生态保护红线与保护地重叠特征及协同管控研究--以浙江省为例

开展生态保护红线与各类保护地重叠特征分析及政策法规梳理研究,对推进生态环境治理体系建设具有重要实践意义。以2018年浙江省生态保护红线划定成果为典型案例,采用定量与定性结合的分析方法,分析了生态保护红线与保护地重叠特征,归纳整理了国家及浙江省出台的政策法规文件,分类梳理了各部门监管职能分工。结果表明:(1)浙江省各类保护地与生态保护红线重叠类型为48种,饮用水水源保护区、公益林、森林公园、风景名胜区及林地等是交叉重叠较多的保护地类型;(2)国家和浙江省出台的生态保护红线及各类保护地政策法规有效文件为74份,部分保护地类型法规行政效力不足,政策法规修订及更新较为滞后;(3)生态环境部门需要与自然资源、农业农村及水利等部门建立协同管控机制;(4)建议加强浙江省“一张图”生态空间协同管控数字化平台建设,健全“1+X”的自然生态空间法律管控体系,探索政府牵头与职责部门协同的“生态长制”制度体系,深化陆海统筹综合管理体系,推动长三角一体化生态绿色协同发展。     

基于多源数据融合的浙江省温室气体与大气污染物排放协同研究

减污降碳协同是中国新发展阶段经济社会发展全面绿色转型的必然选择。以浙江省为研究对象,应用多源数据融合方法构建1 km×1 km的温室气体与大气污染物排放网格,采用耦合协调模型识别温室气体和大气污染物排放的协同高值区、磨合区、拮抗区等。研究结果显示,占浙江省国土空间0.68%的协同高值区集聚了30.6%的温室气体排放和38.3%的大气污染物排放,根据不同区域协同排放特性提出减污降碳治理的空间管控优先次序建议、重点行业治理建议、重点因子治理建议等,丰富了区域减污降碳协同的精细化定量分析方法和中长期治理路径优化技术方法。     

基于支持向量机的湿法脱硫塔污染治理优化与能效评价

环境污染排放治理与系统综合能耗之间的协同优化与评价是解决我国环境与能源不堪重负的理论前提。针对燃煤电厂脱硫系统协同优化与评价的关键问题,基于湿法脱硫控制系统在线运行数据的支持向量机(SVM)智能深度自学习,构建了脱硫系统实时在线污染排放指标和系统综合能耗指标的协同预测模型,明晰了关键调控参数-污染排放治理-系统综合能耗之间的协同耦合规律,据此提出了工业级锅炉脱硫塔的污染排放治理与系统综合能耗的创新协同评估方法。结果表明:出口二氧化硫排放浓度和系统综合能耗指标与氧含量呈负关联协同耦合关系,与浆液密度呈先减后增的协同耦合关系,而污染排放治理与系统综合能耗指标呈负关联协同耦合关系;提高氧含量并将浆液密度控制在约1 250 kg·m~(-3),可使系统污染排放治理与综合能耗指标均处于最优状态,协同优化可使系统综合能耗指标最大降幅达8.3%。示范工程验证表明:脱硫系统污染排放与综合能耗指标的协同预测模型精准可靠,其最大误差小于10%。综合上述结果,基于支持向量机的回归方法可应用于工业级湿法脱硫锅炉的污染排放治理与能效评价,对实际脱硫工程的优化运行具有指导意义。     

乐清湾水质变化及其成因探讨

收集了乐清湾多年的水质监测资料，分析了乐清湾各水质指标在时间和空间上的变化规律。在此基础上，分别从乐清湾外部污染源变化，海岸工程引起的水动力变化和水产养殖业产生的内部污染源的变化等几方面，对乐清湾水质变化的原因进行了探讨。     

推行清洁生产促进经济可持续发展

论述了清洁生产的含义及推行清洁生产的重要性 ,并与传统的污染防治战略进行了比较分析 ,提出了在实施污染治理过程中 ,将污染物的治理过程作为特殊的生产过程 ,也必须以清洁生产的概念和理论进行指导     

