生活污水中肠道病毒分布特性的定量PCR研究

为了明确污水中肠道病毒的分布及去除规律,采用定量PCR方法对西安市3个污水厂进行了为期一年的监测。结果表明,肠道病毒和人类肠道病毒在进水和二级出水中呈较高浓度,约分布在102~105copies/m L和102~104copies/m L范围内。肠道病毒和人类肠道病毒浓度呈现季节性变化,秋季浓度最高,冬季次之,春夏最低。经统计学分析发现,肠道病毒和人类肠道病毒浓度在3个水厂间无显著差异性(p0.05)且肠道病毒和人类肠道病毒很好地服从对数正态分布。通过病毒的检测数据及分布特性,明确了函数参数并确定人类肠道病毒占肠道病毒的39%。经过常规二级处理,肠道病毒可去除1.12 log左右,与人类肠道病毒去除率相近,且不同水厂对病毒的去除率也相近。     

低温条件下摇动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水的中试研究

采用摇动床生物膜反应器,在中国北方冬春季5～10℃的低温条件下,以城市生活污水处理厂的二级处理出水为水源进行了工作体积4.8 m3的反应器深度处理的中试研究。中试过程以COD、NH4+-N和浊度的去除率为考察指标。实验结果表明:反应器对生活污水深度处理的合适的工艺参数为进水温度10℃,停留时间(HRT)4.8 h,气水比4∶1,曝气量4 m3/h,水流量1.0 m3/h,采用每间隔4 h曝气4 h的间歇式曝气方式;在低温条件下,对污水的COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别为30%和50%,而对浊度的去除率较低。中试表明,摇动床生物膜反应器可应用于中国北方冬春季低温条件下对水中COD和NH4+-N的去除。     

稻秸、餐厨垃圾及人粪尿混合厌氧发酵

采用批次及批次与半连续耦合的发酵方法,35℃条件下,研究了稻秸与餐厨垃圾、人粪尿混合物(简称生活污水,下文同)的不同混合比例以及生活污水不同负荷对稻秸产沼气性能及污水中粪大肠菌群去除率的影响。结果表明:在发酵总固体浓度(TS)为16%条件下,稻秸与生活污水混合比例为1∶1.72(W/W)时,稻秸TS产气量达到377 mL/g,比稻秸与生活污水比为1∶3.44的处理高7.71%,比单一稻秸高24.42%;在稻秸TS浓度为10%条件下,生活污水有机负荷(OLR)从0.5 g COD/(L.d)逐步提高到4.0 g COD/(L.d),其厌氧发酵系统运行正常,与单一稻秸发酵相比,容积产气效率提高,且沼气中甲烷含量提高近20%,与单一生活污水厌氧发酵相比,生活污水COD去除率基本一致,均超过80%,但是随着污水有机负荷的增加,粪大肠菌群去除率由99.4%下降到了86.0%,出水中粪大肠菌群未达到国家允许的1×104个/mL排放标准。     

水中肠道病毒检测方法的分析评价

采用Hep-2细胞分离培养水中的肠道病毒,根据肠道病毒5’-UTR核酸的保守区,建立了一种细胞培养与实时荧光定量PCR(ICC-RT-q PCR)联合检测感染性肠道病毒的方法。对RT-q PCR、TCID50和ICC-RT-q PCR 3种检测方法进行灵敏度、相关性分析,评价RT-q PCR、ICC-RT-q PCR用于估计水中感染性病毒含量的可行性。结果表明,RT-q PCR方法高估了水中病毒的感染性。肠道病毒低浓度(4.4×10-1~4.4×103TCID50/m L)时TCID50与ICC-RT-q PCR线性关系良好,相关系数R2=0.99。水样经浓缩,ICC-RT-q PCR检测病毒含量为1.0×103~3.2×104copies/L,估计含量为3~30 TCID50/L,与病毒感染性11~29 TCID50/L结果相近,检出率为83.3%。高于TCID50的检测结果(33.3%)。因此,ICC-RT-q PCR方法快速、灵敏,可对水中感染性肠道病毒进行准确的定量分析。     

再生水中内分泌干扰物质的存在及处理现状

随着污水回用大力开展,人们与再生水的接触机会增加,必须保障再生水的水质安全.资料调研发现,作为再生水水源的污水处理厂出水中含有多种内分泌干扰物质,活性炭吸附、超滤、高级氧化技术及膜技术可有效去除再生水中的内分泌干扰物质,但鉴于经济和管理上的困难,目前仍不能全面推广.中国常用的澄清(混凝沉淀)/过滤工艺不能有效去除污水处理厂二级出水中的内分泌十扰物质,这对接触人群的健康产生潜在威胁,对生物种群也有一定的影响.生物处理方法未来有可能成为去除内分泌干扰物质很有前途的方法.     

