杭州湾精细化工园区碳的物质流分析研究

以杭州湾精细化工园区为例,开展碳的物质流分析.研究了园区碳的利用效率,并从精细化工产品的E因子、产品单价、精细化工产品含碳量及碳的利用率、产品单位碳元素对应的产值、单位产值对应的废弃碳元素6个方面进行了分项统计分析.在物质流分析基础上,提出了园区提高碳的利用效率的建议.首先,加强绿色化学化工技术的开发应用,大幅降低原辅材料投入.其次,开发E因子较低、附加值高的产品,提高单位碳投入的产值产出.这类产品方向主要包括含杂原子(F、N、S等)较多的医药、农药、功能性新材料等产品.此外,还应开发或引入低E因子、附加值适中、吨位较大、和园区已有企业和产品能形成产业配套的产品,引导培育产业共生.     

造纸工业循环经济模式评价指标体系研究

在研究现有国内外可持续发展和循环经济评价指标体系的基础上,结合中国造纸工业的特点和资源环境状况,建立了造纸工业循环经济模式评价指标体系,并运用层次分析法,确定了各评价指标的权重,对评价指标体系进行评估.解决了定量评价造纸工业循环经济模式优劣的难题.该体系分为经济发展指标、循环经济特征指标、生态环境效益指标和系统管理指标4个子系统,共22项具体评价指标.     

印染企业环境绩效评估研究 ——以江苏省太湖流域为例

印染是纺织业产业链中水资源消耗和废水排放的主要环节,印染行业水耗高,废水排放量大,水污染问题较突出.对印染行业的产排污环节进行了分析,将印染产品梳理归纳为18类,并在此基础上全面考虑生产端和污染治理端,构建了印染企业环境绩效评估指标体系.利用该指标体系对江苏省太湖流域155家代表性印染企业进行了环境绩效评估,了解印染企...     

铅冶炼污染防治技术评价指标体系的构建

从铅冶炼工艺入手,根据铅冶炼整个过程中的重污染环节,对铅冶炼污染防治技术评价指标体系的构建进行了探讨.首先根据铅冶炼过程中的重污染环节,采用生命周期法(LCA)确定了从备料至铅锭产出的全过程的评价范围,在此基础上进行了污染物质流分析.再结合污染物质流分析结果,提出了铅冶炼污染防控的关键工序,包括冶炼工序、“三废”治理工序.最后,以《有色金属产业调整和振兴规划》、《铅锌行业准入条件》、《清洁生产标准》、《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准》等为依据,在遵循针对性、客观性等原则下,构建了目标层、子目标层、指标层三层结构的铅冶炼污染防治技术评价指标体系,目标层为铅冶炼污染防治技术水平,子目标层包括环境管理、冶炼工艺与装备、烟气制酸程度、“三废”处理情况、余热利用情况、周边环境整治情况等六大污染防控因子,指标层包含24项具体指标,并给出了每个指标的明确涵义或计算方法.     

中国战略环境评价中低碳评价指标体系拓展探讨

低碳发展是应对全球气候变化而催生的新兴发展理念,已经成为中国社会经济发展转型的必然选择,将低碳理念融入战略环境评价(SEA)的目的就是要把抽象的、宏观的战略落实到可操作的具体项目中.从温室气体的污染特性、碳排放的区域差异性以及当前中国SEA指标体系存在的问题等方面,探讨了构建中国SEA中低碳评价指标体系的技术基础.在此基础上,提出将SEA中的低碳评价指标分为评价型指标和建议型指标,以全面体现SEA的功能定位.评价型指标的作用是综合评价拟议规划对低碳理念的融合程度;建议型指标则是提出低碳发展的评估体系和衡量标准.最后指出,当前中国大部分战略规划都尚未融入明确的低碳发展指标,因此建议型指标的构建是未来一段时间内SEA指标体系需要考虑的重点和难点.     

基于层次分析法的企业污水治理评价指标体系权重确定

确定评价指标的权重是进行工业园区企业污水治理绩效评价的重要前提。以太湖流域工业园区企业为对象,从环境保护效益、资源利用效益和循环利用效益等3个方面构建了12个指标的园区企业污水治理绩效评估指标体系,进而采用层次分析法确定了该评价体系各指标权重值。计算结果表明,建立的4个判断矩阵一致性比例(CR)均小于0.1,具有较好的一致性,层次单排序结果均满足一致性检验的要求;各指标的层次总排序顺序与工业园区企业污水的实际情况较为相符。因此,用层次分析法计算出的污水治理绩效评价指标的权重值比较准确、可信,可为下一步进行企业污水治理绩效评价提供技术支持。     

模糊综合评价法在航空企业节能减排评价中的应用

由于航空工业的特殊性,航空企业节能减排相对滞后,节能减排工作迫在眉睫.为使航空工业节能减排的方案全面、科学、客观,基于现代风险评价方法,根据中国航空企业系统的客观实际,采用模糊综合评价法建立了航空企业节能减排的评价指标体系和评价方法,并确定了该评价指标体系中各指标的权重,进而得到各指标隶属度、模糊矩阵.同时,进行了实例...     

区域水生态承载力评价指标体系研究

在已有相关研究的指标体系和国家颁布的相关指标体系基础上,提出了区域水生态承载力评价指标体系的构建依据、构建原则、分类框架、指标选取方法和标准确定方法。根据水生态承载力的概念和内涵,以压力-状态-响应(PSR)为指标体系分类框架,采用频数统计法和理论分析法相结合的方法,将已有研究中常用的、与水生态承载力密切相关的指标筛选出来,构建了区域水生态承载力指标体系,包括58个指标,其中核心指标19个,备选指标39个。在此基础上,参考国家颁布的相关标准,选取适当的核心指标对渭河陕西段水生态承载力进行评价,并进一步计算压力指数、状态指数、响应指数和承载指数,结果显示渭河陕西段水环境系统压力较大,状态最差,响应程度较高,水环境严重超载。     

第三产业清洁生产指标体系

结合中国第三产业的发展状况，提出了风景区、酒店、高校的清洁生产内容，以及相应的清洁生产评价指标，指出第三产业涉及的行业多，各行业的清洁生产内容亦较多，应针对不同行业，建立相应的评价指标，完善评价指标体系，以促第三产业全面实行清洁生产，实施可持续发展战略。     

基于群决策的层次分析法构建制浆造纸减排技术评价指标体系

采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了漂白硫酸盐木浆造纸工艺减排技术的评价指标体系,利用群决策的方式确定指标层中各子因素对于准则层的层次单排序,以此降低评价过程中专家评价的主观性.专家的权重由其判断矩阵与其他专家的判断矩阵的相似度和差异度确定,并通过加权几何平均法聚合成共识矩阵.评价指标体系由定量评价和定性评价两部分组成,选取...     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

党的执政能力建设与环境保护——学习十六届四中全会决定的体会

阐述了环境保护与党的执政能力建设的内在联系。论述了加强环境保护是增强“党的领导能力”的题中之意；加强环境保护是“坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力”的重要内容；环境保护关系到社会和谐与国家安全。环境保护工作者应全面分析和妥善应对来自各方面的机遇和挑战，促使环境发展矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。