清洁生产与环境污染治理

论述了清洁生产的含义，并与传统污染防治战略进行了比较分析，提出了在实施污染治理的过程中，将污染物的治理过程作为特殊的生产过程，也必须以清要领笔理论进行指导。     

水泥窑协同处置危险废物的研究现状及其发展

水泥窑协同处置危险废物作为一种新兴的危险废物焚烧处置技术,具有焚烧温度高、停留时间长、处理效果好、改造成本低等多项优势,应用前景广泛。简述了中国危险废物的产生及处理处置现状,介绍了水泥窑协同处置技术,综合国内外最新的水泥窑协同处置危险废物的文献,从熟料性质、水泥质量以及烟气排放等角度综述了垃圾焚烧飞灰、污染土壤、农药废物以及污泥类危险废物这4种典型危险废物在水泥窑中的协同处置情况,分析了每种危险废物在水泥窑中协同处置的可行性,提出了实际应用过程中应该注意的问题,最后提出了未来水泥窑协同处置危险废物的研究思路。     

“应对气候变化与大气污染治理协同控制政策研究”项目启动

<正>"应对气候变化与大气污染治理协同控制政策研究"项目启动会3月6日在北京召开。环境保护部副部长李干杰出席开幕式并致辞。李干杰在致辞中说,中国政府高度重视环境保护,把保护环境确立为基本国策,大力实施可持续发展战略。"十一五"、"十二五"期间,中国政府将主要污染物减排作为经济社会发展的约束性指标,环境保护工作取得显著成绩。2015年是气候变化谈判的关键节点,《联合国气候变化框架公约》谈判将在年底就2020年后国际气候治理框架达成协议。与此同时,中国国内的环境保护工作依旧面临巨大的压力和挑     

渗透坝对丹江口库湾水体氮磷负荷削减的应用

为了解决丹江口库湾局部水体富营养化问题,以水体氮、磷削减负荷为目标,利用渗透坝对库湾水体进行净化,促进库湾水体流动循环。该技术以渗透坝为主体,包括提水风车、生态塘和布水系统,设计进水负荷为16.7 L·min~(-1)。结果表明,三级坝系统对水体中TP、TN、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N负荷平均削减率分别为48.3%、46.8%、56.9%和52.1%,进水中NO_3~--N负荷量的标准偏差较大,为2.01,出水氮磷负荷量波动比较稳定,TN削减负荷量标准偏差较大,为1.08。TSS出水负荷量出现升高现象,分析表明TSS主要成分为固体颗粒物质。该技术的应用对库湾水体氮磷负荷具有显著的削减作用,同时能够增强库湾水体的流动循环,可有效防止水体富营养化现象发生。     

浅谈人粪尿污染城市水环境的防治对策

以淮安市为例，指出了生活污染在某些城市已置换了工业污染，成为污染城市水环境的主体。而人粪尿对城市水环境的污染是极其严重的。提出了加快建设城市污水处理厂，实施人粪尿资源化，变害为宝的治理人粪尿污染的对策。     

Factors driving collaboration in natural resource conflict management: Evidence from Romania

A critical challenge in natural resource management is to bring all stakeholders together to negotiate solutions to critical problems. However, various collaborative approaches to heading off conflicts and resolving natural resource management disputes have been used. What drives these efforts, however, still needs further research. Our study provides a systematic look at the drivers likely to initiate collaborative problem-solving efforts in four cases in Romania. We use Emerson’s et al. (2012) framework for collaborative governance and multi-value qualitative comparative analysis (mvQCA) to analyze cases involving endangered species, restrictions on forest harvest, conflicts associated with infrastructure development projects, and disputes over the management of environmentally sensitive areas. Our findings contribute to the already existing collaborative governance literature indicating which of the four factors: uncertainty, interdependence, consequential incentives, and leadership, in which combination, are necessary and sufficient to spur collaborative resource management efforts. Our results showed that in Romania the initiation of collaboration is best explained by positive consequential incentives (i.e., financial opportunities) which has determined leaders to take initiative. This study provides additional information for the complicated process of natural resource management which is often overriding collaboration by investigating what enables and constrains collaborative efforts in a country where natural resources were managed and used according to the principles of central planning.     

