油田聚驱采出液乳化特性及其破乳-絮凝

为了解决国内某油田聚驱采出液油水分离的难题,对聚驱采出液的水质特性和乳化特性进行研究,考察了驱油剂聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对污水乳化程度的影响,针对该污水开发、筛选出最优的高效破乳剂,考察了投加量及温度对污水破乳效果的影响,并进行了破乳-絮凝复配实验研究。实验结果表明,该油田聚驱采油污水油含量、悬浮物、硫含量、Fe2+均较高,乳化程度严重且具有较强乳化稳定性,油水分离困难;HPAM的存在增强了污水的乳化程度;当破乳温度为65℃,停留时间为2 h时,投加6 mg/L的PAM4#时除油效率约为72%,在破乳后的水样中投加100 mg/L的PAS,含油量可降低至27.0 mg/L,悬浮物降低至9.0 mg/L,处理后水样达到该油田回注水的水质标准。     

改进分光光度法测Ni以规避大量干扰离子

为测定含大量干扰离子的水样中镍的浓度,提出一种改进的分光光度法。即以多种物质的吸光曲线回归方程,将实时测得的水样吸光度分解成多种物质的吸光度,利用多元一次方程进行求解并计算出浓度的方法。新方法在不进行修正时,对含Cr6+干扰的水样Ni2+测定的结果,误差较小。多组分的水样测量吸光度误差较大,通过引入修正系数修正后误差大幅下降。方法中Ni2+、Fe3+的吸光度与显色时间基本无关;而对于Mn2+、Cu2+和Cr6+,显色时间应控制在0.5～2.5 min内或10 min外,以保证测得吸光度值的稳定与准确。对组成不同的含Mn2+和Fe3+水样测得的Ni2+浓度分析,变异系数(CV)4.74%,检出限为0.275 mg/L,精确度和精密度较好。同时,这种规避方法还具有其他作用,可以在分析组分的同时粗略算出含量。     

Fe0/Fe3O4复合材料同时去除水中多种重金属的效果

零价铁(Fe0)具有中等还原性,可通过还原反应或通过铁腐蚀产物的吸附和共沉淀过程去除水中重金属.但由于铁表面易钝化,导致铁腐蚀反应难以持续,这是限制Fe0应用的关键.因此,本研究通过原位制备零价铁复合体系(Fe0/Fe3O4),并采用批处理和连续流的流化床反应器考察了该复合体系同时去除水中Zn2+、Ni2+和Cr(Ⅵ)...     

pH值对"Fe0-厌氧微生物"体系去除2,4,6-三氯酚过程的影响

考察了pH值对"Fe0-厌氧微生物"体系降解2,4,6,-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)效果的影响,结果表明:pH值是影响"Fe0-厌氧微生物"体系降解2,4,6-TCP效果的重要参数,初始pH值直接影响微生物活性和铁腐蚀,进而影响过程pH值变化,反过来又影响铁腐蚀和微生物活性,pH 7.0～9.0的中性偏碱范围较适于厌氧微生物生长。Fe0与微生物对目标污染物的降解具有协同促进作用,其协同促进机制表现在3方面:Fe0与微生物对体系过程pH值具有互补调节作用,可将体系的pH值调节值适于微生物生长的中性范围;Fe0腐蚀产生的Fe2+和H2可为微生物代谢提供电子对和营养物质,从而促进生物还原脱氯的进行;Fe0的腐蚀过程直接对氯代有机物还原脱氯,而微生物又可促进Fe0腐蚀。     

气田甲醇污水处理装置的运行优化

针对延长气田采气一厂甲醇污水处理站运行中换热器/精馏塔塔板结垢严重、甲醇回收率低、处理后水水质不达标等问题,采用水质分析、结垢分析与工艺原因分析等方法,分析原因并采取相应措施。结果表明:预处理效果差、精馏塔分离效果差是造成这些问题的主要原因;采用优化预处理药剂加量、优化加药工艺和优化甲醇回收工艺等措施,使甲醇污水处理装置持续稳定运行,提高了甲醇污水预处理效果,降低了换热器/精馏塔塔板结垢程度,提高了甲醇回收率。处理后水水质稳定,含油量、悬浮固体含量、悬浮物粒径中值均达标,可满足平均空气渗透率≤0.01μm~2地层的回注要求。     

