RESt3/NiDBC可环境消纳聚乙烯地膜研制及NiDBC晶体结构表征

以硬脂酸共生稀土(RESt3)和二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸镍(NiDBC)为复合光敏剂研制可环境消纳聚乙烯(PE)地膜,采用X-射线单晶衍射仪表征了NiDBC晶体结构,对其光敏调节机理作了初步探讨.将研制的PE地膜进行人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验及自然环境土壤填埋试验,以断裂伸长率保留率(F)和羰基指数(CI)作为评价PE地膜的光降解性能指标.结果表明:改变RESt3/NiDBC的用量能生产出不同光降解诱导期的PE地膜,可实现PE地膜降解的町控性;将经生物活性剂表面处理过的白云石粉,N、P、K肥料和RESt3/NiDBC复合光敏剂按一定比例添加到PE地膜中,既能有效提高其降解的彻底性,又可适当改良酸性土壤.     

RESt3／NiDBC可环境消纳聚乙烯地膜研锒及NiDBC晶体结构表征

以硬脂酸共生稀土（RESt3）和二丁基二硫代氨基甲酸镍（NiDBC）为复合光敏剂研制可环境消纳聚乙烯（PE）地膜，采用X-射线单晶衍射仪表征了NiDBC晶体结构，对其光敏调节机理作了初步探讨。将研制的PE地膜进行人工加速老化实验、户外曝晒实验及自然环境土壤填埋试验，以断裂伸长率保留率（F）和羰基指数（CI）作为评价PE地膜的光降解性能指标。结果表明：改变RESt3／NiDBC的用量能生产出不同光降解诱导期的PE地膜，可实现PE地膜降解的可控性；将经生物活性剂表面处理过的白云石粉，N、P、K肥料和RESt3／NiDBC复合光敏剂按一定比例添加到PE地膜中，既能有效提高其降解的彻底性，又可适当改良酸性土壤。     

负载型纳米复合半导体WO3-TiO2/AC光催化降解刚果红废水

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍-焙烧法制备了负载型纳米复合半导体WO₃-TiO₂/AC光催化剂，以偶氮染料刚果红为目标降解物，通过正交实验优化了刚果红废水的降解条件，并对其光催化动力学进行了探讨。结果表明，刚果红废水的最佳降解条件为：催化剂投加量10 g/L，pH=7，H₂O₂用量为3.5 mL/L。在最佳条件下，当刚果红废水起始浓度为40 mg/L时，反应120 min后，刚果红溶液的去除率可达95.21%，较相同条件下TiO₂/AC对刚果红染料的降解率提高了19.57％。光催化剂对刚果红的光催化降解符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood（L-H）模型。     

锰掺杂WO3-TiO2复合光催化剂的制备及其性能研究

溶胶-凝胶和浸渍相结合的方法制备锰掺杂WO₃-TiO₂复合光催化剂，RXD表征，考察WO₃和Mn²⁺掺入量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间及催化剂用量对光催化降解甲基橙的影响。结果表明，500℃焙烧2h，掺杂量n_{（Mn²⁺）}∶n_（WO3）∶n_（TiO2）＝0.8∶1∶100时，光催化活性最高，光催化降解甲基橙溶液，120min后，降解率达90%, 比单纯 TiO₂的光催化活性提高81%。     

六氯苯的O3及UV/O3高级氧化降解试验研究

采用O₃、UV/O₃高级氧化法对水中六氯苯（HCB）的降解效果及机理进行了研究，并对结果进行了比较，结果表明，UV本身对HCB的去除率贡献不大，HCB可被O₃、UV/O₃快速降解，即UV＜O₃＜UV/O₃；O₃、UV/O₃作用时，提高体系的初始pH值不利于HCB的降解，在pH＝3，HCB=0.2 mg/L，反应40 min时，HCB的去除可达50%左右，酸性条件下有利于降解反应的进行；无论是O₃单独作用还是UV/O₃联合作用，HCB的降解基本上满足准一级反应动力学规律，如果体系的pH值基本保持恒定，这种规律就更为明显。根据离子色谱(IC)、GC对六氯苯降解中间产物进行了测定，探讨了O₃、UV/O₃降解六氯苯的途径和机理。     