城市污水处理厂出水低浓度污染物的生物降解研究

由于城市污水处理厂出水中含有的低浓度污染物的性能稳定而不易被去除,为探索一种快速、直接的低浓度污染物的深度处理方法,通过采用富二价阳离子斜发沸石作载体的生物沸石曝气滤池对某城市污水厂二级处理出水中的低浓度污染物的去除进行了实验研究,研究结果表明,当污水厂二级处理出水水质年平均指标NH3-N、COD、BOD5、TP及浊度分别为27.4 mg/L、57.2 mg/L、20.4 mg/L、1.7 mg/L和16 NTU时,采用两级生物沸石曝气滤池串联工艺,在第一级生物沸石曝气滤池装填3 m生物沸石,水力停留时间1 h,气水比为2∶1;第二级生物沸石曝气滤池装填2 m生物沸石,水力停留时间为0.5 h,气水比为1∶1,最终出水年平均指标NH3-N 0.13 mg/L、COD 7.55 mg/L(CODMn)、BOD50.78 mg/L、TP0.6 mg/L、浊度为0.13 NTU,出水水质可满足热力发电厂循环冷却补充水的水质要求.此种方法为污水处理厂的出水提供了经济有效的回用途径。     

发酵类抗生素废水处理工艺及运行效果

介绍了内蒙古某抗生素废水处理厂的处理工艺流程、处理单元类型及其详细设计参数,通过对该污水处理厂半年内运行效果的调研,分析评价该污水处理系统的处理效果及出水指标;该水厂工艺流程对COD、TOC、氨氮、总氮、总磷、BOD和急性毒性的平均去除率分别为96.52%、95.83%、50.24%、55.20%、62.05%、98.52%和99.14%,COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷出水水质分别为477、438、556.7和7.69 mg/L,达到排放到城区下水道要求,园区内所有废水汇集到园区污水处理厂进行集中深度处理达标后排放水体。通过对该水厂工艺的介绍和水质分析,为我国抗生素生产企业面临的废水处理工艺类型选择及工程改造升级提供一定参考。     

生物活性炭过滤对污水二级出水的深度处理效能研究

采用生物活性炭(BAC)过滤技术深度处理污水二级出水,分析了该技术对二级出水有机物(EfOM)的去除效果及对EfOM分子量分布、荧光特性的影响。通过分层取样,考察了EfOM在BAC柱中的沿程变化,并在此基础上探讨了空床停留时间(EBCT)对BAC柱去除EfOM效果的影响。结果表明,当EBCT为30min时,BAC柱运行稳定后对污水二级出水中溶解性有机碳(DOC)、有机污染物(以水样在254nm紫外光下的吸光度(UV254)表征)和TN的平均去除率分别为25%、25%、11%。BAC柱对分子量1ku的小分子有机物去除效果最显著。分层取样结果表明,EBCT为30min时,EfOM的高效去除主要发生在BAC柱顶层10cm,EBCT延长至60min时,EfOM的去除主要发生在BAC柱顶层20cm内,延长EBCT能够加强BAC柱对EfOM的去除效果。     

不同水质灌溉对毛红椿生长及基质性质的影响

在全球水资源日益缺乏的情景下,伴随城市化过程出现的生活污水量显著增加,如何有效利用这一资源成为社会、经济可持续发展的关键。以珍贵树种毛红椿为材料,在遮雨棚下系统研究了生活污水、生活污水与自来水的混合水(以下简称"混合水")以及自来水为灌溉水质,对毛红椿播种苗生长、育苗基质的性质及其中主要重金属含量的影响,以探讨生活污水应用于育苗生产的可能性。结果表明:(1)生活污水与混合水灌溉后均促进了毛红椿苗高、地径的生长,苗高分别为自来水的213.1%、210.4%,地径分别为163.9%、155.5%,生物量的增加也非常明显,特别是地上部分生物量,不同水质间苗高、地径、生物量均达到显著性差异。(2)生活污水灌溉改善了栽培基质的pH、容重等性质,但重金属含量也出现增加的趋势,不过均低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中二级标准限值,同时毛红椿各器官中重金属含量也升高。不同重金属在不同器官中的富集程度不同,Cu、Zn、As、Mn在叶中富集较明显,Cr、Pb没有出现富集现象。因此,生活污水及混合水可应用于毛红椿苗木培育。     