Fenton氧化对硝基苯酚过程中Fe2+/Fe3+的氧化还原机制

Fenton降解对硝基苯酚(PNP)过程中,Fe2+经历一个快速氧化后快速还原,最后在高浓度水平上保持稳定的变化过程。通过分析中间产物的变化过程,发现有机中间产物氢醌和苯醌构成一对氧化还原体系催化Fe3+向Fe2+的转化,本研究从Fe2+/3+转化机制的角度进一步明确了Fenton降解PNP的机理。     

混凝剂品种对混凝-超滤联合工艺膜污染的影响

本实验以工业化学合成聚合硫酸铁混凝剂和自制生物聚合硫酸铁为例,考察了铁系混凝剂品种对地表水浊度、TOC和UV254的去除效果,混凝剂品种对混凝-超滤联合工艺处理地表水过程中超滤膜污染的影响。混凝实验结果表明,在10 mg/L(以Fe3+计)最佳投加量下,两类混凝剂对浊度、TOC和UV254的去除率基本相同。超滤膜污染实验结果表明,生物聚合铁预处理水样通量衰减速度略大于化学聚合铁预处理水样;膜污染阻力分析结果显示,随着循环次数的增加,工业化学合成聚合铁预处理水样造成的不可逆污染阻力逐渐增加,而生物聚合铁预处理水样造成的不可逆污染阻力却略有下降;膜污染机理分析表明,2组过滤过程的膜污染类型基本相似,由最初的膜孔堵塞过渡到最终的滤饼层污染。SEM分析表明,生物聚合铁预处理水样的膜污染较为严重。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液脱除SO_2的实验研究

对比了酸性水溶液、酸性Fe3+溶液、含Fe3+的氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液的SO2脱除效果,分析了氧化亚铁硫杆菌在SO2脱除过程中的主要作用。结果表明:(1)在实验的进气SO2浓度范围内,酸性水溶液对SO2的吸收仅为物理吸收,反应进行到60min时,SO2脱除率均降至15%以下,溶液不再具有SO2脱除能力。(2)对酸性水溶液、酸性Fe3+溶液和含Fe3+的氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌液3种吸收液而言,在实验的进气SO2浓度范围内,进气SO2浓度越高,SO2脱除率越低;Fe3+初始质量浓度为4.44g/L时,SO2脱除效果较好。(3)氧化亚铁硫杆菌在SO2脱除过程中,直接氧化作用不明显,其主要作用是将Fe2+氧化为Fe3+,维持溶液中Fe3+的浓度,这种间接氧化的作用对SO2的有效脱除非常重要。     

有机氯农药对珠江广州河段水质的污染情况

广州地区有机氯农药的生产和施用和全国其他地区一样,已有较长的历史.有机氯农药种类繁多,曾普遍施用而今引起人们关注的一般是666和DDT,进行环境监测和研究较多的也是666和DDT.几年来我站共采集珠江广州段水样四百多个,进行有机氯农药残留量的分析,通过对有关资料和数据的整理、研究,掌握了有机氯农药对珠江广州段水质的污染的基本情况,对该河段水质及环境的综合评价和研究、污染防治及水资源利用有一定帮助.     

