水泥窑协同处置含油污泥

含油污泥是石油石化生产过程中产生的一种含油固体废弃物,现有的含油污泥处理技术主要解决了油泥中油气资源的部分回收,未实现油泥的彻底无害化。采用能谱仪、原子荧光光度计和等离子体发射光谱仪等检测手段,检测了不同油田含油污泥的成分、热值及重金属含量,并与水泥生产的相关标准进行了对比分析。结果表明,含油污泥灰分中氧化钙、氧化硅等含量总和均大于80%;灰分中重金属含量基本满足《水泥工厂设计规范》GB50295-2008中水泥熟料重金属含量要求,可作为水泥生产的替代原料。采集的各油田含油污泥平均热值达17.6 MJ/kg,大部分含油污泥都可以作为水泥生产的替代燃料。同时,水泥窑协同处置含油污泥时有害有机物被彻底分解,不会产生二次污染,能真正实现含油污泥的减量化、资源化和无害化,是一项值得推广的处置方式。     

罐底含油泥热解动力学参数计算方法的优选

在化学反应设计中反应动力学是较重要的因素。为得到更合理的污泥热解动力学参数计算方法,利用热重分析仪,在氮气气氛下对罐底含油污泥的热解特性进行研究。根据热重实验数据,分别采用Coats-Redfern法、Kissinger法、FWO法和Popescu法计算污泥热解动力学参数,并获取罐底泥热解制油的主要阶段(第2阶段)的反应活化能E、频率因子A并分析各种方法反应机理。通过对比不同计算方法得到动力学参数及拟合曲线与实验曲线的相关性,确定了最佳罐底含油污泥热解动力学参数计算方法。研究表明,Popescu法得到罐底泥的热解过程符合Jander方程,活化能E为101.43 kJ/mol,与FWO法得到的91.20 kJ/mol相近,且预测曲线与实验曲线有较好的相关性(0.9816),说明Popescu法计算罐底泥热解动力学参数更合适。     

城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值测定方法优化研究

目前的城市污水处理厂剩余污泥热值的测定主要参考煤热值的测定方法。根据污泥的特性,对热值测定过程中污泥的干燥方式、助燃剂的影响和热值校正计算3个方面进行了优化研究。结果表明,冷冻干燥(-50℃)能够避免污泥有机物的挥发,从而精确地测定剩余污泥的热值;对于有机物含量较高的污泥(VS/TS>0.57),不添加助燃剂也能准确测定污泥的热值;通过测定氧弹洗液中硫酸和硝酸的含量来计算热值校正,从而准确得到污泥的热值。     

胜利油田含油污泥的植物修复研究

胜利油田滨一污水站产生的含油污泥经俄罗斯菌剂修复后含油量仍较高,为进一步降低其含油量,采用了植物修复技术.在总面积为1 000 m2的含油污泥修复场地上,分别种植了高羊茅、苜蓿、大豆、玉米和高粱,进行了120 d的植物修复.检测了植物修复前后含油污泥的含油量、基本理化性质、生物毒性、微生物数量和代谢功能多样性.对比发现,植物修复后含油污泥的石油降解率最高可达34.09%,持水率提高,生物毒性下降,微生物数量增加及代谢功能多样性增强.实验说明,植物修复是处理含油污泥的有效方法之一.     

含油污泥微波热解工艺条件优化现场实验研究

采用自主设计的30 kW大功率微波设备开展了含油污泥微波热解的现场实验,考察了吸波剂种类和添加量、热解终温、微波辐照时间、污泥处理量等对微波热解处理效果的影响.结果表明,污泥热解残渣可以作为吸波剂提高含油污泥的微波热解处理效果,综合考虑热解效果和成本,其较佳的添加量为5％(质量分数),此时污泥的除油率可达99.84％；随着热解终温的升高,污泥的除油率逐渐升高,当热解终温达到500℃时,处理后污泥的含油率降为0.200％(质量分数,下同),满足《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》(GB 4284-84)的限值标准(石油类限值为0.3％(质量分数))；微波辐照时间对含油污泥的热解效果影响较显著,当微波辐照时间达到180 min时,处理后污泥含油率仅为0.230％；含油污泥处理量低于20 kg/次时,单位质量含油污泥完成热解消耗的电量随着处理量的增加而减少,而超过20 kg/次时,耗电量随着处理量的增加而增加,因此本实验所用设备较经济的含油污泥处理量为20 kg/次.     