提高低C/N值农村生活污水中TN的去除效果

高负荷渗滤田工艺处理农村生活污水后,出水中C/N值降低,后续反硝化池由于缺少碳源,系统出水中TN难以稳定达标。研究在不对整个系统构筑物进行大的改造、不增加外购碳源的前提下,通过往后续反硝化池掺混部分调节池原水的措施,提高了TN的去除效率。研究结果表明,通过掺混10%左右的调节池原水,系统TN的去除效率提高了约10%,由68.2%提升到了77.5%。系统出水中各主要指标均可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准要求。系统运行费用低且实验未增加运行成本,工程可为气候条件相近、水质类似地区农村生活污水的处理提供借鉴。     

Sources and fate of nitrosodimethylamine and its precursors in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

To assess the occurrence and fate of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in wastewater treatment plants, samples from wastewater treatment plants and industrial sources were analyzed for NDMA, total NDMA precursors, and dimethylamine (DMA). The median concentration of NDMA in untreated wastewater was approximately 80 ng/L, with maximum concentrations up to 790 ng/L presumably occuring because of sources unrelated to domestic wastewater. Concentrations of DMA in untreated wastewater ranged from approximately 50 to 120 microg/L and accounted for a majority of the NDMA precursors. The removal of NDMA during secondary biological treatment exhibited considerable variability, with overall removal ranging from 0 to 75%. In contrast, removal of NDMA precursors and DMA generally exceeded 70%. The median concentration of NDMA in secondary effluent before disinfection was 46 ng/L. Although DMA was removed during secondary treatment, other NDMA precursors in wastewater effluent will result in formation of additional NDMA upon disinfection with chloramines.     

大型蚤标志酶用于城市二级出水毒性的评价

大型蚤是一种国际公认的标准实验生物,广泛应用于污水、地表水等水质毒性检测。毒性水平较低的城市二级出水,对大型蚤往往无急性毒性效应,而具有慢性毒性效应,但慢性毒性检测周期过长,因此探索一种更灵敏的指标,实现快速检测,对于控制二级出水的水质风险具有重要意义。本研究考察了大型蚤在短期暴露于城市二级出水条件下,其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、ATP酶、羧酸酯酶和碱性磷酸酯酶的酶活变化特征,从中筛选出对二级出水毒性响应灵敏的标志酶指标。实验结果表明,碱性磷酸酯酶、过氧化氢酶对二级出水毒性响应相对较灵敏,具有成为标志酶的潜力,研究结果为城市二级出水生物毒性评价方法优化提供新的思路。     

Removal and formation of chlorinated triclosan derivatives in wastewater treatment plants using chlorine and UV disinfection

Triclosan, a common antimicrobial agent, may react during the disinfection of wastewater with free chlorine to form three chlorinated triclosan derivatives (CTDs). This is of concern because the CTDs may be photochemically transformed to tri- and tetra-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins when discharged into natural waters. In this study, wastewater influent, secondary (pre-disinfection) effluent, and final (post-disinfection) effluent samples were collected on two occasions each from two activated sludge wastewater treatment plants, one using chlorine disinfection and one using UV disinfection. Concentrations of triclosan and three CTDs were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with isotope dilution methodology. Triclosan and the CTDs were detected in every influent sample at levels ranging from 453 to 4530 and 2 to 98 ng L⁻¹, respectively, though both were efficiently removed from the liquid phase during activated sludge treatment. Triclosan concentrations in the pre-disinfection effluent ranged from 36 to 212 ng L⁻¹, while CTD concentrations were below the limit of quantification (1 ng L⁻¹) for most samples. In the treatment plant that used chlorine disinfection, triclosan concentrations decreased while CTDs were formed during chlorination, as evidenced by CTD levels as high as 22 ng L⁻¹ in the final effluent. No CTDs were detected in the final effluent of the treatment plant that used UV disinfection. The total CTD concentration in the final effluent of the chlorinating treatment plant reached nearly one third of the triclosan concentration, demonstrating that the chlorine disinfection step played a substantial role in the fate of triclosan in this system.     