不同阳离子对Fe~0还原硝酸盐的影响

由于水中硝酸盐污染的普遍性、难去除性和对人体健康的潜在危害性而引起人们的广泛关注。通过批实验,考察了不同阳离子(Fe2+、Fe3+和Cu2+)对Fe0还原硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,由于加入阳离子可直接或间接地增加溶液中的Fe2+而都能促进硝酸盐的还原,作用顺序为Fe3+Fe2+Cu2+;Fe2+对硝酸盐的还原具有重要作用,并随着反应的进行,转化为铁氧化物附着在铁表面而降低铁的活性;硝酸盐还原的主要产物为氨氮,亚硝酸盐只在反应初期有少量积累,尤其是加Cu2+的体系中,但随后都很快降低;在所有体系中,检测到的三氮(NO3--N、NO2--N和NH4+-N)之和只占理论总氮的51.5%~82.6%;动力学分析表明,硝酸盐的还原在不加阳离子的体系中更符合一级反应,而加了阳离子的处理更符合Lo-gistic模型。本研究结果阐明了Fe2+对Fe0还原硝酸盐的重要性。     

Water quality parameters controlling the photodegradation of two herbicides in surface waters of the Columbia Basin,Washington

The water quality parameters nitrate-nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, and suspended solids were correlated with photodegradation rates of the herbicides atrazine and 2,4-D in samples collected from four sites in the Columbia River Basin, Washington, USA. Surface water samples were collected in May, July, and October 2010 and analyzed for the water quality parameters. Photolysis rates for the two herbicides in the surface water samples were then evaluated under a xenon arc lamp. Photolysis rates of atrazine and 2,4-D were similar with rate constants averaging 0.025 h⁻¹ for atrazine and 0.039 h⁻¹ for 2,4-D. Based on multiple regression analysis, nitrate-nitrogen was the primary predictor of photolysis for both atrazine and 2,4-D, with dissolved organic carbon also a predictor for some sites. However, at sites where suspended solids concentrations were elevated, photolysis rates of the two herbicides were controlled by the suspended solids concentration. The results of this research provide a basis for evaluating and predicting herbicide photolysis rates in shallow surface waters.     

粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其对黄河水的处理效果

以粉煤灰和铁泥为原料、加入一定量NaCl作助溶剂室温下制备粉煤灰混凝剂,考察酸灰比与酸浓度对Fe3+、Al3+溶出率及混凝剂对黄河水处理效果的影响。结果表明,Fe3+、Al3+的最佳溶出条件为酸灰比3 mL/g、HCl浓度4 mol/L,此时Fe3+溶出率为28.1%,浓度为11.81 g/L;Al3+溶出率为5.2%,浓度为1.86 g/L。粉煤灰混凝剂对黄河水的处理效果在投加量2.38 mL/L、沉降时间30 min、pH 6.2～7.5时最佳,对浊度、SS和CODMn平均去除率分别为89.7%、83.6%和62.3%,优于传统市售混凝剂PAC和FC,Fe3+、Al3+同时存在有利于各自优势的发挥从而提高混凝效果。     

底泥煤渣帽封与药剂投加联用原位稳定化技术对上覆水体及底泥pH-Eh-COD的影响

将底泥有机物原地稳定化处理技术中药剂投加法和帽封法结合，研究以煤渣为帽封材料，苏州河底泥中分别投加零价铁（Fe⁰）及硝酸钙的实验里各体系上覆水体及底泥的pH、氧化还原电位（Eh）、有机含量在60 d的变化情况。结果表明，煤渣帽封下，底泥中投加Fe⁰或硝酸钙后上覆水体pH均在8左右，Eh呈下降趋势，投加Fe⁰后对上覆水体COD的影响较硝酸钙小，但均不会对上覆水体水质产生持久、较大的影响。从底泥有机质的去除率上来看，Fe⁰-煤渣帽封体系在反应周期里有机质的去除率约55%，而硝酸钙-煤渣帽封体系底泥有机质的去除率在27%左右。以Fe⁰-煤渣帽封材料复合体系运用在底泥原地稳定化帽封技术中降解有机物更为合适。     

Use of EO-1 Advanced Land Imager (ALI) multispectral image data and real-time field sampling for water quality mapping in the Hirfanlı Dam Lake, Turkey

