折点加氯反应在次氯酸钠消毒中水中的应用

为研究中水消毒过程,对次氯酸钠消毒中水的折点加氯反应与消毒效果之间的关系进行研究。通过探讨加氯量位于折点曲线不同位置的消毒效果,分析接触时间和氨氮浓度的影响,得出了根据氨氮浓度确定的接触时间和加氯量公式。结果表明,氨氮浓度〈2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在折点之后接触反应30 min,氨氮浓度〉2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在峰点附近接触反应60 min均可实现中水消毒要求。     

三氯异氰尿酸在窖水中的余氯衰减规律及消毒效果

为保持集雨窖水水质,提高饮用水安全性,采用向窖水中投加三氯异氰尿酸(trichloroisocyanuric acid,TCCA)的消毒方法,检测主体水的余氯衰减规律和微生物的变化情况,重点研究了消毒剂投加量、温度及pH等因素的影响。实验结果表明:余氯衰减过程符合一级动力学模型;随初始氯投加量的增大,水中余氯衰减量增大,余氯衰减系数减小且与初始投加量的倒数成线性正相关;随水中有机物等反应物浓度的降低,余氯衰减量减少,余氯衰减系数减小;随温度的升高,余氯衰减量增大,衰减系数增大;随pH的增大,余氯衰减量减少,衰减系数减小;水中菌落总数的灭活率随消毒剂投加量的增加而增大。当消毒剂浓度为1.5～2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,在60 min内可完成对菌落总数99.0%的灭活;当消毒剂浓度大于2.5 mg·L~(-1)时,在30 min内可完成对菌落总数99.9%的灭活。在pH为6～9时,pH越小,消毒效果越好;在10～30℃时,温度越高,消毒效果越好;水中氨氮存在时,氯胺的生成会减弱短期消毒效果。与传统氯制消毒剂相比,TCCA在窖水消毒方面有较好的应用前景。     

简化医院污水消毒效果监测方法的实验研究

目前,医院污水加氯消毒效果的监测,常以余氯量、细菌总数和大肠菌群数为指标。余氯量测定方法简单,可当即得出结果。微生物检验较复杂,需1～2天才能得出结果,不适合日常的监测要求。我们根据加氯消毒余氯量与杀菌率间的内在规律,以经沉淀后的医院污水为标本,选择染菌浓度、水温、加氯量和接触时间等四个因素,每个因素均定为三个水     

回用生活污水的电化学消毒试验研究

对北京某中水站回用于杂用水的生活污水进行电化学消毒试验。试验结果表明 ,生活污水经生物接触氧化、活性炭吸附后 ,流经电化学消毒器停留 2 0s、耗电 0 .30kWh/m3 、消毒器出水放置 1h后 ,总大肠菌群数 <3个 /L ,满足生活杂用水的卫生学指标。当余氯浓度及接触时间相等的条件下 ,电化学消毒法的杀菌效果好于加氯消毒。E .coli细胞经电化学消毒和加氯消毒处理后 ,扫描电镜观察的结果表明 :2种方法作用后的细胞在形态上的变化是不相同的 ,说明电化学消毒的消毒机制不仅仅取决于电解产氯的作用 ,还有其他的杀菌作用     

紫外与次氯酸钠消毒效果及影响因素研究

选取大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)为示踪菌种,研究了紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果(用对数灭活率来衡量),进行了实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,同时考察了浊度、Fe3+浓度、有机物对紫外消毒的灭活效果影响,以及pH、氨氮浓度对次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果影响。结果表明:(1)紫外消毒和次氯酸钠消毒对大肠埃希氏菌均有较好的灭活效果。紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时即可达到4.55的对数灭活率;次氯酸钠投加量为2.5mg/L,消毒时间30min即可100%灭活。(2)当紫外辐射剂量为15mJ/cm2时,浊度、Fe3+浓度增加或投加腐殖酸均可使紫外消毒的灭活效果变差。(3)pH升高或者氨氮浓度增大均会导致次氯酸钠消毒的灭活效果变差。     