Determination of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking pharmaceuticals in United States wastewater effluent

Beta adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-Blockers) are frequently prescribed medications in the United States and have been identified in European municipal wastewater effluent, however no studies to date have investigated these compounds in United States wastewater effluent. Municipal wastewater effluent was collected from treatment facilities in Mississippi, Texas, and New York to investigate the occurrence of metoprolol, nadolol, and propranolol. Propranolol was identified in all wastewater samples analyzed (n = 34) at concentrations < or = 1.9 microg/l. Metoprolol and nadolol were identified in > or = 71% of the samples with concentrations of metoprolol < or = 1.2 microg/l and nadolol < or = 0.36 microg/l. Time course studies at both Mississippi plants and the Texas plant indicate that concentrations of propranolol, metoprolol, and nadolol remain relatively constant at each sampling period. This study indicates that beta-Blockers are present in United States wastewater effluent in the ng/l to microg/l range.     

Effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses.

Wastewater disinfection is practiced with the goal of reducing risks of human exposure to pathogenic microorganisms. In most circumstances, the efficacy of a wastewater disinfection process is regulated and monitored based on measurements of the responses of indicator bacteria. However, inactivation of indicator bacteria does not guarantee an acceptable degree of inactivation among other waterborne microorganisms (e.g., microbial pathogens). Undisinfected effluent samples from several municipal wastewater treatment facilities were collected for analysis. Facilities were selected to provide a broad spectrum of effluent quality, particularly as related to nitrogenous compounds. Samples were subjected to bench-scale chlorination and dechlorination and UV irradiation under conditions that allowed compliance with relevant discharge regulations and such that disinfectant exposures could be accurately quantified. Disinfected samples were subjected to a battery of assays to assess the immediate and long-term effects of wastewater disinfection on waterborne bacteria and viruses. In general, (viable) bacterial populations showed an immediate decline as a result of disinfectant exposure; however, incubation of disinfected samples under conditions that were designed to mimic the conditions in a receiving stream resulted in substantial recovery of the total bacterial community. The bacterial groups that are commonly used as indicators do not provide an accurate representation of the response of the bacterial community to disinfectant exposure and subsequent recovery in the environment. UV irradiation and chlorination/dechlorination both accomplished measurable inactivation of indigenous phage; however, the extent of inactivation was fairly modest under the conditions of disinfection used in this study. UV irradiation was consistently more effective as a virucide than chlorination/dechlorination under the conditions of application, based on measurements of virus (phage) diversity and concentration. Taken together, and when considered in conjunction with previously published research, the results of these experiments illustrate several important limitations of common disinfection processes as applied in the treatment of municipal wastewaters. In general, it is not clear that conventional disinfection processes, as commonly implemented, are effective for control of the risks of disease transmission, particularly those associated with viral pathogens. Microbial quality in receiving streams may not be substantially improved by the application of these disinfection processes; under some circumstances, an argument can be made that disinfection may actually yield a decrease in effluent and receiving water quality. Decisions regarding the need for effluent disinfection must account for site-specific characteristics, but it is not clear that disinfection of municipal wastewater effluents is necessary or beneficial for all facilities. When direct human contact or ingestion of municipal wastewater effluents is likely, disinfection may be necessary. Under these circumstances, UV irradiation appears to be superior to chlorination in terms of microbial quality and chemistry and toxicology. This advantage is particularly evident in effluents that contain appreciable quantities of ammonia-nitrogen or organic nitrogen.     

Presence and fate of coliphages and enteric viruses in three wastewater treatment plants effluents and activated sludge from Tunisia

Purpose

The role of water in the transmission of infectious diseases is well defined; it may act as a reservoir of different types of pathogens. Enteric viruses can survive and persist for a long time in water, maintaining infectivity in many instances. This suggests the need to include virus detection in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters.

Methods

In this study, enteric viruses (enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV)) were investigated by RT-PCR and coliphages (known as indicators of viral contamination) were enumerated with the double-layer technique agar in effluents and sewage sludge from three Tunisian wastewater treatment plants.