低频超声协同Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化降解酸性绿B的研究

采用低频超声与Fe-Ni-Mn/Al₂O₃催化剂协同降解偶氮染料酸性绿B模拟废水，考察染料初始浓度和pH值、催化剂、饱和气体及H₂O₂等因素对酸性绿B降解效果的影响， 结果表明：催化剂Fe-Ni-Mn/Al₂O₃与低频超声存在协同效应，催化剂的最佳投加量为6 g/L；酸性条件有利于染料的超声降解，当pH=3.8时， 可取得最佳的降解效果； 酸性绿B降解率随初始浓度的增大而降低，其优化初始浓度为100 mg/L，此外，在反应体系中鼓入饱和气体也可促进酸性B的降解，且影响顺序为混合气体(air+Ar)＞氧气＞氩气；在反应过程中投加H₂O₂有利于染料降解率的提高。在优化实验条件下降解150 min，酸性绿B色度去除率达到91.4%。     

La2O3/ZnO/TiO2光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La₂O₃/ZnO/TiO₂复合光催化剂,以紫外灯为光源,活性艳红K-2BP为模型降解物,研究了La₂O₃/ZnO/TiO₂的光催化性能。结果表明：当锌和镧的掺杂量w(ZnO)=20%, w(La₂O₃)=0.5%, 煅烧温度为500℃时,La₂O₃/ZnO/TiO₂复合光催化剂的光催化活性最高；当催化剂投加量4 g/L,通气量800 mL/min,初始pH值3.12时,La₂O₃/ZnO/TiO₂对活性艳红K-2BP的降解效果最好。实验证明,La₂O₃/ZnO/TiO₂对活性艳红K-2BP的降解遵从Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,测得其反应速率常数k＝11.5 mg/(L·min)；吸附常数K＝2.88×10^-2 L/mg。     

天然沸石负载La2O3-ZnO-TiO2光催化降解活性艳红K-2BP

利用80目天然斜发沸石作载体制备La₂O₃(0.5%)-ZnO(20%)-TiO₂/沸石复合光催化剂，以20 W紫外灯为光源，在自制的光催化反应器中降解活性艳红K-2BP，考察了光照时间、空气通入量、催化剂用量、溶液初始浓度、H₂O₂与Fe³⁺投加量等对活性艳红K-2BP光催化降解率的影响。结果表明，当溶液初始浓度为60 mg/L，催化剂投加量为12 g/L，通气量为1 200 mL/min，光照2.5 h，活性艳红K-2BP的降解率可达99.2%；H₂O₂和Fe³⁺投加量为4 mL/L和3 g/L时，光照1 h活性艳红K-2BP降解率分别为100%和97.2%。紫外可见吸收光谱显示，LZTZ光催化剂可有效降解印染废水。     

纳米TiO2光催化降解硝基酚类污染物动力学及机理的研究

采用纳米TiO₂(P25)粉末作为催化剂,研究了几种典型硝基取代酚在TiO₂/UV悬浮体系下的光催化降解。研究表明，这些化合物的降解过程符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程，其表观速率常数(k_app)的大小为：2-氨基-4硝基酚（2-A,4-NP）＞4-硝基酚（4-NP）＞2-硝基酚（2-NP）＞3-硝基酚（3-NP）＞2,4-二硝基酚（2,4-DNP）＞2,4,6-三硝基酚（2,4,6-TNP），而吸附平衡常数(KL)却与k_app成反比。苯环上取代基的种类和数目对有机物光催化降解活性有很大的影响，硝基的加入降低了光催化活性，并且k_app与Hammett常数（σ）具有较好的线性关系。     