Measurement, Collaborative Learning and Research for Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services: Landscape Concepts and Europe as Laboratory

Policies at multiple levels pronounce the need to encompass both social and ecological systems in governance and management of natural capital in terms of resources and ecosystems. One approach to knowledge production and learning about landscapes as social–ecological systems is to compare multiple case studies consisting of large spaces and places. We first review the landscape concepts’ biophysical, anthropogenic, and intangible dimensions. Second, we exemplify how the different landscape concepts can be used to derive measurable variables for different sustainability indicators. Third, we review gradients in the three dimensions of the term landscape on the European continent, and propose to use them for the stratification of multiple case studies of social–ecological systems. We stress the benefits of the landscape concepts to measure sustainability, and how this can improve collaborative learning about development toward sustainability in social–ecological systems. Finally, analyses of multiple landscapes improve the understanding of context for governance and management.     

Model calculation of environmentally friendly traffic flows in a rapidly growing urban centre in India

The paper highlights the application of an integrated decision support system for calculation of environmental friendly traffic flows in urban networks under different management strategies. Each proposed alternative is evaluated using a GIS and GPS environment that may, on a local basis, affect the environmental burden and contribute to pollution load in the region. For each link of the network an environmental capacity is calculated, taking into consideration the hydrodynamic theory based traffic flow dependent on the length of the road network and the average traffic volume and speed. The studied management options include: modifying the existing road network; road widening activities; bus bay relocation; construction of RUB/ROBs; rescheduling the work activities; parking management. The integrated transportation decision support system offers entirely new way of using the GIS, GPS and field survey data for model calculation of pollution load from road traffic to devise environmentally friendly traffic flows.     

Managing flood risks in the Mekong Delta: How to address emerging challenges under climate change and socioeconomic developments

Climate change and accelerating socioeconomic developments increasingly challenge flood-risk management in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta—a typical large, economically dynamic and highly vulnerable delta. This study identifies and addresses the emerging challenges for flood-risk management. Furthermore, we identify and analyse response solutions, focusing on meaningful configurations of the individual solutions and how they can be tailored to specific challenges using expert surveys, content analysis techniques and statistical inferences. Our findings show that the challenges for flood-risk management are diverse, but critical challenges predominantly arise from the current governance and institutional settings. The top-three challenges include weak collaboration, conflicting management objectives and low responsiveness to new issues. We identified 114 reported solutions and developed six flood management strategies that are tailored to specific challenges. We conclude that the current technology-centric flood management approach is insufficient given the rapid socioecological changes. This approach therefore should be adapted towards a more balanced management configuration where technical and infrastructural measures are combined with institutional and governance resolutions. Insights from this study contribute to the emerging repertoire of contemporary flood management solutions, especially through their configurations and tailoring to specific challenges.     

长三角示范区饮用水水源水质安全与实体性制度协同立法

在对长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(以下简称示范区)饮用水水源保护所涉立法和实务部门进行广泛调研的基础上,研究和探讨了示范区饮用水水源的立法现状与水质状况、水质安全问题的主要成因、协同立法的理论基础和有利条件,并就协同立法的形式选择和核心内容提出了具体建议.研究发现,水质安全与相关实体性制度的构建是示范区饮用水水源保护...     

Current Research on Aerosols at Pacific Northwest Laboratory1

Construction of a new bridge span over San Francisco Bay in the summer of 1967 made feasible for the first time continuous measurement of oxidant levels at a mid-bay site. Hypotheses of higher or lower oxidant levels over a central body of water in an urban complex could thus be evaluated. No significant bay effect, positive or negative, was found in the mean data, but analysis on a case basis showed that conditions favoring adverse oxidant development over the region favored even higher levels over the bay itself. Patterns of oxidant concentration reinforced by the mid-bay data show a broadly distributed community air pollution level, and they support the mixing of oxidant precursors from area-wide sources so that the bay and the surrounding land are equally involved as sites for the photochemical process of oxidant formation.     