Results and discussion

The molecular detection of enteric viruses revealed 7.7% of positive activated sludge samples for enteroviruses. None of the samples was positive for HAV. Molecular virus detection threshold was estimated to be 10³?PFU/100?ml. All samples contained high concentrations of coliphages except those of dry sludge. Reductions in the concentrations of bacteriophages attained by the wastewater treatment plants are of the order of magnitude as reductions described elsewhere. Peak concentrations in raw wastewater were associated with winter rains and suspended materials rate in analysed samples. Our data which is the first in North Africa showed that similar trends of coliphages distribution to other studies in other countries.

Conclusion

No clear correlation between studied enteric viruses and coliphages concentration was proved. Coliphages abundance in collected samples should raise concerns about human enteric viruses transmission as these residues are reused in agricultural fields.     

二沉池出水的电化学消毒试验研究

对德国威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水分别进行了电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明，用电化学方法对威斯巴登城市污水处理厂和上海石化股份公司水质净化厂二沉池出水进行消毒是可行的，消毒效果好，耗电少，杀菌率随电流、处理时间的增加而提高。     

Combination of in vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples

In this study we evaluated genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters (15 samples), surface waters (28 samples) and potable waters (8 samples) with the SOS/umuC assay with Salmonella typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002 and MTT assay with human hepatoma HepG2 cells. The genotoxicity of selected samples was confirmed with the comet assay with HepG2 cells. In the SOS/umuC assay 13 out of the 51 samples were genotoxic: two effluent samples from chemical industry; one sample of wastewater treatment plant effluent; two hospital wastewater samples; three river water samples and four lake water samples. Six samples were cytotoxic for HepG2 cells: both effluent samples of chemical industry, two wastewater treatment plant effluent samples, and two river water samples, however, only the chemical industry effluent samples were genotoxic and cytotoxic, indicating that different contaminants are responsible for genotoxic and toxic effects. Comparing genotoxicity of river and lake water samples with the chemical analytical data of the presence of the residues of pharmaceutical and personal care products (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, UV filters and disinfectants) in these samples, indicated that the presence of UV filters might be linked to the genotoxicity of these samples. The results showed that the application of the bacterial SOS/umuC assay and mammalian cell assays (MTT and comet assay) with HepG2 cells was suitably sensitive combination of assays to monitor genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of native samples of wastewaters and surface waters. With this study we also confirmed that the toxicity/genotoxicity bioassays should be an integral tool in the evaluation of toxicity of complex wastewaters before the release into environment, as well as for the monitoring of surface water quality, providing data useful in risk assessment.     

The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of surface water and wastewater effluents as determined by bioluminescence, umu-assays and selected biomarkers

Two bacterial tests employing Photobacterieum phosphoreum (Microtox bioluminescence test) and Salmonella typhimurium TA 1535 pSK1002 (umu-assay) were evaluated to estimate the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of water samples from the selected rivers in Germany as well as the primary and secondary effluents of some sewage treatment plants. Rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) were exposed to different concentrations (20-40%) of secondary effluent in the model online aquatic monitoring plant WaBoLu-Aquatox. The toxic potential of water samples from the exposure tanks was determined in two prokaryotic test systems and the biomarkers acethylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in muscle tissue and DNA unwinding assay in liver tissue of fish. Samples from the tested rivers showed no inhibition of the bioluminescence of P. phosphoreum or growth of umu-bacteria. Only primary effluent samples from the treatment plants at the Saale River inhibited the light emission or the growth of test bacteria by more than 20%. The induction ratio of umu-bacteria was in most of the river samples less than the threshold for genotoxicity (IR < 1.5). Only some samples from the Saale River, especially at sites downstream of secondary effluents caused genotoxic responses in the umu-assay. Samples of primary effluents contained the greatest genotoxic potential up to GEUI = 6 which was not detectable in samples of secondary effluents. A concentration range 20-40% secondary effluent inhibited AChE activity in muscle tissue and significantly increased DNA fragmentation in liver tissue of rainbow trout. In contrast, no cytotoxic or genotoxic responses in the umu-assay were caused by water samples. Both bacterial methods can be successfully used to analyse the cytotoxic and genotoxic response of industrial and domestic wastewater and to estimate the effectiveness of sewage treatment units. However, because of their low sensitivity and high susceptibility, they are not reliable as a single test for the detection of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in surface water. The application of prokaryotic tests systems with biomarkers such as AChE activity and DNA fragmentation in different tissues of test organisms seems to be a useful combination for the assessment of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in surface water and secondary effluent.