添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥氮素转化与损失的影响

研究添加腐熟污泥对垃圾好氧堆肥过程中氮素转化与损失的影响,实验设置生活垃圾与腐熟污泥质量比分别为1∶1、2∶1和4∶1,以单独生活垃圾为对照,主要监测堆肥过程中固相(TN、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮)和气相(NH_3和N_2O)中氮素转化规律。结果表明:与单独生活垃圾相比,生活垃圾与腐熟污泥比例为1∶1和4∶1时,有机氮与TN损失明显减少;至堆肥结束4组堆体铵态氮与硝态氮相较于堆肥初期均有不同程度提高,其中4∶1组铵态氮与硝态氮提高最多,分别为32.3%和86.1%;亚硝态氮含量在整个堆肥过程中一直处于下降趋势;腐熟污泥的添加使物料堆肥过程中氨气和N_2O的释放量随着腐熟污泥添加量的增加而减小。总体而言,由于腐熟污泥对氨气良好的吸附性能和其含有的大量亚硝酸盐氧化菌,加入堆肥后减少反硝化途径N_2O的产生,从而减少生活垃圾堆肥过程中氮素损失和温室气体的释放。     

微生物菌剂复配及强化厨余垃圾好氧堆肥效果分析

厨余垃圾中有机组分的降解速率是影响其堆肥过程的重要因素。针对厨余垃圾中脂肪、蛋白质等特异组分设计了微生物菌剂复配方案,筛选了复配的微生物菌剂适宜接种量,并验证了厨余垃圾堆肥的强化效果。结果表明:厨余垃圾堆肥的适宜复配比为m(米曲霉)∶m(地衣芽孢杆菌)∶m(解脂假丝酵母)∶m(绿色木霉)∶m(褐球固氮菌)=1.5∶1∶1.2∶2∶1;且当接种量为6‰时,厨余垃圾中特异性组分脂肪降解率可达76.2%,氮损失率最低为11.8%。同时发现,固氮菌可以减少堆肥过程中氮素的损失,但固氮效果与初始加入固氮菌的量有关,且与菌剂间多种微生物的协作有关,进一步说明了微生物菌剂复配必要性和有效性。     

添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥物料理化性质及温室气体释放规律的影响

研究了添加腐熟污泥对生活垃圾堆肥物料理化性质及温室气体释放规律的影响。结果表明:(1)在生活垃圾中添加腐熟污泥进行堆肥,可降低堆肥物料的含水率,缩短整个堆肥周期;添加腐熟污泥还可以缓解堆体的酸化程度,促进有机质的降解,使C/N更适合微生物的生长和繁殖。(2)CO_2和CH_4两种温室气体的释放主要集中在堆肥高温期,CO_2释放量随腐熟污泥添加量的增加而增加,而CH_4释放量随腐熟污泥添加量的增加而减少。     

厨余垃圾堆肥间歇通风方式的可行性研究

以好氧堆肥成熟的通风方式连续通风为参考,研究了对厨余垃圾好氧堆肥采用间歇通风方式的可行性。结果表明,厨余垃圾好氧堆肥采用间歇通风方式的温度和O2体积分数变化规律与连续通风方式基本一致。腐熟度指标pH、电导率(EC)和发芽率指数(GI)均能达到厨余垃圾好氧堆肥的要求。但是间歇通风不但可以减少鼓风时间,节约成本,而且能够显著降低NH3、N2O的排放,提高总碳(TC)、总氮(TN)的积累,从而提高堆肥产品品质。因此,建议厨余垃圾好氧堆肥过程采用间歇通风方式。     

添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥腐熟进程的影响

选用猪粪与小麦秸秆为堆肥原料进行高温好氧堆肥实验,研究添加小麦秸秆对猪粪高温好氧堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、种子发芽指数、碳氮比和养分等理化指标的影响,寻求猪粪高温堆肥时的最佳秸秆配比,旨在为猪粪快速资源化利用提供科学依据。结果表明,猪粪高温堆肥时添加小麦秸秆可以缩短进入高温发酵阶段的时间,减少氮素损失,加快C/N的降低速率,加速有毒有害物质分解。其中猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4处理各层温度在2~5 d内上升至50℃,并持续37~46 d,在堆肥结束时,有机质和速效氮含量较堆肥初期下降幅度最小,分别为33.90%和23.76%,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量较堆肥初期提高幅度最大,分别为13.34%、20.24%、53.19%、41.53%和16.57%。若以种子发芽指数80%作为堆肥腐熟的评价指标,猪粪和小麦秸秆6∶4配比堆肥的腐熟速度比纯猪粪快18 d,36 d即可腐熟。综合判断,实际应用中,猪粪与小麦秸秆按体积6∶4进行堆肥较为适宜。     

微生物菌剂强化餐厨垃圾和污泥联合堆肥

为探究微生物菌剂对餐厨垃圾和污泥联合好氧堆肥的影响,以餐厨垃圾和污泥(湿重1∶1)混合原料为堆肥底物,添加底物总湿重30％的废木屑作为膨胀剂,向底物中分别加入微生物菌剂和腐熟堆肥为处理组,并以不添加外源物作为对照,通过测定堆肥过程中的理化性质、腐熟效果和营养元素的变化,考察菌剂和腐熟堆肥对联合堆肥的促进作用.结果表明,...     

