 > C4 > C2 > C5 > C3 > C6 > C7 > C8 > C9. The total content of NH₃ emission (21.02 g/kg) in C9 (C/N ratio = 35, aeration rate = 15 L/min, and moisture content = 60%) was much lower than that (65.95 g/kg) in C1 (C/N ratio = 15, aeration rate = 5 L/min, and moisture content = 60%). The nitrogen loss ratio was 27.36% for C1, while 16.15% for C9. The microbial diversity and abundance in C9 and C1 were compared using high-throughput sequencing. The relationship between NH₃ emission, operating parameters, and the related functional microbial communities was also investigated. Results revealed that Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Pseudomonas, Methanosaeta, Rhodobacter, Paracoccus, and Sphingobacterium were negatively related to NH₃ emission. According to the above results, the optimal values for different operating parameters for the in situ NH₃ control during kitchen waste composting were, respectively, moisture content of 70%, C/N ratio of 35, and aeration rate of 15 L/min, with the order of effectiveness from high to low being aeration rate > C/N > moisture. This information could be used as a valuable reference for the in situ NH₃ emission control during kitchen waste composting.

     

Composting of wastewater treatment sludge with different bulking agents

The main objectives of this study were to investigate the compostability of wastewater treatment sludge (WTS) containing different bulking agents (BAs) and to determine the most efficient BA. Four different compost trials consisting of mixtures of wheat straw (WS), plane leaf (PL), corncob (CC) and sunflower stalk (SS) with WTS were performed in laboratory reactors. In all experiments, a mixture of 60% WTS and 40% BA (wet basis) was used. The temperature, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and C/N ratio were monitored during the composting process. Evaluation of the operational parameters showed that the highest organic matter degradation (i.e. 37.6%), loss of dry matter (i.e. 29.6%) and temperature (i.e. 64 °C) were achieved for the WTS-CC mixtures. Results also showed that the WTS-SS mixture was also successful in terms of these operational parameters. Use of bulking agents for the treatment of wastewater treatment sludge in composting process is an important issue with regards to process efficiency, economy and disposal of agricultural waste. Corncob and sunflower stalk that were previously not used for the composting of WTS from food industry were shown to be highly successful BA materials in this study.

Implications: The compostability of wastewater treatment sludge from the food industry with different bulking agents was studied. Wheat straw, plane leaf, corncob, and sunflower stalk were used as bulking agents. The required microbial stabilization and degree of mineralization were achieved with corncobs and sunflower stalks.