密封法测定焦化厂废水CODCr值的研究

通过用密封法与回流法对焦化厂废水CODCr的测定实验比较表明，密封法与回流法有很好的相关性。密封法应用于焦化废水的CODCr测定中，具有可进行批量分析、试剂和水电消耗少等优点。     

铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水的研究

利用铁屑微电解-共沉淀法处理屠宰场废水，介绍其作用机理，考察了废水pH值、铁屑用量、反应时间、曝气时间和操作方式等因素对色度和CODCr去除率的影响。结果表明，在废水pH值为4，铁屑用量为15％，常温反应4h，曝气时间2h条件下，色度去除率可达100％，CODCr去除率达92．68％。     

水杨酸生产废水的治理与资源化

采用新型超高交联吸附树脂NDA-800吸附法处理水杨酸生产废水，试验结果表明，NDA-800超高交联吸附树脂对水杨酸生产废水有良好的处理效果。当进水CODCr值约20000mg／L，苯酚和水杨酸含量分别为6000mg／L和1300mg／L左右时，经过NDA-800树脂一级吸附处理，出水的CODCr、苯酚等污染指标均可达到排放标准，同时实现了水杨酸生产废水中苯酚和水杨酸等化工资源的生产回用。     

水中COD的无汞盐快速测定

在C(H2SO4)=56％硫酸介质、重铬酸钾的氧化体系中，以钼酸铵、硫酸铝钾为助催化剂，可减少催化剂硫酸银的用量，消解15min即可测定水中COD。用硝酸银(AgNO3)溶液代替硫酸汞去除水样中氯离子(Cl^-)，避免了汞盐的污染。工业废水加标回收率在97％～101％之间，有较好的准确度。     

应用复合碱式氯化铝对垃圾渗沥液进行预处理的研究

采用生物法处理垃圾渗沥液,其出水CODCr、色度和含盐量等指标往往大于排放标准。应用亚滤技术作深度处理,可有效地去除剩余的污染物质,使出水达标。但由于渗沥液中存在大量的胶体微粒,对亚滤管产生阻垢作用,从而堵塞住住亚滤管微也,增加动力消耗,影响处理效果。故采用一种新型高效的复合型无机高分子混凝剂－－聚硫氯化铁铝（PAFCS）用于亚滤装置的预处理。通过与碱式氯化铝（PAC）混凝剂的对比研究表明,PAFCS表现出比PAC更好的除浊、脱色能力,可有效地去除掉垃圾渗沥液中的浊度、胶粒和部分CODCr,从而使亚滤装置发挥最大效能。结果表明,PAFCS的投加量在150－200mg/L左右,pH值在5左右,沉降时间为40－50min的条件下,混凝效果最佳,浊度去除率可达到90％,CODCr去除率可达40％左右。     

载铜活性炭催化氧化深度降解石油污水中的COD

用载铜活性炭对经混凝沉降处理后CODCr值难以达标的石油污水进行了深度处理研究，PH值为7．5左右，经曝气的石油污水，在25－35℃条件下与催化体系接触2h，可将45倍于催化剂体积的石油污水中的CODCr值由300mg.L^-1以上降至100mg.L^-1以下。催化剂可能过制备方法得以再生。该体系在石油污水的深度达标处理中应用前景广阔。     

循环式活性污泥法中好氧选择区的运行条件研究

研究了循环式活性污泥法好氧生物选择区的停留时间和整个系统中泥龄、污泥负荷、曝气时间等运行参数对选择区内微生物吸附性能的影响。结果表明 ,选择器停留时间 3 0 min,系统泥龄 9～ 15 d,曝气 2 h,污泥有机负荷为 0 .3 g CODCr/(g ML SS·d)左右时 ,选择器中微生物的吸附性能最优 ,可去除进水中 90以上的 CODCr。     

SBR法处理磺胺废水的试验研究

采用SBR法进行了磺胺废水的处理试验研究。结果表明，SBR处理工艺可有效地处理磺胺废水，在进水CODCr浓度为2901～3147mg/L时，其去除率最高可达94.5%，SO4^2-浓度在4500mg/L以下对处理效率无影响；SBR反应停留时间以32h为宜，曝气周期以8h为佳。     

厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床处理高浓度链霉素含硫有机废水试验研究

介绍了采用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床 (EGSB)反应器 -生物接触氧化法日处理 2 0 0t高浓度链霉素含硫有机废水的生产性试验研究。试验结果表明 ,厌氧EGSB反应器在控制中温发酵 (35± 1℃ )条件下 ,以低浓度CODCr2 0 0 0— 70 0 0mg/L ,CODCr/SO2 -4=7— 10进水 ,可有效降低反应器中毒性物质的抑制作用 ;进水CODCr在 70 0 0— 130 0 0mg/L ,水力停留时间(HRT)为 3— 5h ,pH值为 6 8— 7 2条件下 ,EGSB的最大容积负荷 15 8kgCODCr/m3 ·d ,对CODCr去除率可达 75 % ,对SO2 -4去除率也可有效地控制在 6 0 %— 70 %。进一步通过好氧生化处理 ,CODCr总去除率可达 91 3%。     

水杨酸生产废水的治理与资源化

采用新型超高交联吸附树脂NDA 80 0吸附法处理水杨酸生产废水 ,试验结果表明 ,NDA 80 0超高交联吸附树脂对水杨酸生产废水有良好的处理效果。当进水CODCr值约 2 0 0 0 0mg/L ,苯酚和水杨酸含量分别为 6 0 0 0mg/L和 130 0mg/L左右时 ,经过NDA 80 0树脂一级吸附处理 ,出水的CODCr、苯酚等污染指标均可达到排放标准 ,同时实现了水杨酸生产废水中苯酚和水杨酸等化工资源的生产回用     

双硫腙法研究废电池中汞的分布及浸出

用双硫腙法测定了几种废电池中汞的含量和分布及在不同水环境条件下,汞的浸出率,试图为废电池中各组分去汞后的回收提供理论依据。结果表明,双硫腙测定废电池中汞的方法是可靠的;汞在废电池中主要分布在锌皮（锌粉）和碳包部分;pH对汞的浸出率有较大的影响,浸出率与pH呈负相关。     

Effect of ferrous sulfate on parathion degradation in flooded soil.

In an isotope study, the effect of ferrous sulfate on the degradation of parathion was studied under flooded soil conditions. The addition of ferrous sulfate to flooded soil led to more rapid and extensive degradation of parathion with the formation of additional degradation products in ferrous sulfate-amended soil. This effect was not pronounced when ferrous sulfate was added to non-flooded soil or to flooded autoclaved soil. Sulfate, rather than Fe2+, was implicated in the extensive degradation of parathion.     

氯化镁复配硫酸铝混凝性能及絮体特性

在研究氢氧化镁混凝特性的基础上,复配氯化镁和硫酸铝作为混凝剂,以高岭土配水水样为研究对象,运用iPDA在线监测技术对混凝过程絮体形成进行监测,探讨了单独使用氯化镁和硫酸铝以及二者复配使用的混凝效果和絮体特性,确定复配使用的各种条件。结果表明,对于浊度20 NTU,pH 11.5的高岭土配水水样,氯化镁、硫酸铝最佳投加量分别为7.2 mg/L(Mg2+计)和3 mg/L(Al3+计);硫酸铝跟氯化镁复配使用时,先投加硫酸铝,间隔30 s后投加氯化镁,混凝效果较好;在镁离子最佳投加量7.2 mg/L时,铝和镁最佳质量比在1∶3~1∶2之间;镁铝复配时其FI值明显大于单独作用时,即絮体尺寸大小:二者复配硫酸铝氯化镁,而且复配条件下Zeta电位值在零电势左右浮动,浮动范围小,更利于聚集沉淀;镁铝复配时发生了协同效应,弥补了单独使用氯化镁混凝过程的不足。     

Sulfate,chloride and fluoride retention in Andosols exposed to volcanic acid emissions