添加氮损失抑制剂对蓝藻泥堆肥质量的影响

对脱水蓝藻进行大型生产性堆肥实验。研究堆肥过程中,氮损失抑制剂过磷酸钙的添加对堆肥物料各类理化性质的影响。研究结果表明,过磷酸钙加入的处理组与未加过磷酸钙的对照组堆制37 d后堆肥物料均可腐熟,且堆肥肥效均符合NY525-2002的相关要求。添加过磷酸钙处理组有机质含量为490 g/kg,全N、全P和全K含量分别为20.75、10.02和11.32 g/kg,总养分含量达到9.77%,堆肥品质明显优于对照处理。同时,在微生物的作用下,对照组中微囊藻毒素MC-RR与微囊藻毒素MC-LR去除率分别达到89.8%与78.3%。值得一提的是,添加过磷酸钙后,MC-RR和MC-LR的去除率得到进一步提高,分别达到了92.96%和100%,较好地保证了蓝藻堆肥农用的安全性,为脱水蓝藻好氧堆肥化提供了可行性依据。     

生化黄腐酸投加量对木薯渣堆肥效果的影响

为了明确不同生化黄腐酸投加量对木薯渣堆肥效果的影响,以木薯渣、干鸡粪和烟杆粉为原料,设置了T1(堆肥原料+1‰生化黄腐酸)、T2(堆肥原料+2‰生化黄腐酸)、T3(堆肥原料+3‰生化黄腐酸)和CK(不添加生化黄腐酸的堆肥原料)4个处理,测定不同堆肥处理对温度、含水率、淀粉、水溶性碳(DOC)、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素含量以及一些腐熟程度指标的影响。结果表明,添加生化黄腐酸能促进堆体升温,有效降低堆体含水率,能使堆肥过程中淀粉、DOC、纤维素、半纤维素的降解率分别提高5.95%、5.29%、7.35%和4.95%,并且腐熟程度指标的变化也表明添加生化黄腐酸能有效促进堆肥腐熟程度,缩短腐熟周期。4个处理的总体堆肥效果表现为:T2T1T3CK,说明添加2‰的生化黄腐酸的堆肥效果最好。     

添加外源纤维素酶对水稻秸秆模拟堆肥过程的影响

利用水稻秸秆模拟堆肥,对纤维素、半纤维素质量分数及堆肥相关指标随添加外源纤维素酶的变化进行研究。结果表明,与不加酶堆肥相比,添加外源纤维素酶显著提高了水稻秸秆纤维素及半纤维素的降解率,其降解趋势均可用一阶指数衰减方程拟合;堆肥结束时,添加纤维素酶处理的堆肥纤维素质量分数较不加酶处理低35.1%。纤维素酶促进了堆肥中腐殖酸的合成,提高了堆肥中的铵态氮(NO3-N)、硝态氮(NH4-N)及全氮(TN)的质量分数,并导致堆肥中碳素质量分数下降,C/N质量比下降了23.1%;添加纤维素酶进一步降低了堆肥的生物毒性,使得发芽指数提高了10.3%。外源添加纤维素酶加快了水稻秸秆堆肥的腐熟进程。     

添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟齐对堆肥的影响

通过在高温好氧堆肥中分别添加VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂，研究接种3％o的VT菌剂和有机物料腐熟剂促进堆肥的作用效果。结果表明，接种VT菌剂的处理与空白和接种有机物料腐熟剂的处理相比，堆肥初期升温更快；高温期更长；堆肥结束时，C／N降低的多，NO3-N增加的多，NH4-N挥发的少，接种VT菌剂和VT有机物料腐熟剂都可促进有机质的充分降解，缩短堆肥时间，加快堆肥腐熟，提高堆肥肥力。     

Influences of adding easily degradable organic waste on the minimization and humification of organic matter during straw composting

