滦河干流表层沉积物中营养元素和重金属含量分布特征及其风险评价

选取滦河干流为研究对象,采集表层沉积物并分析其粒径分布、营养元素(N、P、C、S)及重金属(Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr和Pb)含量分布特征,对重金属采用富集系数法进行源解析,并利用地积累指数法、污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行系统性的生态风险评价。结果表明:沉积物营养元素TN、TP、TC、TS均值为1 047.6、1 427.4、20 060.9和1 564.2 mg·kg~(-1),且分布存在空间差异性;粒径分布特征为粉砂或砂占比重大,黏土占比重小;重金属Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr和Pb含量均值分别为0.28、40.48、31.48、88.67、16.45和21.5 mg·kg-1,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn超过河北省土壤背景值;Cd富集系数均值为2.31,其污染主要源是人为输入,其余重金属未见明显富集现象;相关性分析和主成分分析表明Cd与Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn呈显著正相关,Cr与Cu、Ni、Zn呈显著正相关,Pb与Fe、TP呈显著正相关,Cu与Ni、Zn呈显著正相关,Ni与Zn呈显著正相关;基于地累积指数法得Cd为重金属首要污染物;单项生态危害指数均值大小顺序为Cd(94.39)Cu(9.28)Ni(5.11)Pb(2.16)Zn(1.13)Cr(0.48);沉积物风险指数(SPI)相应等级为低风险级别(SPI=2.755),且整体潜在生态风险指数(RI)相应的亦为低生态风险(RI=112.561150)。     

龙口市污灌区重金属污染影响因子分析

在龙口市污灌区采集70个土壤样品测定Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、As和Cd含量,利用富集因子法分析各重金属的空间分布情况,采用地理探测器模型评估7个影响因子对重金属空间分布的影响及各影响因子间的交互作用.结果表明:(1)Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd的富集程度较大,Co、Cr、Ni富集程度较低,8种重金属富集系数...     

雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

在雷州半岛采集了106个土壤表层样品,分析了其中8种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg和As)的全量.结果表明,雷州半岛土壤重金属污染由高到低排序为Ni＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞As＞Pb,Zn、Cd、As和Pb质量浓度均没有超标,Hg和Cu质量浓度超标率亦不高,但Ni和Cr平均质量浓度达49.81、87.13 mg/kg,高于国内外其他对照区域,超标率分别为25.47%和24.53%;重金属元素在雷州半岛各土壤利用类型中分布规律不明显,按4种主要土壤利用类型受重金属污染程度大小排序为甘蔗地＞果园土＞水田＞菜地;雷州半岛土壤综合污染指数总平均为0.970,土壤总体上尚清洁,重金属污染处于警戒水平;雷州半岛各区域中,徐闻、雷州两地土壤重金属质量浓度明显高于其他地区,其主要原因是徐闻、雷州两地成土母质主要为玄武岩,造成土壤Cr、Ni及其他重金属背景值较高.     

基于GIS的表层土壤重金属污染及空间特征研究——以玄武湖景区为例

GIS与地统计学已广泛运用于土壤科学的研究。为调察研究玄武湖公园内陆区域土壤重金属污染情况及空间分布的特征,为污染评估治理提供可视化的科学依据,本文采集并分析了玄武湖内陆地区0~20 cm土壤中Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn和Cu 6种元素含量,对其进行描述性统计分析判断污染情况,并利用Arc GIS分析其污染情况及空间特征,结果表明,Cd超标率高达97.5%且平均值0.25高于国家一级标准1.23倍,存在轻微污染,其他5个元素均值均低于一级标准且超标率均低于21%,基本不存在污染的情况。从空间分布来看,Pb、Zn和Cu含量从内向外呈增大趋势,Cr、Ni整体浓度值相对偏小,大部分区域含量均在中值附近或以下,以上5种元素块基比均在0.5左右,含量及分布均是由随机因素及结构性因素共同控制,而Cd块基比仅0.028因而其分布规律则主要受结构性因素影响。     

基于地球化学标准化方法的平湖市农田土壤重金属污染评价

运用地球化学标准化方法评价浙江省平湖市农田土壤重金属污染状况.结果显示,约50%的农田土壤受到了重金属人为污染,其中除了5.6%的农田土壤受到了Hg中度人为污染外,其余均为轻微人为污染.每种重金属元素的地球化学基线值均可信,Cr、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni和As与标准化元素Al线性相关性较好,而Hg和Cd与Al线性相关性不好,原因可能与后者受人类活动或土壤环境影响较大有关;多变量聚类分析结果表明,平湖市农田土壤重金属元素组成特征为Cd一族、Hg一族,而Cu、Pb、Ni、As、Cr和Zn为一组合族.     