Fe0/厌氧微生物体系降解2,4,6-三氯酚特性研究

通过摇床间歇实验，研究了厌氧微生物与零价铁（Fe⁰）联合体系降解2,4,6-三氯酚（TCP）的特性，结果表明，在pH 7.5，35℃，150 r/min，Fe⁰ 10 g/L条件下，TCP初始浓度为30 mg/L时，TCP降解的拟一级反应速率常数为0.0207 h^-1，添加少量碳源可达到0.0390 h^-1，其降解速率是前者的1.88倍；添加碳源的体系在220 h内连续多次投加TCP降解率都达到80%以上，而不加碳源的体系在第2次投加TCP后降解率就只有30%左右；添加不同碳源，降解速率不同；添加2-溴乙烷磺酸钠（BESA）以及SO^2-₄、NO^-₃和S^2-对TCP降解有不同的抑制作用。     

Modeling the spill in the Songhua River after the explosion in the petrochemical plant in Jilin

An explosion in a petrochemical plant in Jilin in the northeast of China on 13 November 2005 was responsible for the discharge of large quantities of benzene and nitrobenzene into Songhua River. This endangered the water supply of Harbin city and influenced the daily life for millions of people. The dispersion-advection equation was solved analytically and numerically and used to simulate the concentration of benzene and nitrobenzene in the Songhua River after the accident. Both solutions gave practically identical results. The main elimination process for both compounds was volatilization. The model results are quite close to the results obtained by measurements at monitoring stations. Arrival time of the pollutant wave, peak concentrations and end of the pollutant wave at Harbin and along the river were predicted successfully. The peak concentrations of nitrobenzene at Harbin were more than 30 times above the permissible limits for drinking water.     

焦化废水中细菌质粒的研究

细菌质粒中常带有一些可编码降解特殊有毒物质酶的基因,为了研究质粒对有毒物质CN^-的降解的意义,主要调查了焦化废水中好氧异养菌的质粒分布特点。从山西省焦化企业公司生化站、太原煤气公司焦化厂生化站中筛选出53株细菌,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法,采用GDS-8000型凝胶电泳分析仪进行拍照,同时测定各菌株降氰、降酚能力,CN^-采用异烟酸-毗唑啉酮法,酚采用4-氨基安替比林法测定。结果表明,质粒的存在与降氰力有一定的关系,但对降酚力的影响差异不显著。同时,通过对其中11^*号菌株进行了质粒转化和消除实验,证明质粒稳定,不可用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)消除掉,用E．cbli DHI作受体菌,用11^#菌株作供体菌。作转化实验,但由于种种原因,没有筛洗到转化子。     

Managing the relationship with the environment

This article describes the results of a survey carried out by the author's company on behalf of Rank Xerox. The objective was to assess attitudes towards environmental issues in both the public and private sector. Although there were some differences over priorities, both sectors agreed that development of environmental policies was essential to their future.     

水处理中含铁废料综合利用的研究进展

回顾了２０余年来我国在水处理中综合利用含铁废料的研究进展，分别评述了副产品硫酸亚铁制备絮凝剂ＰＦＳ的各种方法，废铁屑运用于内电解法水处理和其他含铁泥渣，废酸在水处理中的研究和应用现状，指出含铁废料综合利用中有待于进一步研究的若干问题。     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

Attempts to probe the ozone layer and the ultraviolet-B levels of the past

To get a proper perspective on the current status of atmospheric ozone, which protects the biosphere from ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation, it would be of value to know how ozone and UV-B radiation have varied in the past. The record of worldwide ozone monitoring goes back only a few decades, and the record of reliable UV-B measurements is even shorter. Here we review indirect methods to assess their status further back in time. These include variations in the Sun's emission and how these affect the atmosphere, changes in the Earth's orbit, geologic imprints of atmospheric ozone, effects of catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, biological proxies of UV-B radiation, the spectral signature of terrestrial ozone in old recordings of star spectra, and the modeling of UV-B irradiance from ozone data and meteorological recordings. Although reliable reconstructions do not yet extend far into the past, there is some hope for future progress.