To find a better composting process with low greenhouse gas emission and high humus production, the effect of adding kitchen waste on reduction and humification of organic matter during straw composting was studied. Three processes were compared, consisting of different ratios of straw and kitchen waste (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1). At four time points over a 62-d incubation, the reduction and humification of compost was evaluated by measuring the total mass, carbon content, and humic material content of the compost. Treatment 1 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:2) reduced the total mass of compost the most. Treatment 2 (straw/kitchen waste ratio of 1:1) reduced the total carbon content the most, reflecting the highest emission of greenhouse gas. Treatment 3 produced the most humic acid material and released the lowest amount of carbon. Hence, from the point of view of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing stable organic matter such as humus and humic acid during composting, treatment #3 was optimal. The three treatments resulted in significant differences in microbial biomass and enzyme activity during composting. The highest amount of active microbial biomass was associated with the largest reduction in compost mass (treatment 1). Higher proportions of straw (treatments 2 and 3), which contains more lignin, were associated with greater β-glycosidase activity, which may generate more humus that can improve soil quality. Dehydrogenase activity seemed to be the most important microbial factor in organic carbon catabolism or humification.     

8种植物床人工湿地脱氮除磷的研究

分别以水葫芦、西洋芹、空心菜、水芹、混合种(黄菖蒲、千屈菜、再力花)、千屈菜、再力花、黄菖蒲等植物床构建潜流人工湿地,研究其对生活污水氮、磷的净化功能及其去除率与水力停留时间(HRT)的变化规律。结果表明,各种植物床对TN、TP的去除率随HRT的延长而增加,不同植物床的脱氮除磷效果是不同的。千屈菜植物床对TN的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TN去除率为56%;HRT为6d时,TN去除率达77%。再力花植物床对TP的去除效果最好,HRT为3d时,TP去除率达78%;HRT为6d时,TP去除率达96%。其他植物床也有较好的脱氮除磷效果。各种植物床处理后出水TN、TP均较低,HRT为3d时,出水TN均低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准规定的限值(15mg/L),出水TP均低于GB 18918—2002二级标准规定的限值(3mg/L);7种植物床构建的潜流人工湿地(水葫芦的数据丢失)对TN、TP的去除均满足一级反应动力学方程,且相关性显著。     

温度与秸秆比例对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响

为了研究不同C／N比值在不同温度条件下牛粪堆肥30d时的全量养分和有机质的含量情况，提出了以新鲜牛粪和苜蓿秸秆混合物为堆料，在添加1％的生物腐熟剂的基础上，对堆肥温度及C／N比进行调控，并进行交叉实验。结果表明，（1）采用培养箱进行好氧发酵时，在温度为30℃和45℃的环境下堆肥最佳，温度过低或过高都会影响堆肥。（2）牛粪高温好氧堆肥时，添加一定比例的苜蓿秸秆可以调节堆料的C／N比值、含水量，缩短堆肥时间，其中牛粪与秸秆比例为1：l混合堆肥效果较好。（3）堆肥30d时，堆料的TN、TP和TK含量较堆肥初期都有所增加，有机质含量有所降低是因为矿化和释放养分造成的，且各含量均符合国家有机肥标准。     

Effect of bulking agents on maturity and gaseous emissions during kitchen waste composting

This study investigated the effect of bulking agents on the maturity and gaseous emissions of composting kitchen waste. Three different bulking agents (cornstalks, sawdust, and spent mushroom substrate) were used to compost kitchen waste under aerobic conditions in 60-L reactors for a 28-d period. A control treatment was also studied using kitchen waste without a bulking agent. During the experiment, maturity indexes such as temperature, pH value, C/N ratio, and germination index were determined, and continuous measurements of leachate and gaseous emissions (CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃) were taken. The results showed that all of the composts with bulking agents reached the required maturity standard, and the addition of spent mushroom substrate gave the highest maturity (C/N ratio decreased from 23 to 16 and germination index increased from 53% to 111%). The bulking agents also reduced leachate production and CH₄ and N₂O emissions, but had little impact on NH₃ emissions. Composting with sawdust as a bulking agent was found to emit less total greenhouse gas (33 kg CO₂-eq t⁻¹ dry matter) than the other treatments.     

湿热水解处理餐厨垃圾氮素转化规律

为了研究餐厨垃圾湿热水解过程中氮素的变化规律，设计了10、30、60、90和120℃5个温度水平以及30、60、90、120、150和180min6个加热时间水平，进行了30组完全实验，对不同湿热条件下餐厨垃圾粗蛋白、TN、NH4＋-N、NO3-N、有机氮及氨基酸等氮的不同存在形式的变化规律进行实验研究。结果表明，10、30及60℃条件下蛋白质的高级结构不会改变，利于粗蛋白的积累，且在温度120℃，加热时间90min条件下粗蛋白百分含量最高，占干物质的31．34％；随温度的升高和加热时间的延长TN、NHf-N和有机氮含量均上升；当温度达到120℃，由于水解反应，各温度处理下NHf．N浓度超过有机氮浓度，而NO3-N始终维持较低水平。氨基酸总量随温度的升高和水解时间的延长呈上升趋势，当温度达90％，加热时间达180min时，处理后餐厨垃圾总氨基酸百分含量最高，达164％，但温度达到120℃时，随着处理时间的延长，餐厨垃圾总氨基酸含量明显降低。     