巢湖表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其污染评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR连续提取法研究了沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、V和Pb等8种重金属元素的分布特征,同时运用潜在风险指数法和地累积指数法综合评价了巢湖沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明,巢湖沉积物中的重金属含量在空间上表现出东西高、中间低的分布特征。巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Co、Ni、V和Cu 5种重金属都主要以残渣态为主,Zn和Cd主要以弱酸提取态为主,Pb以可还原态为主,同时,Co和Cu 2种元素的可交换态及可还原态含量占有较高比例,具有潜在危害性。相关性分析显示,Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和Cd 6种重金属元素的来源和分布可能具有相似性,Co和V 2种重金属元素具有相似的地球化学行为且其主要来源可能与其他几种重金属不同。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中8种重金属元素构成的生态危害顺序为:Cd>Pb>Co>Cu>Ni>Zn>V>Cr,Cd具有高的生态危害等级,其他7种重金属元素均为低生态危害等级。地累积指数法评价结果表明:巢湖沉积物重金属元素的富集程度为Cd>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>V>Ni>Cr,Cr属于清洁级别,Co、Cu、V和Ni处于轻度污染水平,Zn和Pb处于偏中度污染,Cd达到了重污染水平。     

耒水流域土壤重金属污染的时空变异对比

收集了研究区内2008年的历史数据和2018年采集的最新数据,共计278个样品,分析测试了土壤环境污染常提及的Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn共8类重金属元素,利用单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合污染指数法以及土壤环境质量评估法评价研究区内西河和耒水2条河流周边的土壤环境质量类别,结合反距离空间插值法以及空间几何分析,直观地展示出研究区2008—2018年土壤重金属的时空变异特征。结果表明:采集的2期数据中除Cr外,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn表层土壤重金属元素均存在点位超标的情况,说明该研究区中整体存在重金属污染;通过单因子指数评价可知,2期数据单因子指数平均值排前2位的均为Cd和Pb,Cr平均值最小,研究区内2期数据Cr超过98%点位均属于优先保护类点位,Cd、As、Pb均存在超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 15618-2018)管制值的点位;污染增强区主要分布于采矿及冶炼企业密度较大的西河中上游、耒水上游和耒水下游3个区。为防止今后土壤重金属污染进一步增强,建议对3个高值区采取恰当的管理措施。     

基于地理信息系统技术的新疆焉耆绿洲农田土壤重金属污染评价和潜在生态风险预警

在新疆焉耆绿洲采集农田土壤,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属的含量。基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术,并采用污染负荷指数(I_(PL))、潜在生态风险指数(I_R)和生态风险预警指数(I_(ER))对焉耆绿洲农田土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,焉耆绿洲农田土壤Cd是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级标准限值(0.60mg/kg)的10.13倍。Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn分别是新疆灌耕土背景值的50.67、1.40、1.33、2.63、4.92倍。农田土壤Cd和Zn呈现重度污染,Pb为中度污染,Cr和Ni为轻度污染,Cu为轻微污染,As与Mn为无污染。重金属I_(PL)平均值为2.00,呈现轻度污染。重金属I_R平均值为318.38,属于较强风险。重金属I_(ER)平均值为4.83,属于中度预警。重金属I_(PL)、I_R与I_(ER)空间分布均呈现明显的地带性分布格局。Cd是污染水平与生态风险等级最高的重金属,表明焉耆绿洲农田土壤Cd污染风险必须给予关注。     

污泥焚烧底灰中重金属残留特性的实验研究

利用原子吸收分光光度计和程序控制温升炉研究了沈阳市污水处理厂污泥在不同焚烧工况下重金属Cu、Cr、Cd、Zn、Ni和Pb在焚烧底灰中的残留特性。考察了升温速率、焚烧温度、含水率以及停留时间等因素对重金属在污泥底灰中的残留特性的影响。实验表明 ,Pb、Cd和Cu在灰渣中的残留率随着温度和停留时间的增加而降低。大部分的重金属元素Zn、Cu和Cr残留在灰渣中 ,Cd、Pb和Ni部分残留在灰渣中     

乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘中微量元素空间分布与来源解析

为研究典型绿洲城市地表灰尘中微量元素的污染及来源,在新疆乌鲁木齐市采集83个地表灰尘样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn等9种微量元素含量,采用地质累积指数法评价地表灰尘中微量元素污染水平,基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术与地统计法分析微量元素空间分布格局,并利用多元统计分析法分析地表灰尘中微量元素的主要来源。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn分别为新疆土壤背景值的2.00、1.35、1.38、8.24、1.28、2.09、3.26倍。地表灰尘中Hg呈现中度污染,Cd、Pb和Zn呈现轻微污染,As、Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni呈现无污染。研究区地表灰尘中各微量元素的空间分布格局各不相同。从污染来源来看,研究区地表灰尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb与Zn来源主要受到人为污染源的影响,Mn来源主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.