Rehabilitating mussel beds in Coffee Bay,South Africa: Towards fostering cooperative small-scale fisheries governance and enabling community upliftment

Along the coast of South Africa, marine resources play a significant role in supporting livelihoods and contributing to food security in impoverished rural communities. Post-apartheid fisheries laws and policies have begun to address traditional fishing rights and development needs, and new management arrangements are being implemented. One such initiative has been the Mussel Rehabilitation Project in Coffee Bay, which piloted a resource rehabilitation technique at several over-exploited fishing sites. Mussel stocks in these exploited areas had dropped to under 1 % mussel cover, and during the project period, stocks increased to >80 % cover, supporting a sustainable harvest well above national daily bag limits. This stock enhancement was achieved only after the project had started to address social challenges such as the lack of local management institutions and the need to enhance food security. The project embarked on training and institution-building; it formed a robust community mussel management committee; and developed a local resource management plan, facilitating increased community participation in the day-to-day management of the resource. The project also saw the initiation of various ancillary projects aimed at improving food security and stimulating the local economy and hence alleviating pressure on the marine resources. Here we review this 10-year project’s outcomes, and present lessons for small-scale fisheries governance in South Africa and internationally. We show, through empirical experience, that balancing stock rebuilding needs in a context of widespread poverty and dependency on natural resources by a local fisher community can only be addressed through an integrated approach to development. Participation of resource users and a thorough understanding of the local context are imperative to negotiating appropriate small-scale fisheries governance approaches. We recommend that the implementation of South Africa’s newly minted Small-Scale Fisheries Policy should begin with bottom-up, demonstrative resource management measures such as mussel rehabilitation. This type of initiative can deliver short-term food security benefits and foster social learning towards sustainable and cooperative fisheries governance.     

Philippine protected areas are not meeting the biodiversity coverage and management effectiveness requirements of Aichi Target 11

Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity urges, inter alia, that nations protect at least 17 % of their land, and that protection is effective and targets areas of importance for biodiversity. Five years before reporting on Aichi targets is due, we assessed the Philippines’ current protected area system for biodiversity coverage, appropriateness of management regimes and capacity to deliver protection. Although protected estate already covers 11 % of the Philippines’ land area, 64 % of its key biodiversity areas (KBAs) remain unprotected. Few protected areas have appropriate management and governance infrastructures, funding streams, management plans and capacity, and a serious mismatch exists between protected area land zonation regimes and conservation needs of key species. For the Philippines to meet the biodiversity coverage and management effectiveness elements of Aichi Target 11, protected area and KBA boundaries should be aligned, management systems reformed to pursue biodiversity-led targets and effective management capacity created.     

Governance of Water Resources in the Phase of Change: A Case Study of the Implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive in Sweden

In this article, focusing on the ongoing implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive, we analyze some of the opportunities and challenges for a sustainable governance of water resources from an ecosystem management perspective. In the face of uncertainty and change, the ecosystem approach as a holistic and integrated management framework is increasingly recognized. The ongoing implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) could be viewed as a reorganization phase in the process of change in institutional arrangements and ecosystems. In this case study from the Northern Baltic Sea River Basin District, Sweden, we focus in particular on data and information management from a multi-level governance perspective from the local stakeholder to the River Basin level. We apply a document analysis, hydrological mapping, and GIS models to analyze some of the institutional framework created for the implementation of the WFD. The study underlines the importance of institutional arrangements that can handle variability of local situations and trade-offs between solutions and priorities on different hierarchical levels.     

Closing the collaborative gap: Aligning social and ecological connectivity for better management of interconnected wetlands

Understanding how governance structures align to ecological processes in a landscape is critical for effective management of ecological resources. Ecological resources are not independent from each other, instead they are interconnected, and their well-being is often critically dependent on upholding ecological connectivity, especially in times of change and disturbances. Coordination and collaboration among managing actors, each managing their own piece of the puzzle, is therefore essentially a requirement for effective management. We present a conceptual model that includes ecological resources, managing and coordinating actors, along with an explicit representation on how all these entities are connected to each other. We apply this model to 25 municipalities that manage 408 wetlands in central Sweden. The study shows a good social and ecological alignment, however with a high prevalence for coordination through third parties. We discuss this pattern emergence, its potential implications, and examine which municipalities adopt these coordinating functions.