The continuous emissions of SO(2), HCl and HF by Masaya volcano, Nicaragua, represent a substantial source of atmospheric S-, Cl- and F-containing acid inputs for local ecosystems. We report on the effects of such acid depositions on the sulfate, chloride and fluoride contents in soils (0-40 cm) from two distinct transects located downwind from the volcano. The first transect corresponds to relatively undifferentiated Vitric Andosols, and the second transect to more weathered Eutric Andosols. These soils are exposed to various rates of volcanogenic acid addition, with the Vitric sites being generally more affected. Prolonged acid inputs have led to a general pH decrease and reduced exchangeable base cation concentrations in the Andosols. The concentrations of 0.5 M NH(4)F- and 0.016 M KH(2)PO(4)-extractable sulfate (NH(4)F-S and KH(2)PO(4)-S, respectively) indicate that volcanic S addition has increased the inorganic sulfate content of the Vitric and Eutric soils at all depths. In this process, the rate of sulfate accumulation is also dependent on soil allophane contents. For all soils, NH(4)F extracted systematically more (up to 40 times) sulfate than KH(2)PO(4). This difference suggests sulfate incorporation into an aluminum hydroxy sulfate phase, whose contribution to total inorganic sulfate in the Vitric and Eutric Andosols is estimated from approximately 34 to 95% and approximately 65 to 98%, respectively. The distribution of KH(2)PO(4)-extractable chloride in the Vitric and Eutric Andosols exposed to volcanic Cl inputs reveals that added chloride readily migrates through the soil profiles. In contrast, reaction of fluoride with Al and Fe oxyhydroxides and allophanes is an important sink mechanism in the Masaya Andosols exposed to airborne volcanic F. Fluoride dominates the anion distribution in all soil horizons, although F is the least concentrated element in the volcanic emissions and depositions. The soil anion distribution reflects preferential retention of fluoride over sulfate and chloride, and of sulfate over chloride. The primary acidifying agent of the Andosols subject to the volcanic acid inputs is HCl.     

Second generation chemical mass balance source apportionment of sulfur oxides and sulfate at the Grand Canyon during the Project MOHAVE summer intensive

Receptor-based chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis techniques are designed to apportion species that are conserved during pollutant transport using conserved source profiles. The techniques will fail if non-conservative species (or profiles) are not properly accounted for in the CMB model. The straightforward application of the CMB model developed for Project MOHAVE using regional profiles resulted in a significant under-prediction of total sulfate oxides (SOx, SO2 plus fine particulate sulfate) for many samples at Meadview, AZ. In addition, for these samples the concentration of the inert tracer emitted from the MOHAVE Power Project (MPP), ocPDCH, was also under-predicted. A second-generation model has been developed which assumes that separation of particles and SO2 can occur in the MPP plume during nighttime stable plume conditions. This second-generation CMB model accounts for all SOx present at the various receptor sites. In addition, the concentrations of ocPDCH and the presence of other inert tracers of emission from regional sources are accurately predicted. The major source of SOx at Meadview was the MPP, but the major source of sulfate at this site was the Las Vegas urban area. At Hopi Point in the Grand Canyon, the Baja California region (Imperial Valley and northwestern Mexico) was the major source of both SOx and sulfate.     

硝基苯对硫酸盐还原过程的影响

为了探明硝基苯(NB)对硫酸盐还原的影响,揭示相关过程机制,采用以丙酸盐为碳源和电子供体的序批式厌氧反应系统(水力停留时间为33 h),考察了碳硫比为0.63～5.0,NB浓度为2.5～50 mg/L条件下,系统的硫酸盐还原效能。研究结果表明,NB对硫酸盐还原过程存在抑制作用,当系统NB进水浓度低于30 mg/L时,NB对硫酸盐还原过程抑制并不显著,但当进水NB浓度达50 mg/L时,硫酸盐还原率由近100%迅速降至17%。对比实验结果进一步表明,NB初始浓度为16.5 mg/L条件下,硫酸盐的比还原速率和丙酸的比消耗速率分别为对照组的63%和52%。硫酸盐还原的抑制主要源自NB及其还原产物苯胺(AN)的生物毒性,但上述抑制作用可逆。     