二氧化氯应用于二次供水安全消毒的静态研究

采用二氧化氯（ClO2）作为二次供水的消毒剂进行静态实验研究，考察了ClO2投加量、氨氮与CODMn浓度及pH对ClO2衰减及消毒副产物氯酸盐（ClO3^-）和亚氯酸盐（ClO2）的生成影响，并建立了ClO3-和ClO2生成浓度的经验预测模型。结果表明：前4h内，随着消毒剂初始投加浓度提高，ClO2的衰减速率增加，4h后降解则较缓慢。ClO2加入水中，立即有ClO3^-与ClO2^-生成，4h后基本达到稳定，且随着药剂投加量的增加，ClO3^-和ClO2-的生成量逐渐增大。氨氮、CODMn及pH的升高，可加速ClO2的衰减，同时可促进ClO3^-和ClO2-的生成。其中，氨氮浓度从0．085mg／L升高到0．585mg／LClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了6．49μg／L和8．32μg／L；CODMn从1．13mg／L升高到3．13mg／L，ClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了13．75μg／L和9．23μg／L；pH从6．49升高到8．45，ClO3^-与ClO2-的生成浓度分别增加了13．28μg／L和10．01μg／L。     

进水碳氮比对SUFR系统脱氮除磷影响的特性分析

考察了进水碳氮比（C/N）对螺旋升流式反应器（spiral up-flow reactor，SUFR）系统生物脱氮除磷的影响，试验设计了进水C/N在7～13范围的数种工况，研究了SUFR系统中COD、总磷和氮的变化规律。结果表明，进水C/N对SUFR系统去除COD与TP效果的影响不明显，平均去除率分别为95.2%和93.9%；当进水C/N<9.4时，TN的去除率随C/N的增大而快速提高，而当进水C/N>9.4时，TN的去除率稳定在81.1%～85.6%；SUFR系统的硝化效果较稳定，氨氮的去除率保持在90.5%～98.8%；系统的反硝化作用随C/N的增大有所增强，出水硝酸盐氮浓度逐渐降低。     

活性炭去除水中余氯的研究

通过对5种不同活性炭的去除余氯量实验、余氯穿透实验以及化学反应产物Cl-的质量平衡数据,探讨了活性炭去除余氯的性能和机制.活性炭去除余氯是吸附与化学反应共同作用的结果.活性炭与水中余氯接触后的初期,去除余氯以吸附作用为主;达到吸附平衡后,余氯浓度继续下降则是由于化学反应的作用.接触时间越长、余氯初始浓度越高、pH较低,活性炭去除余氯量越大.由Cl-的生成量可以确定化学反应去除余氯量是余氯总去除量的一部分;接触时间越长,活性炭剂量越大,化学反应去除余氯量占余氯总去除量的比例越高.使用粒径<180目活性炭进行余氯去除实验,吸附容量在1～2h即达到饱和.活性炭对余氯吸附量(2h的余氯去除量)的大小与其苯酚值排行相同.苯酚值及碘值较高的煤质炭与余氯有较强的化学反应,果壳炭其次,而椰壳炭的化学性相对稳定.     

反渗透海水淡化水的消毒稳定性

采用次氯酸钙、二氧化氯和紫外线3种消毒方法对反渗透海水淡化水进行消毒,综合p H、总溶解性固体(TDS)、余氯、大肠杆菌数等指标研究了消毒剂量和水质随贮水时间的变化。结果表明,消毒剂最佳剂量分别为次氯酸钙5mg·L~(-1),二氧化氯1 mg·L~(-1),紫外线5 m J·cm-2。经次氯酸钙消毒后淡化水的p H和TDS逐渐升高,7 d后基本稳定;而二氧化氯消毒后淡化水的p H略有降低,6 d后基本不变,TDS变化则相反。紫外线消毒后p H和TDS几乎不变,但大肠杆菌容易复活,第7天检出浓度为18 CFU·L~(-1)。     

氯胺消毒对三卤甲烷类消毒副产物的控制研究

在氯消毒研究的基础上,研究氯胺对消毒副产物的控制,将氯与氨氮的比值降至5,能够使单独氯消毒所生成消毒副产物减少89%,二溴一氯甲烷也不再检出;消毒副产物的生成量与氯胺的投加量呈很好的线性关系;接触时间对消毒副产物的生成量影响很小,24 h增加缓慢;pH升高至8消毒副产物的总量比pH为7时减少82.3%,一溴二氯甲烷不再检出;氯胺代替氯消毒能够很好地控制溴代消毒副产物种类和总量.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.