Composting of vegetable waste in subtropical climates

This experiment examined the possibility of using composting as a method of waste disposal in subtropical countries, such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where temperatures are high and humidity is low. In order to simulate conditions in the UAE, a representative mixture of wastes generated in the UAE was prepared and tested at ambient temperatures resembling those of subtropical countries. The mixture consisted of tomatoes, cabbage, eggplant and grass. The addition of grass (40% of the mixture by weight) adjusted the carbon/nitrogen ratio and the moisture content of the compost to the necessary level for initiating decomposition. To maintain the moisture content of the compost under severe dry hot weather, a saturated insoluble polymer (IP) was added at 20% and 60% concentration (wet weight). The mixture was then composted at three different temperatures. Results showed that the mixture requires about two weeks for stabilisation. High temperature is an advantage to the compost process; at temperatures between 40 and 60°C, the waste mixture (regardless of IP concentration) decomposed quicker than at low temperature (25°C). The addition of 20% saturated IP to the compost increases the moisture content and decomposition rate. It also increases the organic chemical content of the compost, which will be reflected by microbial activity.     

Characterization of compost biofiltration media.

The effect of compost quality on performance of biofiltration media was investigated. Three types of compost media were characterized in terms of their key properties, including pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen, moisture content, oxygen uptake rates and heterotrophic and fungal plate counts. Laboratory-scale biofilter columns were each filled with a different compost medium mixed with buffer and a bulking agent. The columns were operated with a volatile organic compound (VOC) mixture consisting of ethyl alcohol, butyraldehyde, ethyl acetate, and 1,1-diethoxybutane and subjected to various operating conditions. After 13 months, the columns were sampled and post-characterization of the media was performed. A mixture of biosolids/horse manure compost, which had a high initial microbial activity, had the shortest acclimation period. Best overall performance, however, was observed with yard waste compost, which was the most stable medium. Media hydrophobicity was a key factor in long-term performance. Significant changes in compost structure, moisture content, pH, volatile solids, oxygen uptake rates, and microbial population densities were observed over the course of the study. Analyses of organic nitrogen content showed that significant amounts of nitrogen were not depleted from the media.     

北京市朝阳区城市生活垃圾组分分布特性研究

针对垃圾焚烧的需要，按垃圾组分低位热值重新进行了垃圾分类，检验了各组分的正态分布特性，得出了服从正态分布的垃圾组分的概率分布密度函数。进行了垃圾含水率的线性相关性分析，认为垃圾含水率与厨余的相关性最大，降水量对含水率影响不大。     

不同pH下水葫芦与紫根水葫芦生长特性与净化效能对比研究

为了探讨不同pH条件下水葫芦与紫根水葫芦生长特性与净化效能的差异，以滇池草海原水为实验用水，利用HCl和NaOH稀溶液调节水体pH，设置3个pH处理，分别是8．00、9．50和11．00，开展了为期30d（重复3个周期）的静态模拟实验，结果表明，在实验条件下，pH过高会对水葫芦和紫根水葫芦的生长发育产生抑制作用，紫根水葫芦受到的抑制效果更为明显；水葫芦和紫根水葫芦的生长也会使水体pH降低至接近中性，水葫芦调节水体pH的能力更强；pH为8．00、9．50时，水葫芦和紫根水葫芦对水体氮磷污染物具有净化作用，水葫芦的净化能力更强；pH为11．00时，水葫芦和紫根水葫芦处理的水体氮磷浓度均表现起伏，表示在高碱度条件下，两者的净化能力减弱。     

凤眼莲在城市重污染河道修复中的应用

外港河是秦淮河重要支流，长期以来遭受严重污染。2006年4月份起对外港河进行了综合生态治理。在前期清淤和截污的基础上，7月份开始引种凤眼莲。在上游排污口附近和外港河河口段分别设置的4个生态区以及河面上布设的水面载体内全面放养以凤眼莲为主的浮水植物。经过5个多月的初步治理，外港河水体透明度从40 cm以下提高到120 cm左右，COD下降了70.4％，TSS、TN和NH₃-N分别下降了39.6％、49.7％和21.8％。结果证明，凤眼莲在净化严重污染的河道方面起到了良好的效果，引种凤眼莲治理城市重污染河道是切实可行的；此外，用PVC管设计制作的水面载体来放养浮水植物可以点缀水面环境，美化城市河道景观。