含油污泥及其污染水体中多环芳烃及其急性生物毒性测定

为了更好地控制含油污泥的环境污染,通过实验分析了五种不同来源的含油污泥中多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量、来源以及总毒性当量浓度(TEQ),测定了不同有机溶剂浸提液的急性生物毒性,并对油泥污染水样的PAHs和急性生物毒性进行了分析。研究发现,不同含油污泥中PAHs含量为496.10~4 233.25μg·g~(-1),PAHs总毒性当量(TEQ)为8.41~231.56μg·g~(-1),炼化厂含油污泥中的PAHs主要来源于石油及其精炼产品的热转化,其他含油污泥中的PAHs主要来源于原油本身。正己烷是3种受试有机溶剂中最适合测量含油污泥急性生物毒性的溶剂。被污染水样中PAHs含量为9.68~385.16 ng·mL~(-1),除被清罐油泥污染的水样外,其他油泥污染水样中苯并(a)芘(BaP)未超标,但所有测试水样都具有较高的急性生物毒性,相对发光抑制率最高达到87.46%,大大超过了毒性参照物100 mg·L~(-1)的Zn~(2+)的抑制率。     

预制床法生物修复胜利油田含油污泥的研究

针对胜利油田滨一污水站产生的含油污泥,建立了面积2400 m2的预制床处理工程,使用石油降解菌菌剂对含油量为110 160mg(以每千克烘干含油污泥计)的污泥进行了生物修复,经过160 d的处理后,含油污泥中石油降解率可达52.75%.针对北方冬季低温的特点,在处理场中建立了温室保温措施.温室内外修复效果的比较表明,在冬季采取适当的保温措施可以明显提高污泥中石油烃类的降解率.     

城市生活垃圾、污泥和煤粉混合燃料热值的研究

为了寻求生活垃圾和污泥的高效资源化、能源化方法.选取生活垃圾、污泥和煤粉的混合,枯枝落叶,助燃剂MnO2,脱硫剂 CaO 为控制因子,安排正交试验,成型加工为混合燃料.测定其热值,并通过正交分析,筛选出燃料最大热值组合,即混合时垃圾、污泥、煤粉的比例为 1:1:2,枯枝落叶所占比例为 0%,助燃剂 MnO2 含量为 0.18%,脱硫剂 CaO 含量为 1.5/(100 g),该燃料的热值为 17.8898 kJ/g.为该混合燃料的推广与应用提供理论依据.     

含油污泥脱水性能试验

通过添加絮凝剂处理含油污泥 ,研究了影响含油污泥脱水性能的主要因素 ,试验结果表明 ,用 PAC和 CPAM絮凝剂处理含油污泥 ,可将污泥比阻从处理前的 8.9× 10 1 4 m/kg降至 1.0 9× 10 1 2 m/kg和 0 .11× 10 1 2 m /kg,助滤剂 Ca O与絮凝剂复配使用可进一步降低污泥比阻。污泥比阻随着污泥含油量的减少而减少。     

鼓泡床锅炉富氧焚烧含油污泥技术

提出了一种新型的含油污泥焚烧近零排放处理方式,即利用富氧燃烧技术焚烧含油污泥,油泥无需干化,并可以回收烟气中的CO_2直接用于油田驱油,可以实现CO_2的近零排放。以日焚烧200 t含油污泥为研究对象,构建了鼓泡床富氧燃烧含油污泥锅炉原则性热力系统,并分别从炉膛内密相区埋管、稀相区受热面和尾部对流受热面等方面进行了概念设计,根据鼓泡床锅炉的设计原则并结合富氧燃烧技术特点,设计了一台富氧燃烧含油污泥鼓泡床锅炉。详细介绍了鼓泡床焚烧锅炉的设计参数、结构布置,结果表明:鼓泡床富氧焚烧含油污泥系统的锅炉效率可达92.59%,富氧燃烧工况下炉膛内的换热量远远大于对流换热量。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。