This paper focuses on the evaluation of water quality variations in Hirfanl? Water Reservoir, which is one of the most important water resources in Turkey, through EO-1 (Earth Observing-1) Advanced Land Imager (ALI) multispectral data and real-time field sampling. The study was materialized in 20 different sampling points during the overpass of the EO-1 ALI sensor over the study area. A multi-linear regression technique was used to explore the relationships between radiometrically corrected EO-1 ALI image data and water quality parameters: chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended solids. The retrieved and verified results show that the measured and estimated values of water quality parameters are in good agreement (R ²?>?0.93). The resulting thematic maps derived from EO-1 multispectral data for chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended solids show the spatial distribution of the water quality parameters. The results indicate that the reservoir has average nutrient values. Furthermore, chlorophyll a, turbidity, and suspended solids values increased at the upstream reservoir and shallow coast of the Hirfanl? Water Reservoir.     

Spatio-temporal variations of selected pesticide residues in the Kurose River in Higashi-Hiroshima city,Japan

ABSTRACT

This study investigated spatio-temporal variations of selected pesticide residues in the Kurose River in Higashi-Hiroshima city (Hiroshima Prefecture), Japan. Water samples were collected from the river at seven sites every month for 1 year (March 2016 to February 2017). Pesticide residues were extracted from the samples by a solid phase extraction using Sep Pack C₁₈ cartridges. Once extracted, the samples were analyzed for cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, and diazinon using a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet visible (HPLC-UV Vis) system. The limits of detection were 3.60, 4.10, 2.80, 6.50, and 7.30 ng L^-1 for cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, and diazinon, respectively. Good recovery rates (88%–102%), and mean percent relative standard deviation range (1.00%–5.70%) (n = 6) were obtained with a spiking at 0.20 µg L^-1. The maximum concentrations of 282, 391, 60, 1086, and 1194 ng L^-1 were obtained for cyanazine, simetryn, isoprothiolane, fenarimol, and diazinon, respectively. Cyanazine was the most frequently detected pesticide (64% of the samples, n = 84), followed by simetryn (58%), and then diazinon (57%). The highest and lowest pesticide concentrations were measured during the periods May–June, and January–February, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed three principal components in which the pesticides were linked to dissolved organic matter and total suspended solids. The major water quality parameters (electrical conductivity, pH, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, Cl^?, SO₄^2?, NO₂^?, and temperature) showed no clear trends for these pesticides. The presence of simetryn and isoprothiolane was largely attributed to rice paddy farms, whereas diazinon was associated mostly with vegetable farms and orchards. The diazinon and isoprothiolane patterns were consistent with their use of controlling insects and fungi in the prefecture. The maximum diazinon concentration detected was higher than the human safe level specified by the European Union (100 ng L^-1) in Council Directive 98/83/EC. This is of concern because of the bioconcentration potential of these residues in fish and other marine animals consumed by humans.     

Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the Ebro river basin, Spain

The occurrence of 43 pharmaceuticals belonging to predominant therapeutic classes and their distribution in surface water, suspended solids and sediments has been investigated in the Ebro river basin in the Northeast of Spain. WWTP effluents were found to be a main source of contamination and the spatial distribution was affected by the river flow at the sampling point and corresponding dilution factor, resulting in higher concentrations and higher loads in small tributary rivers than in the Ebro river. The study showed that some compounds are preferentially found bound to suspended solids and not detected in river water. Generally, compounds with basic characteristics (pKa > 7) showed higher tendency to bind to suspended solids. The sediment samples generally presented lower concentrations than suspended solids.     

The residues, distribution, and partition of organochlorine pesticides in the water, suspended solids, and sediments from a large Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu) during the high water level period

The levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the water, suspended solids, and sediments from Lake Chaohu during the high water level period were measured by a solid-phase extraction gas chromatograph–electron capture detector. The spatial distributions of the three phases and the water/suspended solids and sediment/water partition coefficients were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) The mean contents of OCPs in the water, suspended solids, and sediments were 132.4?±?432.1 ng/L, 188.1?±?286.7 ng/g dry weight (dw), and 13.7?±?9.8 ng/g dw, respectively. The dominant OCP components were isodrin (85.1 %) for the water, DDTs (64.4 %) for the suspended solids, and both isodrin (48.5 %) and DDTs (31.8 %) for the sediments. (2) β-HCH was the primary isomer of HCHs in the water and sediments, and the proportions were 61.7 and 41.3 %; γ-HCH was the primary isomer in the suspended solids, accounting for 49.3 %; p,p′-DDT was the dominant content of DDTs in the water and suspended solids, whereas p,p′-DDD was the main metabolite of DDTs in the sediments. (3) The concentrations of contaminants in the water from the western lake were greater than those from the eastern lake, but the concentrations in the suspended solids from the western lake were less than those from the eastern lake. (4) There was no significant correlation between the water–suspended solids partition coefficient K _d and the n-octanol–water partition coefficient K _ow, and between the sediment–water organic-C weighted sorption coefficients K _oc and K _ow.     

On-site phytoremediation applicability assessment in Alur Ilmu,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia based on spatial and pollution removal analyses

The present paper aims to assess the phytoremediation performance based on pollution removal efficiency of the highly polluted region of Alur Ilmu urban river for its applicability of on-site treatment. Thirteen stations along Alur Ilmu were selected to produce thematic maps through spatial distribution analysis based on six water quality parameters of Malaysia’s Water Quality Index (WQI) for dry and raining seasons. The maps generated were used to identify the highly polluted region for phytoremediation applicability assessment. Four free-floating plants were tested in treating water samples from the highly polluted region under three different conditions, namely controlled, aerated and normal treatments. The selected free-floating plants were water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), rose water lettuce (Pistia sp.) and pennywort (Centella asiatica). The results showed that Alur Ilmu was more polluted during dry season compared to raining season based on the water quality analysis. During dry season, four parameters were marked as polluted along Alur Ilmu, namely dissolve oxygen (DO), 4.72 mg/L (class III); ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃–N), 0.85 mg/L (class IV); total suspended solid (TSS), 402 mg/L (class V) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), 3.89 mg/L (class III), whereas, two parameters were classed as polluted during raining season, namely total suspended solid (TSS), 571 mg/L (class V) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), 4.01 mg/L (class III). The thematic maps generated from spatial distribution analysis using Kriging gridding method showed that the highly polluted region was recorded at station AL 5. Hence, water samples were taken from this station for pollution removal analysis. All the free-floating plants were able to reduce TSS and COD in less than 14 days. However, water hyacinth showed the least detrimental effect from the phytoremediation process compared to other free-floating plants, thus made it a suitable free-floating plants to be used for on-site treatment.     

Presence and fate of coliphages and enteric viruses in three wastewater treatment plants effluents and activated sludge from Tunisia

Purpose

The role of water in the transmission of infectious diseases is well defined; it may act as a reservoir of different types of pathogens. Enteric viruses can survive and persist for a long time in water, maintaining infectivity in many instances. This suggests the need to include virus detection in the evaluation of the microbiological quality of waters.

Methods

In this study, enteric viruses (enteroviruses and hepatitis A virus (HAV)) were investigated by RT-PCR and coliphages (known as indicators of viral contamination) were enumerated with the double-layer technique agar in effluents and sewage sludge from three Tunisian wastewater treatment plants.

Results and discussion

The molecular detection of enteric viruses revealed 7.7% of positive activated sludge samples for enteroviruses. None of the samples was positive for HAV. Molecular virus detection threshold was estimated to be 10³?PFU/100?ml. All samples contained high concentrations of coliphages except those of dry sludge. Reductions in the concentrations of bacteriophages attained by the wastewater treatment plants are of the order of magnitude as reductions described elsewhere. Peak concentrations in raw wastewater were associated with winter rains and suspended materials rate in analysed samples. Our data which is the first in North Africa showed that similar trends of coliphages distribution to other studies in other countries.

Conclusion

No clear correlation between studied enteric viruses and coliphages concentration was proved. Coliphages abundance in collected samples should raise concerns about human enteric viruses transmission as these residues are reused in agricultural fields.