Second Generation Chemical Mass Balance Source Apportionment of Sulfur Oxides and Sulfate at the Grand Canyon during the Project MOHAVE Summer Intensive

ABSTRACT

Receptor-based chemical mass balance (CMB) analysis techniques are designed to apportion species that are conserved during pollutant transport using conserved source profiles. The techniques will fail if non-conservative species (or profiles) are not properly accounted for in the CMB model. The straightforward application of the CMB model developed for Project MOHAVE using regional profiles resulted in a significant under-prediction of total sulfate oxides (SO_x, SO₂ plus fine particulate sulfate) for many samples at Meadview, AZ. In addition, for these samples the concentration of the inert tracer emitted from the MOHAVE Power Project (MPP), ocPDCH, was also under-predicted. A second-generation model has been developed which assumes that separation of particles and SO₂ can occur in the MPP plume during nighttime stable plume conditions. This second-generation CMB model accounts for all SO_x present at the various receptor sites. In addition, the concentrations of ocPDCH and the presence of other inert tracers of emission from regional sources are accurately predicted. The major source of SO_x at Meadview was the MPP, but the major source of sulfate at this site was the Las Vegas urban area. At Hopi Point in the Grand Canyon, the Baja California region (Imperial Valley and northwestern Mexico) was the major source of both SO_x and sulfate.     

Effects of alternative electron donors,acceptors, and inhibitors on 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid dechlorination in soil

Abstract

The potential for dechlorinating 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T) in soil with a consortium showing stable dechlorinating activity was investigated. The effects of adding electron donors and/or acceptors under three anaerobic reducing conditions was compared. Results show that both 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T dechlorination rates were enhanced in methanogenic conditions, delayed in sulfate‐reducing conditions, and inhibited in denitrifying conditions. Also under the same three conditions dechlorination was be enhanced by the addition of lactate, pyruvate, and acetate, delayed by the addition of manganese oxide and vitamin B₁₂, and inhibited by the addition of ferric chloride. Response to treatment with such microbial inhibitors as bromoethane sulfonic acid (BESA), vancomycin, and molybdate suggests that the major bacteria involved in 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T dechlonnation is methanogen followed joined by sulfate‐reducing bacteria and eubacteria.     

浊度仪法快速测定水体中硫酸盐含量

为了适应野外水质快速测定的要求,根据硫酸钡比浊法的方法原理,采用浊度仪测定浊度的方法,建立了水体中硫酸盐含量的快速测定方法。实验考察了浊度、氯化钡加入形态、摇动时间,静置时间等影响因素。结果表明,浊度在5～25 NTU时,其对硫酸盐的测定几乎没有影响。在实验最佳条件下,氯化钡的加入量为0.2 g,中速手摇40 s,静置时间5min,所建立方法的线性范围为5～90 mg/L,相关系数R2=0.9998,方法的检出限为0.25 mg/L。加标回收率为94.00%～105.25%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.19%～1.75%(n=5),方法便携、简单,适用于野外与浊度同步测定。     

Interactions between chloride and sulfate or silica removals from wastewater using an advanced lime-aluminum softening process: equilibrium modeling.

Interactions among chloride, sulfate, and silica removals from recycled industrial wastewater using an ultra-high lime with aluminum process (UHLA) were studied. An equilibrium model that is able to accurately predict the chemical behavior and interactions between chloride and sulfate or silica with UHLA at various initial conditions and chemical reagents was developed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to identify the precipitated solids formed in the UHLA process. Model predictions indicated that simultaneous removal of sulfate and chloride can be best described by the formation of a solid solution containing calcium chloroaluminate, calcium sulfoaluminate (ettringite), calcium monosulfate, tricalcium hydroxyaluminate, and tetracalcium hydroxyaluminate. However, simultaneous removal of silica and chloride can be best described by precipitation of calcium silicate and calcium aluminosilicate in addition to a solid solution containing calcium chloroaluminate, tricalcium hydroxyaluminate, and tetracalcium hydroxyaluminate. The XRD results indicated the presence of the same solids assumed by the equilibrium model.